The Ainu are the indigenous people of the lands surrounding the Sea of Okhotsk, including Hokkaido Island, Northeast Honshu Island, Sakhalin Island, the Kuril Islands, the Kamchatka Peninsula and Khabarovsk Krai, before the arrival of the Yamato Japanese and Russians.

The Ulch people, also known as Ulch or Ulchi, (ульчи, obsolete ольчи; Ulch: нани, nani) are an indigenous people of the Russian Far East, who speak a Tungusic language known as Ulch.

The Kuril Islands or Kurile Islands (Japanese: "Kuril Islands" (クリル列島) or "Thousand Islands" (千島列島)) are a volcanic archipelago part of Sakhalin Oblast in the Russian Far East.

Haplogroup Y has been found with high frequency in many indigenous populations who live around the Sea of Okhotsk, including approximately 66% of Nivkhs, approximately 43% of Ulchs, approximately 40% of Nanais, approximately 21% of Negidals, and approximately 20% of Ainus.

The Soviet Union also occupied and annexed the Kuril Islands and southern Sakhalin.

Events in the year 2022 in Germany.

2 April – Hans Rosenthal, German television presenter (died 1987)

10 February – Hans Rosenthal, German television presenter (born 1925)

June 4 – Erasmus Schöfer, writer (died 2022)

1871- 1872- 1873- 1874- 1875- 1876- 1877- 1878- 1879- 1880- 1881- 1882- 1883- 1884- 1885- 1886- 1887- 1888- 1889- 1890- 1891- 1892- 1893- 1894- 1895- 1896- 1897- 1898- 1899- 1900- 1901- 1902- 1903- 1904- 1905- 1906- 1907- 1908- 1909- 1911- 1912- 1913- 1914- 1915- 1916- 1917- 1918- 1919- 1920- 1921- 1922- 1923- 1924- 1925- 1926- 1927- 1928- 1929- 1930- 1931- 1932- 1933- 1934- 1935- 1936- 1937- 1938- 1939- 1940- 1941- 1942- 1943- 1944- 1945- 1946- 1947- 1948- 1949- 1950- 1951- 1952- 1953- 1954- 1955- 1956- 1957- 1958- 1959- 1960- 1961- 1962- 1963- 1964- 1965- 1966- 1967- 1968- 1969- 1970- 1971- 1972- 1973- 1974- 1975- 1976- 1977- 1978- 1979- 1980- 1981- 1982- 1983- 1984- 1985- 1986- 1987- 1988- 1989- 1990- 1991- 1992- 1993- 1994- 1995- 1996- 1997- 1998- 1999- 2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015- 2016- 2017- 2018- 2019

Below the threshold a giant connected component does not exist; while above it, there exists a giant component of the order of system size.

In random graphs, a frequently occurring phenomenon is the incidence of a giant component, one component that is significantly larger than the others; and of a percolation threshold, an edge probability above which a giant component exists and below which it does not.

This model is a directed variant of ordinary (isotropic) percolation and can be introduced as follows.

Combinatorics is commonly employed to study percolation thresholds.

Finding connected components.

Master control is the technical hub of a broadcast operation common among most over-the-air television stations and television networks.

A transmission control room (TCR), transmission suite, Tx room, or presentation suite is a room at broadcast facilities and television stations around the world.

Master control is the technical hub of a broadcast operation common among most over-the-air television stations and television networks.

To get a signal from the master control room to the transmitter, a studio/transmitter link (STL) is used.

The technical director works in a production control room of a television studio and operates the video switcher and associated devices as well as serving as the chief of the television crew.

A large number of image file formats are available for storing graphical data, and, consequently, there are a number of issues associated with converting from one image format to another, most notably loss of image detail.

Jasc Software, Inc. was an Eden Prairie, Minnesota-based company founded by Robert Voit, the creator of Paint Shop Pro, a popular graphics editing program.

It was originally published by Jasc Software.

Data conversions may be as simple as the conversion of a text file from one character encoding system to another; or more complex, such as the conversion of office file formats, or the conversion of image formats and audio file formats.

ACDSee, Amaya, CorelDRAW, GIMP, ImageMagick, IrfanView (formats plugin), PaintShop Pro, PMView, Photoshop (plugins), and XnView among others support XPM.

Stationary Subspace Analysis (SSA) in statistics is a blind source separation algorithm which factorizes a multivariate time series into stationary and non-stationary components.

ICA is a special case of blind source separation.

ERPs are measured by means of electroencephalography (EEG).

Diagnostic applications generally focus either on event-related potentials or on the spectral content of EEG.

Some of the more successful approaches are principal components analysis and independent component analysis, which work well when there are no delays or echoes present; that is, the problem is simplified a great deal.

Events in the year 1948 in Germany.

15 October – Conrad Ansorge, German composer and pianist (died 1930)

December 11 – Georg Bruchmüller, artillery officer (died 1948)

1 May - Georg Stollenwerk (83), German footballer and trainer (born 1930)

19 December - Georg Stollenwerk, footballer (died 2014)

The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices.

The International Networking Working Group (INWG) was a group of prominent computer science researchers in the 1970s who studied and developed standards and protocols for computer networking.

The Internet protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, is the set of communications protocols used in the Internet and similar computer networks.

Packet switching is the primary basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide.

Throughout the 1960s, Paul Baran and Donald Davies independently developed the concept of packet switching to transfer information between computers over a network. Davies pioneered the implementation of the concept. The NPL network, a local area network at the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) used a line speed of 768 kbit/s and later high-speed T1 links (1.544 Mbit/s line rate).

In Old Assyrian inscriptions from the 20th and the 19th century BCE, the city was mentioned as Kaneš (Kanesh); in later Hittite inscriptions, the city was mentioned as Neša (Nesha, Nessa, Nesa), or occasionally as Aniša (Anisha).

Many varieties of material such as hematite, obsidian, steatite, amethyst, lapis lazuli and carnelian were used to make cylinder seals.

During their time as prominent traders the Assyrians founded a number of trading colonies at various sites in the trading network, such as Kültepe.

It is generally thought that cylinder seals were introduced from Mesopotamia to Egypt during the Naqada II period.

Ancient Egyptians obtained the material through trade with Mesopotamians, as part of Egypt–Mesopotamia relations.

NHN Japan Corporation is the Japanese subsidiary of NHN Entertainment Corporation.

Naver also manages global mobile services such as the mobile messenger LINE, video messenger SNOW, and group communication service BAND.

The service is operated by Line Corporation, a Tokyo-based subsidiary of Softbank Group and the Seoul-based Naver Corporation.

They are put in charge of the equipment for a sports festival and slowly grow closer via LINE.

On 1 August 2013 NHN was re-split into NHN Entertainment Corporation and Naver Corporation for strategic reasons.