A report on Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, 1980s oil glut and Iran–Iraq War

Location of Iraq (green) and Kuwait (orange)
Detailed analysis of 1970–2007 changes in nominal oil price, unadjusted for inflation
Top-left to bottom-right: Iranian child soldier on the frontlines Iranian soldier in a trench wearing a gas mask to guard against Iraqi chemical attacks Port quarter view of the USS Stark listing to port after being mistakenly struck by an Iraqi warplane Pro-Iraq MEK forces killed during Iran's Operation Mersad Iraqi prisoners of war after the recapture of Khorramshahr by Iranian forces ZU-23-2 anti-aircraft gun being used by the Iranian Army
The Basra Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire in 1897. After the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913, Kuwait was established as an autonomous kaza, or district, of the Ottoman Empire and a de facto protectorate of Great Britain.
OPEC, non-OPEC and world oil production, 1973–2004
Meeting of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Houari Boumédiène and Saddam Hussein (left to right) during the Algiers Agreement in 1975.
April Glaspie's first meeting with Saddam Hussein
World energy consumption, 1965–2013, showing oil demand falling significantly in the early 1980s
Ruhollah Khomeini rose to power after the Iranian Revolution.
An Iraqi Type 69 tank on display at the site of the Al-Qurain Martyrdom
Fluctuations of OPEC net oil export revenues since 1972
Location of Khuzestan Province in Iran which Iraq planned to annex
A Kuwait M-84 tank during Operation Desert Shield in 1990. Kuwait continues to maintain strong relations with the coalition of the Gulf War.
Iranian President Abolhassan Banisadr, who was also commander-in-chief, on a Jeep-mounted 106mm recoilless anti-tank gun. Banisadr was impeached in June 1981.
Ground troop movements from 24–28 February 1991 during Operation Desert Storm.
The Shatt al-Arab on the Iran–Iraq border
American tanks from the 3rd Armored Division during Operation Desert Storm.
Destroyed Iranian C-47 Skytrain
More than 600 Kuwaiti oil wells were set on fire by retreating Iraqi forces, causing massive environmental and economic damage to Kuwait.
Iranian F-14A Tomcats equipped with AIM-54A, AIM-7 and AIM-9 missiles.
The oil fires caused were a result of the scorched earth policy of Iraqi military forces retreating from Kuwait
Resistance of the outnumbered and outgunned Iranians in Khorramshahr slowed the Iraqis for a month.
Aerial view of oil wells on fire
Iranian president Abulhassan Banisadr on the battlefront
US troops in Kuwait, 2015
Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and Massoud Rajavi, the leader of MEK and the National Resistance Council of Iran (NCRI) in 1988.
The surprise attack on H-3 airbase is considered to be one of the most sophisticated air operations of the war.
Iranian soldier holding an IV bag during the Iran–Iraq War
Iranian Northrop F-5 aircraft during Iran-Iraq war
Iraqi T-62 tank wreckage in Khuzestan Province, Iran
Iraqi soldiers surrendering after the Liberation of Khorramshahr
Saddam Hussein in 1982
An admonitory declaration issued from the Iraqi government in order to warn Iranian troops in the Iran–Iraq War. The statement says: "Hey Iranians! No one has been downtrodden in the country where Ali ibn Abi Ṭālib, Husayn ibn Ali and Abbas ibn Ali are buried. Iraq has undoubtedly been an honorable country. All refugees are precious. Anyone who wants to live in exile can choose Iraq freely. We, the Sons of Iraq, have been ambushing foreign aggressors. The enemies who plan to assault Iraq will be disfavoured by God in this world and the hereafter. Be careful of attacking Iraq and Ali ibn Abi Ṭālib! If you surrender, you might be in peace."
95,000 Iranian child soldiers were made casualties during the Iran–Iraq War, mostly between the ages of 16 and 17, with a few younger.
Furthest ground gains
Iranian POWs in 1983 near Tikrit, Iraq
Iranian child soldier
Iraqi POW who was shot by Iranian troops after they conquered the Iraqi Majnoon oil field in October 1984
Iranian troops fire 152 mm D-20 howitzer
Battle of the Marshes Iran front 1983 rest after exchange of fire 152 mm D-20 H
Operation Earnest Will: Tanker convoy No. 12 under US Navy escort (21 October 1987)
A map indicating the attacks on civilian areas of Iran, Iraq, and Kuwait targeted during the "War of the Cities".
Iraqi commanders discussing strategy on the battlefront (1986)
Iranian President Ali Khamenei on the battlefront during the Iran–Iraq War
Operation Dawn 8 during which Iran captured the Faw Peninsula.
Iranian soldier killed during the Iran–Iraq War with Rouhollah Khomeini's photo on his uniform
The People's Mujahedin of Iran, supported by Saddam, started a ten-day operation after both the Iranian and Iraqi governments accepted UN Resolution 598. Casualty estimates range from 2,000 to 10,000.
Adnan Khairallah, Iraqi Defense Minister, meeting with Iraqi soldiers during the war
IRGC navy speedboats using swarm tactics
An Iranian soldier wearing a gas mask during the Iran–Iraq War.
The Iranian frigate IS Sahand burns after being hit by 20 U.S. air launched missiles and bombs, killing a third of the crew, April 1988
Iranian soldiers captured during Iraq's 1988 offensives
USS Vincennes in 1987 a year before it shot down Iran Air Flight 655
MEK Soldiers killed in Operation Mersad in 1988
Al-Shaheed Monument in Baghdad was erected to commemorate the fallen Iraqi soldiers during the war.
Iranian Martyr Cemetery in Isfahan
Iranian Martyrs Museum in Tehran
An Iranian soldier's funeral in Mashhad, 2013
An Iraqi Mil Mi-24 on display at the military museum of Sa'dabad Palace in Iran
President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush work in the Oval Office of the White House, 20 July 1984.
USS Stark (FFG-31) listing following two hits by Exocet missiles.
Victims of the 1987 chemical attack on Sardasht, West Azerbaijan, Iran
Damage to a mosque in Khoramshahr, Iran, the city that was invaded by Iraq in September 1980

A variety of speculations have been made regarding the true intents behind the Iraqi move, including Iraq's inability to pay Kuwait more than US$14 billion that it had borrowed from Kuwait to finance the Iran–Iraq War, and Kuwait's surge in petroleum production levels which kept revenues down for Iraq.

- Iraqi invasion of Kuwait

In 1988 Iraq's Oil Minister, Issam al-Chalabi, stressed a further reduction in the crude oil production quota of Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) members to end the 1980s oil glut.

- Iraqi invasion of Kuwait

Iraq had fought a long and costly war against Iran and had particularly weak revenues.

- 1980s oil glut

Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, planning to increase reserves and revenues and cancel the debt, resulting in the first Gulf War.

- 1980s oil glut

The Security Council did not identify Iraq as the aggressor of the war until 11 December 1991, some 11 years after Iraq invaded Iran and 16 months following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.

- Iran–Iraq War

Iran was constrained by the price of oil during the 1980s oil glut as foreign countries were largely unwilling to extend credit to Iran, but Iraq financed its continued massive military expansion by taking on vast quantities of debt that allowed it to win a number of victories against Iran near the end of the war but that left the country bankrupt.

- Iran–Iraq War
Location of Iraq (green) and Kuwait (orange)

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Kuwait

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Country in Western Asia.

Country in Western Asia.

Ancient coins found on Failaka Island.
Marine Museum in Kuwait City. Demonstrates the founding of Kuwait as a sea port for merchants.
The Basra Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire in 1897. After the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913, Kuwait was established as an autonomous kaza, or district, of the Ottoman Empire and a de facto protectorate of Great Britain
Unofficial map of Kuwait in 1803 according to Scottish geographer and cartographer Alexander Keith Johnston
The Kuwait Red Fort in Al Jahra
Celebration at Seif Palace in 1944
HMS Victorious taking part in Operation Vantage in July 1961
Kuwaiti oil fires set by retreating Iraqi forces in 1991.
Kuwait Towers
A satellite image of Kuwait reveals its desert topography.
Kuwait shares land borders with Iraq and Saudi Arabia, and maritime borders with Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Iran.
The Kuwait National Assembly is the unicameral legislature of Kuwait.
The Seif Palace, the original seat of the Government of Kuwait.
Kuwait's then Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense Sheikh Mohammad Al Khalid Al Sabah with then US Defense Secretary Jim Mattis in 2017.
Al Hamra Tower is the tallest sculpted tower in the world.
A proportional representation of Kuwait exports, 2019
Prototype of the Kuwait Space Rocket
A highway in Kuwait City.
Kuwaiti youth celebrating Kuwait's independence and liberation, 2011.
Holy Family Co-Cathedral
A theatrical play titled "Fateh Masr" at Al Mubarikya school in the 1940s.
Machboos
Tareq Rajab Museum
The 372 m tall Kuwait Telecommunications Tower (left) is the main communication tower of Kuwait.
Spectators at a local football match.
The Achaemenid Empire at its greatest territorial extent.
The Seleucid Empire at its greatest extent.

In 1990, after oil production disputes with neighbouring Iraq, Kuwait was invaded, and later annexed into one of Iraq's governorates by Iraq under Saddam Hussein.

In the early 1980s, Kuwait experienced a major economic crisis after the Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash and decrease in oil price.

During the Iran–Iraq War, Kuwait supported Iraq.