A report on Israel, Palestinians, 1948 Arab–Israeli War and East Jerusalem

A depiction of Syria and Palestine from CE 650 to 1500

Captain Avraham "Bren" Adan raising the Ink Flag at Umm Rashrash (a site now in Eilat), marking the end of the war

2018 United Nations OCHA map of the area, showing Israeli occupation arrangements

The Merneptah Stele (13th century BCE). The majority of biblical archeologists translate a set of hieroglyphs as "Israel," the first instance of the name in the record.

A loom at work making a traditional Palestinian keffiyeh in Hebron, Palestine. The keffiyeh is a traditional headdress with origins in Arabia

Palmach M4 Sherman tank leading a convoy

Map of East Jerusalem. The Arab areas are coloured green, while the Jewish areas are blue.

A veiled Arab woman in Bersheeba, Palestine c.1940

William McLean's 1918 plan was the first urban planning scheme for Jerusalem. It laid the foundations for what became West Jerusalem and East Jerusalem.

The Large Stone Structure, an archaeological site in Jerusalem

Tawfiq Canaan (1882–1964) was a pioneering Palestinian ethnographer and Palestinian nationalist. Deeply interested in Palestinian folklore (principally Canaanite, Philistine, Hebraic, Nabatean, Syrio-Aramaic and Arab), Canaan wrote several books and more than 50 articles on the matter

King Abdullah outside the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 29 May 1948, the day after Jordanian forces took control of the Old City in the Battle for Jerusalem

Old Roman era gate beneath the Damascus Gate (Bab al-'Amud) in Jerusalem

Depiction of Palestine in the time of Saul c. 1020 BC according to George Adam Smith's 1915 Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land

Sherman tanks of the Israeli 8th Armoured Brigade, 1948

Map of Israel and Judah in the 9th century BCE

King Hussein flying over the Temple Mount while it was under Jordanian control, 1965

Portion of the Temple Scroll, one of the Dead Sea Scrolls, written during the Second Temple period

Edward Said and Daniel Barenboim in Sevilla, 2002

IDF soldiers of the Samson's Foxes unit advance in a captured Egyptian Bren Gun carrier.

Aerial view of the ancient Jewish cemetery on Mount of Olives

Kfar Bar'am, an ancient Jewish village, abandoned some time between the 7th–13th centuries CE.

Saladin's Falcon, the coat of arms and emblem of the Palestinian Authority

2018 United Nations map of the area, showing the Israeli occupation arrangements.

The 13th-century Ramban Synagogue in Jerusalem

Khalil Beidas's 1898 use of the word "Palestinians" in the preface to his translation of Akim Olesnitsky's [[:File:Olesnitsky A. The Holy Land. Vol. 1 (Russian).djvu|A Description of the Holy Land]]

A 1930 protest in Jerusalem against the British Mandate by Palestinian women. The sign reads "No dialogue, no negotiations until termination [of the Mandate]"

A "Butterfly" improvised armoured car of the Haganah at Kibbutz Dorot in the Negev, Israel 1948. The armoured car is based on CMP-15 truck. The car has brought supply to the kibbutz. The Negev Kibbutz's children were later evacuated by those cars from their kibbutz, before an expected Egyptian Army attack.

Jerusalem municipal area, under Israel in 2000

The First Zionist Congress (1897) in Basel, Switzerland

UN stamp to commemorate the Palestinian struggle

Greater Jerusalem, May 2006. CIA remote sensing map showing areas they consider settlements, plus refugee camps, fences, walls, etc.

UN Map, "Palestine plan of partition with economic union"

Musa Alami (1897-1984) was a Palestinian nationalist and politician and was viewed in the 1940s as the leader of the Palestinians

East Jerusalem, with Israeli West Bank barrier in the background

Territory held by Israel: The Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egypt in 1982.

Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, leader of the Army of the Holy War in 1948

Mathematics professor Michael Fekete, the Provost of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, with his water quota, during the siege of Jerusalem

Israel's 1980 law declared that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel."

UN map showing a series of Israeli "Inner Settlements" – each represented as red crosses – with clusters in the Old City, to the south adjacent to the City of David (shown as "Beit Hazofe" (בית הצופה, "Observation House")) and Ma'ale HaZeitim, and to the north around Shimon HaTzadik.

Shimon Peres (left) with Yitzhak Rabin (center) and King Hussein of Jordan (right), prior to signing the Israel–Jordan peace treaty in 1994.

Yasser Arafat, Nayef Hawatmeh and Kamal Nasser in a Jordan press conference in Amman, 1970

Syrian R-35 light tank destroyed at Degania Alef

The new building is Schmidt's Girls College.

The site of the 2001 Tel Aviv Dolphinarium discotheque massacre, in which 21 Israelis were killed.

Kaukji, the Arab Liberation Army commander

Köppen climate classification map of Israel and the Golan Heights

An Egyptian Spitfire shot down over Tel Aviv on 15 May 1948

Volunteers evacuating a wounded man during Egyptian bombardment of Tel Aviv.

Immigration to Israel in the years 1948–2015. The two peaks were in 1949 and 1990.

Road sign in Hebrew, Arabic, and English

Palestinian Druze family making bread 1920

The Dome of the Rock and the Western Wall, Jerusalem.

Areen Omari, a Palestinian actress and producer, attends a motion picture ceremony

Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center at Bar-Ilan University

Palestinian market at Jaffa, 1877 painting

Northland in Greenland circa 1944 which became the Israeli INS Eilat

Mount Scopus Campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Palestine Military Situation, 11 June 1948. Truman Papers

The Knesset chamber, home to the Israeli parliament

Palestinian novelist and non-fiction writer Susan Abulhawa

UN Palestine mediator, Folke Bernadotte, assassinated in September 1948 by the militant group Lehi

Supreme Court of Israel, Givat Ram, Jerusalem

Palestinian-American writer Naomi Shihab Nye

An Egyptian artillery piece captured by battalion 53 of the Givati Brigade.

Map of Israel showing the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights

Samah Sabawi is a Palestinian dramatist, writer and journalist.

Israeli soldiers in Lod (Lydda) or Ramle

Israeli West Bank barrier separating Israel and the West Bank

Israeli armoured vehicles in Lydda airport after the town's capture by Israeli forces

Area C of the West Bank, controlled by Israel under Oslo Accords, in blue and red, in December 2011

American radio personality and record producer DJ Khaled, of Palestinian descent

Arab forces surrender to the victorious Israelis in Ramla.

Palestinians attending prayers at the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

Beit Horon Battalion soldiers in the Russian Compound in Jerusalem, 1948

Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat at the signing ceremony of the Oslo Accords with then US President Bill Clinton

The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, the holiest site in Christianity

Squad commanders exercise at Eliakim training base in 2012

Palestinian Christian Scouts on Christmas Eve in front of the Nativity Church in Bethlehem, 2006

An Israeli mortar team outside Safsaf in October 1948

Iron Dome is the world's first operational anti-artillery rocket defense system.

Israeli soldiers attack Sasa during Operation Hiram, October 1948.

Change in per capita GDP of Israel since 1950. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.

Jews in 'Ben Zakai' house of prayer, Jerusalem, 1893.

Israeli troops occupying abandoned Egyptian trenches at Huleiqat, October 1948

The Diamond Exchange District in Ramat Gan

Tomb of Jethro in Hittin, Northern Israel.

IDF forces in Beersheba during Operation Yoav

Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. Its building is optimized for computer trading, with systems located in an underground bunker to keep the exchange active during emergencies.

Muslims pray in Jerusalem, 1840. By David Roberts, in The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia

A Palestinian Christian family in Ramallah, Ottoman Palestine, 1905

IDF forces near Bayt Nattif (near Hebron) after it was captured. Oct 1948.

The world's largest solar parabolic dish at the Ben-Gurion National Solar Energy Center.

Married Eastern Orthodox priest from Jerusalem with his family (three generations), circa 1893

An Israeli convoy in the Negev during Operation Horev

The funeral of a Royal Air Force pilot killed during a clash with the Israeli Air Force

Ein Bokek resort on the shore of the Dead Sea

Shmuel Yosef Agnon, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature

Israel Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Zubin Mehta

Musakhan: The Palestinian National dish.

Shrine of the Book, repository of the Dead Sea Scrolls in Jerusalem

A plate of hummus, garnished with paprika and olive oil and pine nuts

A meal including falafel, hummus, French fries and Israeli salad

A Palestinian youth serving Falafel in Ramallah.

The Alhamra Cinema, Jaffa, 1937, bombed December 1947

Villagers in Halhul at an open-air cinema screening c. 1940

Young woman of Ramallah wearing dowry headdress, c. 1898–1914

Ramallah woman, c. 1920, Library of Congress

A Traditional Women's Dress in Ramallah, c. 1920.

Palestinian Dabke folk dance being performed by men

Palestinian women dancing traditionally, Bethlehem c. 1936

Marco Zaror is a Chilean martial artist of Palestinian descent.

Nicolás Massú is a Chilean tennis player of Palestinian descent.

Roberto Bishara Adawi is a footballer of Palestinian descent.

East Jerusalem (القدس الشرقية, al-Quds ash-Sharqiya; מִזְרַח יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, Mizraḥ Yerushalayim) is the sector of Jerusalem that was held by Jordan during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, as opposed to the western sector of the city, West Jerusalem, which was held by Israel.

- East Jerusalem

Despite various wars and exoduses, roughly one half of the world's Palestinian population continues to reside in the territory of former British Palestine, now encompassing the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (the Palestinian territories) as well as Israel.

- Palestinians

In this combined area,, Palestinians constituted 49 percent of all inhabitants, encompassing the entire population of the Gaza Strip (1.865 million), the majority of the population of the West Bank (approximately 2,785,000 versus some 600,000 Israeli settlers, which includes about 200,000 in East Jerusalem), and almost 21 percent of the population of Israel proper as part of its Arab citizens.

- Palestinians

Palestinians and many in the international community consider East Jerusalem to be the future capital of the State of Palestine.

- East Jerusalem

The war internationalized into the 1948 Arab–Israeli War between Israel and several surrounding Arab states and concluded with the 1949 Armistice Agreements that saw Israel in control of most of the former mandate territory, while the West Bank and Gaza were held by Jordan and Egypt respectively.

- Israel

Transjordan took control of East Jerusalem and what became known as the West Bank, annexing it the following year, and the Egyptian military took control of the Gaza Strip.

- 1948 Arab–Israeli War

Over 700,000 Palestinian Arabs, about half of the pre-war Arab population, were expelled from or fled the territory Israel would come to control.

- Israel

Israel has effectively annexed East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, though these actions have been rejected as illegal by the international community, and established settlements within the occupied territories, which are also considered illegal under international law.

- Israel

On 14 May 1948, David Ben-Gurion declared the establishment of the State of Israel and the 1948 Palestine war entered its second phase with the intervention of the Arab state armies and the beginning of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

- 1948 Arab–Israeli War

Israel was established in parts of Palestine in 1948, and in the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the West Bank was ruled by Jordan, and the Gaza Strip by Egypt, with both countries continuing to administer these areas until Israel occupied them in the Six-Day War.

- Palestinians

More than 1.4 million Palestinians still live in 58 recognised refugee camps, while more than 5 million Palestinians live outside Israel and the Palestinian territories.

- 1948 Arab–Israeli War

4 related topics with Alpha

Jerusalem

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City in Western Asia.

Close up of the Khirbet Beit Lei inscription, showing the earliest extra-biblical Hebrew writing of the word Jerusalem, dated to the seventh or sixth century BCE

Stepped Stone Structure in the City of David, the ancient core of Jerusalem during the Bronze Age and Iron Age

The Siloam Inscription, written in Biblical Hebrew, commemorates the construction of the Siloam tunnel (c. 700 BCE)

Modern-day reconstruction of Jerusalem during the reign of Solomon (10th century BCE). Solomon's Temple appears on top.

Holyland Model of Jerusalem, depicting the city during the late Second Temple period. First created in 1966, it is continuously updated according to advancing archaeological knowledge

A coin issued by the Jewish rebels in 68 CE. Obverse: "Shekel, Israel. Year 3". Reverse: "Jerusalem the Holy", in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet

Stones from the Western Wall of the Temple Mount thrown during the Roman Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE

The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans (David Roberts, 1850)

Jerusalem mural depicting the Cardo during the Byzantine period.

1455 painting of the Holy Land. Jerusalem is viewed from the west; the octagonal Dome of the Rock stands left of Al-Aqsa, shown as a church, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre stands on the left side of the picture.

Medieval illustration of capture of Jerusalem during the First Crusade, 1099.

Jerusalem, from 'Peregrinatio in Terram Sanctam' by Bernhard von Breydenbach (1486)

1844 daguerreotype by Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey (the earliest photograph of the city).

The Knesset houses the legislature of Israel

Orient House in East Jerusalem that served as the headquarters of the PLO in the 1980s and 1990s. It was closed by Israel in 2001, two days after the Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing.

Snow visible on roofs in the Old City of Jerusalem.

Rehavia and Kiryat Wolfson, two Jewish neighborhoods, as seen from Givat Ram

Sheikh Jarrah, a predominantly Arab neighborhood on the road to Mount Scopus.

Sign in Armenian in the Armenian Quarter.

The Old City is home to many sites of seminal religious importance for the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Mamilla Mall adorned with upscale shops stands just outside the Old City Walls.

Holyland Tower, Jerusalem's tallest building

Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus campus

Hand in Hand, a bilingual Jewish-Arab school in Jerusalem

Hebron Yeshiva in Givat Mordechai neighborhood

The Shrine of the Book, housing the Dead Sea Scrolls, at the Israel Museum

Tower of David citadel and the Ottoman walls

Ben-Zakai synagogue, photo taken in 1893

Guesthouse in Mishkenot Sha'ananim, the first Jewish neighborhood built outside the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem (1860), on a hill directly across from Mount Zion.

Israeli policemen meet a Jordanian Legionnaire near the Mandelbaum Gate ({{Circa|1950}}).

King Hussein of Jordan flying over the Temple Mount in East Jerusalem when it was under Jordanian control, 1965.

Sunset aerial photograph of the Mount of Olives.

The Temple Mount, the site of the two former Jewish Temples, is the holiest spot in Judaism

The Western Wall, also known as the Wailing Wall and the Kotel, is a remnant of the Second Temple and the holiest place where Jews are permitted to pray

The Church of the Holy Sepulchre contains the two holiest sites in Christianity: the site where Jesus was crucified, and Jesus's empty tomb, where he is believed by Christians to have been buried and resurrected.

Al-Aqsa Mosque, the third holiest site in Sunni Islam. Muslims believe that Muhammad was transported from the Great Mosque of Mecca to this location during the Night Journey.

The Garden Tomb – a new holy site established by British Protestants in the 19th century

Demographic history of Jerusalem by religion based on available data

The city straddles the Green Line between Israel and the West Bank; both Israelis and Palestinians claim Jerusalem as their capital.

During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, West Jerusalem was among the areas captured and later annexed by Israel while East Jerusalem, including the Old City, was captured and later annexed by Jordan.

West Bank

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Landlocked territory near the coast of the Mediterranean in Western Asia.

The Cave of the Patriarchs is one of the most famous holy sites in the region.

King Hussein flying over the Temple Mount in Jerusalem when it was under Jordanian control, 1965

U.S. President George Bush and Mahmoud Abbas in Ramallah, 2008

View of the Judaean Mountains from Ramallah

Map of West Bank settlements and closures in January 2006: Yellow = Palestinian urban centers. Light pink = closed military areas or settlement boundary areas or areas isolated by the Israeli West Bank barrier; dark pink = settlements, outposts or military bases. The black line = route of the Barrier

Greater Jerusalem, May 2006. CIA remote sensing map showing areas considered settlements, plus refugee camps, fences, walls, etc.

Qalandiya Checkpoint between Ramallah and Jerusalem

Checkpoint before entering Jericho, 2005

It is bordered by Jordan and the Dead Sea to the east and by Israel (see Green Line) to the south, west, and north.

The West Bank's borders also include the lands that comprise East Jerusalem.

It initially emerged as a Jordanian-occupied territory after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, before being annexed outright by Jordan in 1950, and was given its name during this time based on its location on the left bank of the Jordan River.

It has an estimated population of 2,747,943 Palestinians, and over 670,000 Israeli settlers live in the West Bank, of which 220,000 live in East Jerusalem.

Jordanian annexation of the West Bank

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Arab Legionnaires attacking Porat Yosef Yeshiva, Old City of Jerusalem, 1948

King Abdullah at Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 29 May 1948

Arab Legion soldier posing in the ruins of the Hurva Synagogue, Jerusalem

1947 UN Partition Plan and 1949 UN Armistice Lines

The Jordanian annexation of the West Bank formally occurred on 24 April 1950, after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, during which Transjordan occupied territory that had previously been part of Mandatory Palestine and had been earmarked by the UN General Assembly Resolution 181 of 29 November 1947 for an independent Arab state to be established there alongside a Jewish state mainly to its west.

Prior to hostilities in 1948, Palestine (modern-day West Bank, Gaza Strip and Israel) had been under the Mandate for Palestine control of the British Empire, which captured it from the Ottomans in 1917.

Jordanian forces remained in most positions they held in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem and the Old City.

In 1974, the Arab League decided to recognize the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people.

David Ben-Gurion

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Poalei Zion's "Ezra" group in Plonsk, 1905. David Grün (David Ben-Gurion) in the first row, third on the right.

Ben Gurion with Rachel Nelkin and members of Ezra on eve of their departure to Palestine, August 1906; His father and step-mother sitting in the windows

Ben Gurion working at Rishon Lezion winery (front row, 6th from right), 1908.

Ben-Gurion in his Jewish Legion uniform, 1918

David and Paula Ben-Gurion, 1 June 1918.

The Histadrut committee in 1920. Ben Gurion is in the 2nd row, 4th from the right.

From left: David Ben-Gurion and Paula with youngest daughter Renana on BG's lap, daughter Geula, father Avigdor Grün and son Amos, 1929

David Ben-Gurion with Yigal Allon and Yitzhak Rabin in the Negev, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

David Ben-Gurion visits 101 Squadron, the "First Fighter Squadron".

David Ben-Gurion proclaiming independence beneath a large portrait of Theodor Herzl, founder of modern Zionism.

U.S. President Harry S. Truman in the Oval Office, receiving a Menorah as a gift from the Prime Minister of Israel, David Ben-Gurion (center). To the right is Abba Eban, the Ambassador of Israel to the United States.

David Ben-Gurion speaking at the Knesset, 1957

Ben-Gurion on the cover of Time (16 August 1948)

thumb|Graves of Paula and David Ben-Gurion, Midreshet Ben-Gurion

thumb|Sculpture of David Ben-Gurion at Ben Gurion Airport, named in his honor

thumb|Esplanade Ben Gourion, Paris, near the Seine, in front of the Musée du Quai Branly

thumb|David Ben-Gurion Square—site of the house where Ben-Gurion was born, Płońsk, Wspólna Street.

thumb|House at town square in Płońsk, Poland, where David Ben-Gurion grew up

thumb|English Heritage blue plaque where Ben-Gurion lived in London

David Ben-Gurion (דָּוִד בֶּן-גּוּרִיּוֹן ; born David Grün; 16 October 1886 – 1 December 1973) was the primary national founder of the State of Israel and the first Prime Minister of Israel.

Ben-Gurion led Israel during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and united the various Jewish militias into the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).

Ben-Gurion recognized the strong attachment of Palestinian Arabs to the land.

Israel then captured the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt, the West Bank, including East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria in a series of campaigns.