A report on 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Israel, David Ben-Gurion and East Jerusalem

Captain Avraham "Bren" Adan raising the Ink Flag at Umm Rashrash (a site now in Eilat), marking the end of the war

2018 United Nations OCHA map of the area, showing Israeli occupation arrangements

Poalei Zion's "Ezra" group in Plonsk, 1905. David Grün (David Ben-Gurion) in the first row, third on the right.

Palmach M4 Sherman tank leading a convoy

The Merneptah Stele (13th century BCE). The majority of biblical archeologists translate a set of hieroglyphs as "Israel," the first instance of the name in the record.

Ben Gurion with Rachel Nelkin and members of Ezra on eve of their departure to Palestine, August 1906; His father and step-mother sitting in the windows

Map of East Jerusalem. The Arab areas are coloured green, while the Jewish areas are blue.

Ben Gurion working at Rishon Lezion winery (front row, 6th from right), 1908.

William McLean's 1918 plan was the first urban planning scheme for Jerusalem. It laid the foundations for what became West Jerusalem and East Jerusalem.

King Abdullah outside the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 29 May 1948, the day after Jordanian forces took control of the Old City in the Battle for Jerusalem

The Large Stone Structure, an archaeological site in Jerusalem

Ben-Gurion in his Jewish Legion uniform, 1918

Old Roman era gate beneath the Damascus Gate (Bab al-'Amud) in Jerusalem

Sherman tanks of the Israeli 8th Armoured Brigade, 1948

David and Paula Ben-Gurion, 1 June 1918.

Map of Israel and Judah in the 9th century BCE

The Histadrut committee in 1920. Ben Gurion is in the 2nd row, 4th from the right.

King Hussein flying over the Temple Mount while it was under Jordanian control, 1965

IDF soldiers of the Samson's Foxes unit advance in a captured Egyptian Bren Gun carrier.

Portion of the Temple Scroll, one of the Dead Sea Scrolls, written during the Second Temple period

From left: David Ben-Gurion and Paula with youngest daughter Renana on BG's lap, daughter Geula, father Avigdor Grün and son Amos, 1929

Aerial view of the ancient Jewish cemetery on Mount of Olives

Kfar Bar'am, an ancient Jewish village, abandoned some time between the 7th–13th centuries CE.

David Ben-Gurion with Yigal Allon and Yitzhak Rabin in the Negev, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

2018 United Nations map of the area, showing the Israeli occupation arrangements.

The 13th-century Ramban Synagogue in Jerusalem

David Ben-Gurion visits 101 Squadron, the "First Fighter Squadron".

A "Butterfly" improvised armoured car of the Haganah at Kibbutz Dorot in the Negev, Israel 1948. The armoured car is based on CMP-15 truck. The car has brought supply to the kibbutz. The Negev Kibbutz's children were later evacuated by those cars from their kibbutz, before an expected Egyptian Army attack.

David Ben-Gurion proclaiming independence beneath a large portrait of Theodor Herzl, founder of modern Zionism.

Jerusalem municipal area, under Israel in 2000

The First Zionist Congress (1897) in Basel, Switzerland

U.S. President Harry S. Truman in the Oval Office, receiving a Menorah as a gift from the Prime Minister of Israel, David Ben-Gurion (center). To the right is Abba Eban, the Ambassador of Israel to the United States.

Greater Jerusalem, May 2006. CIA remote sensing map showing areas they consider settlements, plus refugee camps, fences, walls, etc.

UN Map, "Palestine plan of partition with economic union"

David Ben-Gurion speaking at the Knesset, 1957

East Jerusalem, with Israeli West Bank barrier in the background

Mathematics professor Michael Fekete, the Provost of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, with his water quota, during the siege of Jerusalem

Territory held by Israel: The Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egypt in 1982.

Israel's 1980 law declared that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel."

Ben-Gurion on the cover of Time (16 August 1948)

UN map showing a series of Israeli "Inner Settlements" – each represented as red crosses – with clusters in the Old City, to the south adjacent to the City of David (shown as "Beit Hazofe" (בית הצופה, "Observation House")) and Ma'ale HaZeitim, and to the north around Shimon HaTzadik.

Syrian R-35 light tank destroyed at Degania Alef

Shimon Peres (left) with Yitzhak Rabin (center) and King Hussein of Jordan (right), prior to signing the Israel–Jordan peace treaty in 1994.

thumb|Graves of Paula and David Ben-Gurion, Midreshet Ben-Gurion

The new building is Schmidt's Girls College.

Kaukji, the Arab Liberation Army commander

The site of the 2001 Tel Aviv Dolphinarium discotheque massacre, in which 21 Israelis were killed.

thumb|Sculpture of David Ben-Gurion at Ben Gurion Airport, named in his honor

An Egyptian Spitfire shot down over Tel Aviv on 15 May 1948

Köppen climate classification map of Israel and the Golan Heights

thumb|Esplanade Ben Gourion, Paris, near the Seine, in front of the Musée du Quai Branly

Volunteers evacuating a wounded man during Egyptian bombardment of Tel Aviv.

thumb|David Ben-Gurion Square—site of the house where Ben-Gurion was born, Płońsk, Wspólna Street.

Immigration to Israel in the years 1948–2015. The two peaks were in 1949 and 1990.

thumb|House at town square in Płońsk, Poland, where David Ben-Gurion grew up

Road sign in Hebrew, Arabic, and English

thumb|English Heritage blue plaque where Ben-Gurion lived in London

The Dome of the Rock and the Western Wall, Jerusalem.

Northland in Greenland circa 1944 which became the Israeli INS Eilat

Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center at Bar-Ilan University

Palestine Military Situation, 11 June 1948. Truman Papers

Mount Scopus Campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem

The Knesset chamber, home to the Israeli parliament

UN Palestine mediator, Folke Bernadotte, assassinated in September 1948 by the militant group Lehi

An Egyptian artillery piece captured by battalion 53 of the Givati Brigade.

Supreme Court of Israel, Givat Ram, Jerusalem

Israeli soldiers in Lod (Lydda) or Ramle

Map of Israel showing the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights

Israeli armoured vehicles in Lydda airport after the town's capture by Israeli forces

Israeli West Bank barrier separating Israel and the West Bank

Arab forces surrender to the victorious Israelis in Ramla.

Area C of the West Bank, controlled by Israel under Oslo Accords, in blue and red, in December 2011

Beit Horon Battalion soldiers in the Russian Compound in Jerusalem, 1948

Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat at the signing ceremony of the Oslo Accords with then US President Bill Clinton

An Israeli mortar team outside Safsaf in October 1948

Squad commanders exercise at Eliakim training base in 2012

Israeli soldiers attack Sasa during Operation Hiram, October 1948.

Iron Dome is the world's first operational anti-artillery rocket defense system.

Israeli troops occupying abandoned Egyptian trenches at Huleiqat, October 1948

Change in per capita GDP of Israel since 1950. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.

IDF forces in Beersheba during Operation Yoav

The Diamond Exchange District in Ramat Gan

Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. Its building is optimized for computer trading, with systems located in an underground bunker to keep the exchange active during emergencies.

IDF forces near Bayt Nattif (near Hebron) after it was captured. Oct 1948.

An Israeli convoy in the Negev during Operation Horev

The world's largest solar parabolic dish at the Ben-Gurion National Solar Energy Center.

The funeral of a Royal Air Force pilot killed during a clash with the Israeli Air Force

Ein Bokek resort on the shore of the Dead Sea

Shmuel Yosef Agnon, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature

Israel Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Zubin Mehta

Shrine of the Book, repository of the Dead Sea Scrolls in Jerusalem

A meal including falafel, hummus, French fries and Israeli salad

David Ben-Gurion (דָּוִד בֶּן-גּוּרִיּוֹן ; born David Grün; 16 October 1886 – 1 December 1973) was the primary national founder of the State of Israel and the first Prime Minister of Israel.

- David Ben-Gurion

East Jerusalem (القدس الشرقية, al-Quds ash-Sharqiya; מִזְרַח יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, Mizraḥ Yerushalayim) is the sector of Jerusalem that was held by Jordan during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, as opposed to the western sector of the city, West Jerusalem, which was held by Israel.

- East Jerusalem

Ben-Gurion led Israel during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and united the various Jewish militias into the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).

- David Ben-Gurion

Transjordan took control of East Jerusalem and what became known as the West Bank, annexing it the following year, and the Egyptian military took control of the Gaza Strip.

- 1948 Arab–Israeli War

The war internationalized into the 1948 Arab–Israeli War between Israel and several surrounding Arab states and concluded with the 1949 Armistice Agreements that saw Israel in control of most of the former mandate territory, while the West Bank and Gaza were held by Jordan and Egypt respectively.

- Israel

Israel has effectively annexed East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, though these actions have been rejected as illegal by the international community, and established settlements within the occupied territories, which are also considered illegal under international law.

- Israel

Upon independence in 1948, the country formally adopted the name 'State of Israel' (מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل,, ) after other proposed historical and religious names including 'Land of Israel' (Eretz Israel), Ever (from ancestor Eber), Zion, and Judea, were considered but rejected, while the name 'Israel' was suggested by Ben-Gurion and passed by a vote of 6–3.

- Israel

David Ben-Gurion reorganised Haganah and made conscription obligatory.

- 1948 Arab–Israeli War

On 14 May 1948, David Ben-Gurion declared the establishment of the State of Israel and the 1948 Palestine war entered its second phase with the intervention of the Arab state armies and the beginning of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

- 1948 Arab–Israeli War

David Ben-Gurion presented his party's assertion that "Jewish Jerusalem is an organic, inseparable part of the State of Israel" in December 1949, and Jordan annexed East Jerusalem the following year.

- East Jerusalem

Israel then captured the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt, the West Bank, including East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria in a series of campaigns.

- David Ben-Gurion

3 related topics with Alpha

Jerusalem

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City in Western Asia.

Close up of the Khirbet Beit Lei inscription, showing the earliest extra-biblical Hebrew writing of the word Jerusalem, dated to the seventh or sixth century BCE

Stepped Stone Structure in the City of David, the ancient core of Jerusalem during the Bronze Age and Iron Age

The Siloam Inscription, written in Biblical Hebrew, commemorates the construction of the Siloam tunnel (c. 700 BCE)

Modern-day reconstruction of Jerusalem during the reign of Solomon (10th century BCE). Solomon's Temple appears on top.

Holyland Model of Jerusalem, depicting the city during the late Second Temple period. First created in 1966, it is continuously updated according to advancing archaeological knowledge

A coin issued by the Jewish rebels in 68 CE. Obverse: "Shekel, Israel. Year 3". Reverse: "Jerusalem the Holy", in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet

Stones from the Western Wall of the Temple Mount thrown during the Roman Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE

The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans (David Roberts, 1850)

Jerusalem mural depicting the Cardo during the Byzantine period.

1455 painting of the Holy Land. Jerusalem is viewed from the west; the octagonal Dome of the Rock stands left of Al-Aqsa, shown as a church, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre stands on the left side of the picture.

Medieval illustration of capture of Jerusalem during the First Crusade, 1099.

Jerusalem, from 'Peregrinatio in Terram Sanctam' by Bernhard von Breydenbach (1486)

1844 daguerreotype by Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey (the earliest photograph of the city).

The Knesset houses the legislature of Israel

Orient House in East Jerusalem that served as the headquarters of the PLO in the 1980s and 1990s. It was closed by Israel in 2001, two days after the Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing.

Snow visible on roofs in the Old City of Jerusalem.

Rehavia and Kiryat Wolfson, two Jewish neighborhoods, as seen from Givat Ram

Sheikh Jarrah, a predominantly Arab neighborhood on the road to Mount Scopus.

Sign in Armenian in the Armenian Quarter.

The Old City is home to many sites of seminal religious importance for the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Mamilla Mall adorned with upscale shops stands just outside the Old City Walls.

Holyland Tower, Jerusalem's tallest building

Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus campus

Hand in Hand, a bilingual Jewish-Arab school in Jerusalem

Hebron Yeshiva in Givat Mordechai neighborhood

The Shrine of the Book, housing the Dead Sea Scrolls, at the Israel Museum

Tower of David citadel and the Ottoman walls

Ben-Zakai synagogue, photo taken in 1893

Guesthouse in Mishkenot Sha'ananim, the first Jewish neighborhood built outside the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem (1860), on a hill directly across from Mount Zion.

Israeli policemen meet a Jordanian Legionnaire near the Mandelbaum Gate ({{Circa|1950}}).

King Hussein of Jordan flying over the Temple Mount in East Jerusalem when it was under Jordanian control, 1965.

Sunset aerial photograph of the Mount of Olives.

The Temple Mount, the site of the two former Jewish Temples, is the holiest spot in Judaism

The Western Wall, also known as the Wailing Wall and the Kotel, is a remnant of the Second Temple and the holiest place where Jews are permitted to pray

The Church of the Holy Sepulchre contains the two holiest sites in Christianity: the site where Jesus was crucified, and Jesus's empty tomb, where he is believed by Christians to have been buried and resurrected.

Al-Aqsa Mosque, the third holiest site in Sunni Islam. Muslims believe that Muhammad was transported from the Great Mosque of Mecca to this location during the Night Journey.

The Garden Tomb – a new holy site established by British Protestants in the 19th century

Demographic history of Jerusalem by religion based on available data

The city straddles the Green Line between Israel and the West Bank; both Israelis and Palestinians claim Jerusalem as their capital.

During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, West Jerusalem was among the areas captured and later annexed by Israel while East Jerusalem, including the Old City, was captured and later annexed by Jordan.

On 5 December 1949, Israel's first Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, proclaimed Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal" and "sacred" capital, and eight days later specified that only the war had "compelled" the Israeli leadership "to establish the seat of Government in Tel Aviv", while "for the State of Israel there has always been and always will be one capital only – Jerusalem the Eternal", and that after the war, efforts had been ongoing for creating the conditions for "the Knesset... returning to Jerusalem."

Israel Defense Forces

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Major-Gen. Ariel Sharon (left), during the Battle of Abu-Ageila, June 1967

Operation Gazelle, Israel's ground maneuver, encircles the Egyptian Third Army, October 1973

Structure of the Israel Defense Forces (click to enlarge)

Israeli officers of the Paratrooper Battalion 890 in 1955 with Moshe Dayan (standing, third from the left). Ariel Sharon is standing, second from the left and commando Meir Har Zion is standing furthest left.

Soldiers of the Golani Brigade on the Golan Heights

Soldiers of the "Yanshuf" (Owl) Battalion, which specializes in CBRN warfare

IDF Alpinist Unit dispatched to Mount Hermon

Israeli soldiers coming back from the Second Lebanon war, armed with the M4 Carbine and the IMI Negev light machinegun

Israeli soldiers during Operation Brothers' Keeper (2014) armed with IWI X95s.

Female IDF corporal with the Spike missile launcher, wearing the golden-olive Madei Alef uniform

IDF female Military Police wearing skirts with their White caps and belts.

Nahal Brigade soldier with full combat gear.

163rd IAF Flight Course Graduates (2011)

IAF Flight academy graduates receive their ranks as air force officers

IDF Recruits trying on uniforms for the first time

IDF Nahal Brigade soldiers on their regular service

IDF Reservists train in the Golan Heights

The Israel Border Police (Magav) is responsible for security in urban or rural areas

The unisex Caracal Battalion, which serves in routine security missions

IDF shooting instructors, a common role for women in the IDF

IDF Warrant Officers with the M16 and IWI X95; two common assault rifles of the IDF.

Druze commander of the IDF Herev battalion

Israeli Arab soldiers, serving in the Galilee in 1978

Bedouin Desert Reconnaissance Battalion, visiting an Arab school

IDF soldiers of the religious 97th "Netzah Yehuda" Infantry Battalion

Israeli "Netzah Yehuda" recon company in full combat gear prepare for a night raid in the West Bank

IDF snipers in IDF international sniping contest, 2019

IDF soldier, Asael lubotzky prays with tefillin.

A female soldier of the IDF Search and Rescue Unit.

Israeli soldiers during the Battle of Nablus

The Engineering Corps's Atomic-Biological-Chemical Unit

Nahal Brigade soldiers pay respect to fallen comrades at Mt. Herzl's Military Cemetery

Two IDF Medical Doctors in a training exercise

IDF soldiers treat an injured Palestinian man

IDF soldiers rescued an eighty-year-old Lebanese woman, after she got tangled in the security fence on the northern border, on the Lebanese side

Merkava ('Chariot')– Israeli main battle tank, with 4 generations

Israeli Navy Sa'ar 5-class corvette INS Lahav

IDF's current (2017) armored fighting vehicles, clockwise: IDF Namer, IDF Caterpillar D9, M270 MLRS and Merkava Mk 4M

Israeli female soldiers on parade, Jerusalem, 1968

Former IDF Chief of Staff Benny Gantz (right) meets with Martin Dempsey (left), Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Israeli soldiers training alongside the 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit on the USS Kearsarge

Two IAF Apache AH-64D Longbows and one Greek AH-64A fly above the Greek countryside during a joint exercise, June 2011

Two IDF commando operators in a joint training in Greece, November 2019

IDF infantry with the IWI X95 "Micro-Tavor"

Soldier armed with the IWI Tavor assault rifle

Israel Aerospace Industries EL/W-2085, a development of the EL/M-2075

Typhoon Weapon Station armed with 25 mm gun

The LITENING targeting pod, which is today used by more than 20 international air-forces.<ref>ISRAELI TARGETING POD LEADING BOMBINGS IN LIBYA BY YAAKOV KATZ Jerusalem Post, 1 May 2011</ref>

David's Sling Weapons System Stunner Missile

Merkava Mk 4m with Trophy active protection system, the first operationally tested Active Protection System for tanks.

The Israel Defense Forces (IDF; צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, ), alternatively referred to by the Hebrew-language acronym (צה״ל), is the national military of the State of Israel.

On the orders of David Ben-Gurion, the IDF was formed on 26 May 1948 and began to operate as a conscript military, drawing its initial recruits from the already-existing paramilitaries of the Yishuv—namely Haganah, the Irgun, and Lehi.

The new army organized itself when the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine escalated into the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, which saw neighboring Arab states attack.

In the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel conquered the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and Golan Heights from the surrounding Arab states, changing the balance of power in the region as well as the role of the IDF.

A depiction of Syria and Palestine from CE 650 to 1500

Palestinians

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Ethnonational group descending from peoples who have inhabited the region of Palestine over the millennia, and who are today culturally and linguistically Arab.

A loom at work making a traditional Palestinian keffiyeh in Hebron, Palestine. The keffiyeh is a traditional headdress with origins in Arabia

A veiled Arab woman in Bersheeba, Palestine c.1940

Tawfiq Canaan (1882–1964) was a pioneering Palestinian ethnographer and Palestinian nationalist. Deeply interested in Palestinian folklore (principally Canaanite, Philistine, Hebraic, Nabatean, Syrio-Aramaic and Arab), Canaan wrote several books and more than 50 articles on the matter

Depiction of Palestine in the time of Saul c. 1020 BC according to George Adam Smith's 1915 Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land

Edward Said and Daniel Barenboim in Sevilla, 2002

Saladin's Falcon, the coat of arms and emblem of the Palestinian Authority

Khalil Beidas's 1898 use of the word "Palestinians" in the preface to his translation of Akim Olesnitsky's [[:File:Olesnitsky A. The Holy Land. Vol. 1 (Russian).djvu|A Description of the Holy Land]]

A 1930 protest in Jerusalem against the British Mandate by Palestinian women. The sign reads "No dialogue, no negotiations until termination [of the Mandate]"

UN stamp to commemorate the Palestinian struggle

Musa Alami (1897-1984) was a Palestinian nationalist and politician and was viewed in the 1940s as the leader of the Palestinians

Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, leader of the Army of the Holy War in 1948

Yasser Arafat, Nayef Hawatmeh and Kamal Nasser in a Jordan press conference in Amman, 1970

Palestinian Druze family making bread 1920

Areen Omari, a Palestinian actress and producer, attends a motion picture ceremony

Palestinian market at Jaffa, 1877 painting

Palestinian novelist and non-fiction writer Susan Abulhawa

Palestinian-American writer Naomi Shihab Nye

Samah Sabawi is a Palestinian dramatist, writer and journalist.

American radio personality and record producer DJ Khaled, of Palestinian descent

Palestinians attending prayers at the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, the holiest site in Christianity

Palestinian Christian Scouts on Christmas Eve in front of the Nativity Church in Bethlehem, 2006

Jews in 'Ben Zakai' house of prayer, Jerusalem, 1893.

Tomb of Jethro in Hittin, Northern Israel.

Muslims pray in Jerusalem, 1840. By David Roberts, in The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia

A Palestinian Christian family in Ramallah, Ottoman Palestine, 1905

Married Eastern Orthodox priest from Jerusalem with his family (three generations), circa 1893

Musakhan: The Palestinian National dish.

A plate of hummus, garnished with paprika and olive oil and pine nuts

A Palestinian youth serving Falafel in Ramallah.

The Alhamra Cinema, Jaffa, 1937, bombed December 1947

Villagers in Halhul at an open-air cinema screening c. 1940

Young woman of Ramallah wearing dowry headdress, c. 1898–1914

Ramallah woman, c. 1920, Library of Congress

A Traditional Women's Dress in Ramallah, c. 1920.

Palestinian Dabke folk dance being performed by men

Palestinian women dancing traditionally, Bethlehem c. 1936

Marco Zaror is a Chilean martial artist of Palestinian descent.

Nicolás Massú is a Chilean tennis player of Palestinian descent.

Roberto Bishara Adawi is a footballer of Palestinian descent.

Despite various wars and exoduses, roughly one half of the world's Palestinian population continues to reside in the territory of former British Palestine, now encompassing the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (the Palestinian territories) as well as Israel.

In this combined area,, Palestinians constituted 49 percent of all inhabitants, encompassing the entire population of the Gaza Strip (1.865 million), the majority of the population of the West Bank (approximately 2,785,000 versus some 600,000 Israeli settlers, which includes about 200,000 in East Jerusalem), and almost 21 percent of the population of Israel proper as part of its Arab citizens.

A number of pre-Mandatory Zionists, from Ahad Ha'am and Ber Borochov to David Ben-Gurion and Yitzhak Ben Zvi thought of the Palestinian peasant population as descended from the ancient biblical Hebrews, but this belief was disowned when its ideological implications became problematic.

Israel was established in parts of Palestine in 1948, and in the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the West Bank was ruled by Jordan, and the Gaza Strip by Egypt, with both countries continuing to administer these areas until Israel occupied them in the Six-Day War.