1948 Arab–Israeli War and Related Topics

Israel

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Country in Western Asia.

The Merneptah Stele (13th century BCE). The majority of biblical archeologists translate a set of hieroglyphs as "Israel," the first instance of the name in the record.

The Large Stone Structure, an archaeological site in Jerusalem

Map of Israel and Judah in the 9th century BCE

Portion of the Temple Scroll, one of the Dead Sea Scrolls, written during the Second Temple period

Kfar Bar'am, an ancient Jewish village, abandoned some time between the 7th–13th centuries CE.

The 13th-century Ramban Synagogue in Jerusalem

The First Zionist Congress (1897) in Basel, Switzerland

UN Map, "Palestine plan of partition with economic union"

Territory held by Israel: The Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egypt in 1982.

Israel's 1980 law declared that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel."

Shimon Peres (left) with Yitzhak Rabin (center) and King Hussein of Jordan (right), prior to signing the Israel–Jordan peace treaty in 1994.

The site of the 2001 Tel Aviv Dolphinarium discotheque massacre, in which 21 Israelis were killed.

Köppen climate classification map of Israel and the Golan Heights

Immigration to Israel in the years 1948–2015. The two peaks were in 1949 and 1990.

Road sign in Hebrew, Arabic, and English

The Dome of the Rock and the Western Wall, Jerusalem.

Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center at Bar-Ilan University

Mount Scopus Campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem

The Knesset chamber, home to the Israeli parliament

Supreme Court of Israel, Givat Ram, Jerusalem

Map of Israel showing the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights

Israeli West Bank barrier separating Israel and the West Bank

Area C of the West Bank, controlled by Israel under Oslo Accords, in blue and red, in December 2011

Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat at the signing ceremony of the Oslo Accords with then US President Bill Clinton

Squad commanders exercise at Eliakim training base in 2012

Iron Dome is the world's first operational anti-artillery rocket defense system.

Change in per capita GDP of Israel since 1950. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.

The Diamond Exchange District in Ramat Gan

Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. Its building is optimized for computer trading, with systems located in an underground bunker to keep the exchange active during emergencies.

The world's largest solar parabolic dish at the Ben-Gurion National Solar Energy Center.

Ein Bokek resort on the shore of the Dead Sea

Shmuel Yosef Agnon, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature

Israel Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Zubin Mehta

Shrine of the Book, repository of the Dead Sea Scrolls in Jerusalem

A meal including falafel, hummus, French fries and Israeli salad

The war internationalized into the 1948 Arab–Israeli War between Israel and several surrounding Arab states and concluded with the 1949 Armistice Agreements that saw Israel in control of most of the former mandate territory, while the West Bank and Gaza were held by Jordan and Egypt respectively.

Jerusalem

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City in Western Asia.

Close up of the Khirbet Beit Lei inscription, showing the earliest extra-biblical Hebrew writing of the word Jerusalem, dated to the seventh or sixth century BCE

Stepped Stone Structure in the City of David, the ancient core of Jerusalem during the Bronze Age and Iron Age

The Siloam Inscription, written in Biblical Hebrew, commemorates the construction of the Siloam tunnel (c. 700 BCE)

Modern-day reconstruction of Jerusalem during the reign of Solomon (10th century BCE). Solomon's Temple appears on top.

Holyland Model of Jerusalem, depicting the city during the late Second Temple period. First created in 1966, it is continuously updated according to advancing archaeological knowledge

A coin issued by the Jewish rebels in 68 CE. Obverse: "Shekel, Israel. Year 3". Reverse: "Jerusalem the Holy", in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet

Stones from the Western Wall of the Temple Mount thrown during the Roman Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE

The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans (David Roberts, 1850)

Jerusalem mural depicting the Cardo during the Byzantine period.

1455 painting of the Holy Land. Jerusalem is viewed from the west; the octagonal Dome of the Rock stands left of Al-Aqsa, shown as a church, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre stands on the left side of the picture.

Medieval illustration of capture of Jerusalem during the First Crusade, 1099.

Jerusalem, from 'Peregrinatio in Terram Sanctam' by Bernhard von Breydenbach (1486)

1844 daguerreotype by Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey (the earliest photograph of the city).

William McLean's 1918 plan was the first urban planning scheme for Jerusalem. It laid the foundations for what became West Jerusalem and East Jerusalem.

The Knesset houses the legislature of Israel

Orient House in East Jerusalem that served as the headquarters of the PLO in the 1980s and 1990s. It was closed by Israel in 2001, two days after the Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing.

Snow visible on roofs in the Old City of Jerusalem.

Rehavia and Kiryat Wolfson, two Jewish neighborhoods, as seen from Givat Ram

Sheikh Jarrah, a predominantly Arab neighborhood on the road to Mount Scopus.

Sign in Armenian in the Armenian Quarter.

The Old City is home to many sites of seminal religious importance for the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Mamilla Mall adorned with upscale shops stands just outside the Old City Walls.

Holyland Tower, Jerusalem's tallest building

Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus campus

Hand in Hand, a bilingual Jewish-Arab school in Jerusalem

Hebron Yeshiva in Givat Mordechai neighborhood

The Shrine of the Book, housing the Dead Sea Scrolls, at the Israel Museum

Tower of David citadel and the Ottoman walls

Ben-Zakai synagogue, photo taken in 1893

Guesthouse in Mishkenot Sha'ananim, the first Jewish neighborhood built outside the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem (1860), on a hill directly across from Mount Zion.

Israeli policemen meet a Jordanian Legionnaire near the Mandelbaum Gate ({{Circa|1950}}).

King Hussein of Jordan flying over the Temple Mount in East Jerusalem when it was under Jordanian control, 1965.

Sunset aerial photograph of the Mount of Olives.

The Temple Mount, the site of the two former Jewish Temples, is the holiest spot in Judaism

The Western Wall, also known as the Wailing Wall and the Kotel, is a remnant of the Second Temple and the holiest place where Jews are permitted to pray

The Church of the Holy Sepulchre contains the two holiest sites in Christianity: the site where Jesus was crucified, and Jesus's empty tomb, where he is believed by Christians to have been buried and resurrected.

Al-Aqsa Mosque, the third holiest site in Sunni Islam. Muslims believe that Muhammad was transported from the Great Mosque of Mecca to this location during the Night Journey.

The Garden Tomb – a new holy site established by British Protestants in the 19th century

Demographic history of Jerusalem by religion based on available data

During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, West Jerusalem was among the areas captured and later annexed by Israel while East Jerusalem, including the Old City, was captured and later annexed by Jordan.

West Bank

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Landlocked territory near the coast of the Mediterranean in Western Asia.

The Cave of the Patriarchs is one of the most famous holy sites in the region.

King Hussein flying over the Temple Mount in Jerusalem when it was under Jordanian control, 1965

U.S. President George Bush and Mahmoud Abbas in Ramallah, 2008

View of the Judaean Mountains from Ramallah

Map of West Bank settlements and closures in January 2006: Yellow = Palestinian urban centers. Light pink = closed military areas or settlement boundary areas or areas isolated by the Israeli West Bank barrier; dark pink = settlements, outposts or military bases. The black line = route of the Barrier

Greater Jerusalem, May 2006. CIA remote sensing map showing areas considered settlements, plus refugee camps, fences, walls, etc.

Qalandiya Checkpoint between Ramallah and Jerusalem

Checkpoint before entering Jericho, 2005

It initially emerged as a Jordanian-occupied territory after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, before being annexed outright by Jordan in 1950, and was given its name during this time based on its location on the left bank of the Jordan River.

David Ben-Gurion

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The primary national founder of the State of Israel and the first Prime Minister of Israel.

Poalei Zion's "Ezra" group in Plonsk, 1905. David Grün (David Ben-Gurion) in the first row, third on the right.

Ben Gurion with Rachel Nelkin and members of Ezra on eve of their departure to Palestine, August 1906; His father and step-mother sitting in the windows

Ben Gurion working at Rishon Lezion winery (front row, 6th from right), 1908.

Ben-Gurion in his Jewish Legion uniform, 1918

David and Paula Ben-Gurion, 1 June 1918.

The Histadrut committee in 1920. Ben Gurion is in the 2nd row, 4th from the right.

From left: David Ben-Gurion and Paula with youngest daughter Renana on BG's lap, daughter Geula, father Avigdor Grün and son Amos, 1929

David Ben-Gurion with Yigal Allon and Yitzhak Rabin in the Negev, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

David Ben-Gurion visits 101 Squadron, the "First Fighter Squadron".

David Ben-Gurion proclaiming independence beneath a large portrait of Theodor Herzl, founder of modern Zionism.

U.S. President Harry S. Truman in the Oval Office, receiving a Menorah as a gift from the Prime Minister of Israel, David Ben-Gurion (center). To the right is Abba Eban, the Ambassador of Israel to the United States.

David Ben-Gurion speaking at the Knesset, 1957

Ben-Gurion on the cover of Time (16 August 1948)

thumb|Graves of Paula and David Ben-Gurion, Midreshet Ben-Gurion

thumb|Sculpture of David Ben-Gurion at Ben Gurion Airport, named in his honor

thumb|Esplanade Ben Gourion, Paris, near the Seine, in front of the Musée du Quai Branly

thumb|David Ben-Gurion Square—site of the house where Ben-Gurion was born, Płońsk, Wspólna Street.

thumb|House at town square in Płońsk, Poland, where David Ben-Gurion grew up

thumb|English Heritage blue plaque where Ben-Gurion lived in London

Ben-Gurion led Israel during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and united the various Jewish militias into the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).

Palestinian refugees leaving the Galilee in October–November 1948

1948 Palestinian exodus

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The 1948 Palestinian exodus occurred when more than 700,000 Palestinian Arabs – about half of prewar Palestine's Arab population – fled or were expelled from their homes, during the 1948 Palestine war.

Map of the location of the depopulated locations, overlaid on today's demographic and political map

Ruins of the Palestinian village of Suba, near Jerusalem, overlooking Kibbutz Zova, which was built on the village lands.

Ruins of the former Arab village of Bayt Jibrin, inside the green line west of Hebron.

Arabs leaving Haifa as Jewish forces enter the city

IDF operation order for the destruction of Palestinian villages in November 1948

A Palestinian watches over a school in a refugee camp, 1948.

Makeshift school for Palestinian refugees.

Old and young in the entrance of a tent, 1948.

About 250,000–300,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled during the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, before the Israeli Declaration of Independence in May 1948, a fact which was named as a casus belli for the entry of the Arab League into the country, sparking the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine

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The first phase of the 1947–1949 Palestine war.

Aftermath of the car bomb attack on the Ben Yehuda St., which killed 53 and injured many more.

Arab volunteers fighting in Palestine in 1947

Theatre of Operation of each Haganah brigade.

Map of Jewish settlements and roads in Palestine by 1 December 1947

Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, prominent military leader during the Palestinian Civil War.

An Arab road block, at the main road to Jerusalem

Palestinian irregulars near a burnt armored Haganah supply truck, the road to Jerusalem, 1948

Jerusalem convoy, passing Lifta, April 1948

Shielded Jewish convoy during the blockade of Tel Aviv–Jerusalem road

Yaakov Dori, Haganah's Chief of Staff, and his right-hand man, Yigael Yadin, Chief of Operations.

Haganah soldier in Al-Qastal on 5 April 1948.

Palestinian irregulars of the Holy War Army, approaching al-Qastal village near Jerusalem to take it back from Palmach.

Jewish soldiers at the entry of the Mishmar Ha'emek, 1948

Jewish prisoners taken after the fall of Gush Etzion

Palmach soldiers attack the San Simon monastery in Katamon, Jerusalem, April 1948 (battle reconstruction)

Bevingrad, centre of the British security zone in Jerusalem

Zones controlled by Yishuv by 20 May 1948, with comparison to zones held some five months earlier.

The conflict thus escalated and became the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

Arab fighters in front of a burning Haganah armoured supply truck near the city of Jerusalem (c. 1948)

1947–1949 Palestine war

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War fought in the territory of Palestine under the British Mandate.

Fawzi al-Qawuqji (3rd from the right) in 1936.

Volunteers evacuating a wounded man during Egyptian bombardment of Tel Aviv.

Air dropping supplies to besieged Yehiam, 1948.

An Otter armoured car captured by the Haganah from the ALA in 1948.

Palmach Infantry go into action during the fight for Beersheba, 21 October

Israeli soldiers attack Sasa during Operation Hiram, October

IDF forces near Beit Natif (near Hebron) after it was occupied, October

Israeli bombardment of the Iraq Suwaydan fort, held by the Egyptian army, on 9 November

Palmach soldiers are instructed before Operation Yoav

The invasion marked the beginning of the second phase of the war, the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

Haganah

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The main Zionist paramilitary organization of the Jewish population ("Yishuv") in Mandatory Palestine between 1920 and its disestablishment in 1948, when it became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).

Haganah fighters guarding Migdal Tzedek, 1936

In 1940 a Haganah bomb sunk the, killing 267 people

Marching Jewish troops in the British army (1942)

Haganah ship Jewish State at Haifa Port (1947)

Shortly after Israel's independence declaration and the beginning of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Haganah was merged with other groups and reorganized into the official army of the state.

Palmach

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The elite fighting force of the Haganah, the underground army of the Yishuv (Jewish community) during the period of the British Mandate for Palestine.

"The German squad" of the Palmach on a training march.

Beit Keshet, First Palmach outpost, 1944

Palmach sappers in the ruins of a village, 1948

Palmach M4 Sherman tank leading a convoy

Palmach sapper preparing explosives under bridge in Wadi Serer, 1948.

Yigal Allon, Commander of Southern Front, watches the bombardment of Iraq Suwaydan, 9 November 1948

Members of 3rd Battalion gathered in Safed prior to the dissolution of the Palmach in 1949

By the outbreak of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War it consisted of over 2,000 men and women in three fighting brigades and auxiliary aerial, naval and intelligence units.

2018 United Nations OCHA map of the area, showing Israeli occupation arrangements

East Jerusalem

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Map of East Jerusalem. The Arab areas are coloured green, while the Jewish areas are blue.

Old Roman era gate beneath the Damascus Gate (Bab al-'Amud) in Jerusalem

King Hussein flying over the Temple Mount while it was under Jordanian control, 1965

Aerial view of the ancient Jewish cemetery on Mount of Olives

2018 United Nations map of the area, showing the Israeli occupation arrangements.

Jerusalem municipal area, under Israel in 2000

Greater Jerusalem, May 2006. CIA remote sensing map showing areas they consider settlements, plus refugee camps, fences, walls, etc.

East Jerusalem, with Israeli West Bank barrier in the background

UN map showing a series of Israeli "Inner Settlements" – each represented as red crosses – with clusters in the Old City, to the south adjacent to the City of David (shown as "Beit Hazofe" (בית הצופה, "Observation House")) and Ma'ale HaZeitim, and to the north around Shimon HaTzadik.

The new building is Schmidt's Girls College.

East Jerusalem (القدس الشرقية, al-Quds ash-Sharqiya; מִזְרַח יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, Mizraḥ Yerushalayim) is the sector of Jerusalem that was held by Jordan during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, as opposed to the western sector of the city, West Jerusalem, which was held by Israel.

A report on 1948 Arab–Israeli War

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