A report on Wabanaki Confederacy, Vermont, Maine and Abenaki

<center>Western Abenaki (Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Cowasuck, Sokoki, Pennacook)</center>
Yellow - Miꞌkmaꞌki, Orange - Wolastokuk, Red - Peskotomuhkatik, Brown - Pαnawαhpskewahki, Cayenne - Ndakinna The dots are the listed capitals, being political centers in Wabanaki. The mixed region is territory outside of the historic ranges of the five tribes. It was acquired from the St.Lawrence Iroquois between 1541-1608 with Abenaki peoples having moved in by the time Samuel de Champlain came to the region establishing Quebec City.
<center>Eastern Abenaki (Penobscot, Kennebec, Arosaguntacook, Pigwacket/Pequawket)</center>
1627 illustration of local people hunting on Pesamkuk (Mount Desert Island) by Mattheüs Merian
The Old Constitution House at Windsor, where the Constitution of Vermont was adopted on July 8, 1777
Maine State House, designed by Charles Bulfinch, built 1829–1832
Abenaki teepee with birch bark covering.
Yellow - Miꞌkmaꞌki, Orange - Wolastokuk, Red - Peskotomuhkatik, Brown - Pαnawαhpskewahki, Cayenne - Ndakinna The dots are the listed capitals, being political centers in Wabanaki. The mixed region is territory outside of the historic ranges of the five tribes. It was acquired from the St.Lawrence Iroquois between 1541-1608 with Abenaki peoples having moved in by the time Samuel de Champlain came to the region establishing Quebec City.
A circa 1775 flag used by the Green Mountain Boys
Flag of Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe, a state-recognized tribe in Vermont
This Spanish chart of the Saint Lawrence River showing Wabanaki lands at the bottom, from ca. 1541, contains a legend in front of the "isla de Orliens" that says: "Here many French died of hunger"; possibly alluding to Cartier's second settlement in 1535–1536
The gold leaf dome of the neoclassical Vermont State House (Capitol) in Montpelier
Misty Morning, Coast of MaineArthur Parton (1842–1914). Between 1865 and 1870, Brooklyn Museum.
Statue of Keewakwa Abenaki Keenahbeh in Opechee Park in Laconia, New Hampshire (standing at 36 ft.)
Samuel de Champlain fighting on July 30, 1609, alongside the Western Abenaki in a successful battle against the Iroquois at Lake Champlain
1791 Act of Congress admitting Vermont into the Union
A map of Maine and surrounding regions
<center>Miꞌkmaq</center>
Symbol of the Wabanaki Union of Tribes, still in use. It was originally embroidered onto the ceremonial clothing of sakoms.
Vermont in 1827. The county boundaries have since changed.
The Maine coast and Portland Head Light
<center>Maliseet,
Colorized photo of 1915 reproductions of Wabanaki wampum belts that would have been used for political matters.
Map of Vermont showing cities, roads, and rivers
Rocky shoreline in Acadia National Park
Miꞌkmaꞌki: Divided into seven districts. Not shown is Taqamgug/Tagamuk, the eighth district that includes the entire island of Newfoundland.
Population density of Vermont
Autumn in the Hundred-Mile Wilderness
Map of the campaigns during the King William's War.
Mount Mansfield
Köppen climate types of Maine, using 1991-2020 climate normals.
Deportation of the Acadians, Grand-Pré.
Western face of Camel's Hump Mountain (elevation 4079 ft).
Winter in Bangor
Mi'kmaq
Fall foliage at Lake Willoughby
Maine population density map
Maliseet, Passamaquoddy
Köppen climate types of Vermont, using 1991–2020 climate normals.
Bath Iron Works naval shipbuilding
Eastern Abenaki (Penobscot, Kennebec, Arosaguntacook, Pigwacket/Pequawket)
Silurian and Devonian stratigraphy of Vermont
Lobstering in Portland
Western Abenaki (Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Cowasuck, Sokoki, Pennacook
The hermit thrush, the state bird of Vermont
Maine blueberries. The U.S.'s only commercial producers of wild blueberries are located in Maine.
A proportional representation of Vermont exports, 2020
Portland International Jetport
Fall foliage seen from Hogback Mountain, Wilmington
The Penobscot Narrows Bridge, carrying U.S. Route 1 and Maine State Route 3 over the Penobscot River
Lake Champlain
A southbound Downeaster passenger train at Ocean Park, Maine, as viewed from the cab of a northbound train
Autumn in Vermont
Treemap of the popular vote by county, 2016 presidential election
Stowe Resort Village
The University of Maine is the state's only research university.
The Lyndon Institute, a high school in Lyndon, Vermont
Colby, Bates, and Bowdoin (pictured) Colleges form the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortium
The University of Vermont Old Mill, the oldest building of the university
College hockey being played at the Cross Insurance Center
Vermont welcome sign in Addison on Route 17 just over the New York border over the Champlain Bridge
Two moose in the Aroostook National Wildlife Refuge. The moose is Maine's state mammal.
Amtrak station in White River Junction
1. Portland
The Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant, in Vernon
2. Lewiston
The Vermont Supreme Court's building in Montpelier
3. Bangor
Vermont towns hold a March town meeting for voters to approve the town's budget and decide other matters. Marlboro voters meet in this building.
4. South Portland
Senators Bernie Sanders and Patrick Leahy and Representative Peter Welch greet supporters in 2017.
5. Auburn
Vermontasaurus sculpture in Post Mills, in 2010
6. Biddeford
7. Sanford
8. Brunswick
9. Saco
10. Scarborough
11. Westbrook
12. Augusta
Party registration by county: (November 2020)

They are an Algonquian-speaking people and part of the Wabanaki Confederacy.

- Abenaki

The Eastern Abenaki language was predominantly spoken in Maine, while the Western Abenaki language was spoken in Quebec, Vermont, and New Hampshire.

- Abenaki

It is made up of most of present-day Maine in the United States, and New Brunswick, mainland Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island, Prince Edward Island and some of Quebec south of the St. Lawrence River, Anticosti, and Newfoundland in Canada.

- Wabanaki Confederacy

The Western Abenaki live on lands in Quebec as well as in Vermont, and New Hampshire within the United States.

- Wabanaki Confederacy

The historically competitive tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki and Iroquoian-speaking Mohawk were active in the area at the time of European encounter.

- Vermont

Many of the tribes later formed the Wabanaki Confederacy during King Philip's War.

- Vermont

During the later King Philip's War, many of these peoples would merge in one form or another to become the Wabanaki Confederacy, aiding the Wampanoag of Massachusetts and the Mahican of New York.

- Maine

Central Maine was formerly inhabited by the Androscoggin tribe of the Abenaki nation, also known as Arosaguntacook.

- Maine

Maine's Moosehead Lake is the largest lake wholly in New England, since Lake Champlain is located between Vermont, New York and Québec.

- Maine

(Eastern) Abenaki or Panuwapskek (Penobscot)

- Wabanaki Confederacy

As of the 2010 census, Vermont was the second-whitest state in the U.S. after Maine.

- Vermont

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Overall

New Hampshire

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State in the New England region of the United States.

State in the New England region of the United States.

The historical coat of arms of New Hampshire, from 1876
Site of first house in New Hampshire, present mansion constructed in 1750, by Gov. W. B. Wentworth, New York Public Library
Fort William and Mary in 1705
1922 map of New Hampshire published in the bulletin of the Brown Company in Berlin
Köppen climate types of New Hampshire, using 1991-2020 climate normals.
Map of New Hampshire, with roads, rivers, and major cities
Shaded relief map of New Hampshire
Mount Adams (5774 ft) is part of New Hampshire's Presidential Range.
Lake Winnipesaukee and the Ossipee Mountains
Autumn leaves on many hardwood trees in New Hampshire turn colors, attracting many tourists
Downtown Manchester
Main Street, Nashua
Largest reported ancestry groups in New Hampshire by town as of 2013. Dark purple indicates Irish, light purple English, pink French, turquoise French Canadian, dark blue Italian, and light blue German. Gray indicates townships with no reported data.
Farmers' market of Mack's Apples
The New Hampshire State House in Concord
Saint Anselm College has held several national debates on campus.
Dartmouth College before a debate in 2008
Manchester–Boston Regional Airport from the air
Dartmouth College's Baker Library
Thompson Hall, at UNH, was built in 1892.

It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Gulf of Maine to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north.

New Hampshire was inhabited for thousands of years by Algonquian-speaking peoples such as the Abenaki.

Father Rale's War was fought between the colonists and the Wabanaki Confederacy throughout New Hampshire.

New England

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Indigenous territories, circa 1600 in present-day southern New England
Soldier and explorer John Smith coined the name "New England" in 1616.
A 1638 engraving depicting the Mystic massacre
An English map of New England c. 1670 depicts the area around modern Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
The New England Ensign, one of several flags historically associated with New England. This flag was reportedly used by colonial merchant ships sailing out of New England ports, 1686 – c. 1737.
New England's Siege of Louisbourg (1745) by Peter Monamy
The Slater Mill Historic Site in Pawtucket, Rhode Island
Bread and Roses Strike. Massachusetts National Guard troops surround unarmed strikers in Lawrence, Massachusetts, 1912.
Autumn in New England, watercolor, Maurice Prendergast, c.1910–1913
Cambridge, Massachusetts, has a high concentration of startups and technology companies.
A political and geographical map of New England shows the coastal plains in the southeast, and hills, mountains and valleys in the west and the north.
A portion of the north-central Pioneer Valley in Sunderland, Massachusetts
Köppen climate types in New England
The White Mountains of New Hampshire are part of the Appalachian Mountains.
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Montpelier, Vermont, is the smallest state capital in the United States.
Largest self-reported ancestry groups in New England. Americans of Irish descent form a plurality in most of Massachusetts, while Americans of English descent form a plurality in much of the central parts of Vermont and New Hampshire as well as nearly all of Maine.
World's largest Irish flag in Boston. People who claim Irish descent constitute the largest ethnic group in New England.
Southeastern New England is home to a number of Lusophone ethnic enclaves.
The Port of Portland in Portland, Maine, is the largest tonnage seaport in New England.
The Hartford headquarters of Aetna is housed in a 1931 Colonial Revival building.
A plowed field in Bethel, Vermont
Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant in Seabrook, New Hampshire
A New England town meeting in Huntington, Vermont
Flag of the New England Governor's Conference (NEGC)
Alumni Hall at Saint Anselm College has served as a backdrop for media reports during the New Hampshire primary.
New England is home to four of the eight Ivy League universities. Pictured here is Harvard Yard of Harvard University.
Phillips Exeter Academy and Phillips Academy are two prestigious New England secondary schools founded in the late 18th century
Flag of New England flying in Massachusetts. New Englanders maintain a strong sense of regional and cultural identity.
A classic New England Congregational church in Peacham, Vermont
Boston's Symphony Hall is the home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra—the second-oldest of the Big Five American symphony orchestras.
New England regionalist poet Robert Frost
Wes Anderson's Moonrise Kingdom is set on a fictional New England island and was largely filmed in Rhode Island
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
A Hartford Line Train at Hartford Union Station
The MBTA Commuter Rail serves eastern Massachusetts and parts of Rhode Island, radiating from downtown Boston, with planned service to New Hampshire. The CTrail system operates the Shore Line East and Hartford Line, covering coastal Connecticut, Hartford, and Springfield, Massachusetts.
1. Boston, Massachusetts
2. Worcester, Massachusetts
3. Providence, Rhode Island
4. Springfield, Massachusetts
5. Bridgeport, Connecticut
6. Stamford, Connecticut
7. New Haven, Connecticut
8. Hartford, Connecticut
9. Cambridge, Massachusetts
10. Manchester, New Hampshire
Harvard vs. Yale football game in 2003
Fenway Park
Bill Russell and Red Auerbach of the Boston Celtics
The New England Patriots are the most popular professional sports team in New England.
The Middlebury College rowing team in the 2007 Head of the Charles Regatta
Köppen climate types in New England

New England is a region comprising six states in the Northeastern United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.

Prominent tribes included the Abenakis, Mi'kmaq, Penobscot, Pequots, Mohegans, Narragansetts, Pocumtucks, and Wampanoag.

During the next 74 years, there were six colonial wars that took place primarily between New England and New France, during which New England was allied with the Iroquois Confederacy and New France was allied with the Wabanaki Confederacy.

Battle of Norridgewock (1724): Death of Father Sebastian Rale

Dummer's War

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Also known as Father Rale's War, Lovewell's War, Greylock's War, the Three Years War, the Wabanaki-New England War, or the 4th Anglo-Abenaki War.

Also known as Father Rale's War, Lovewell's War, Greylock's War, the Three Years War, the Wabanaki-New England War, or the 4th Anglo-Abenaki War.

Battle of Norridgewock (1724): Death of Father Sebastian Rale
A New Map of the North Parts of America claimed by France under the names of Louisiana... in 1720 drawn by Herman Moll
Raid on Norridgewock (1722): Westbrook confiscates Father Rale's Strongbox
Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts William Dummer
The Father Rale memorial at the battle site in Madison, Maine
Death of Chief Paugus
Monument of Chief Grey Lock in Battery Park (Burlington, Vermont)

It was a series of battles between the New England Colonies and the Wabanaki Confederacy (specifically the Miꞌkmaq, Maliseet, and Abenaki), who were allied with New France.

The eastern theater of the war was located primarily along the border between New England and Acadia in Maine, as well as in Nova Scotia; the western theater was located in northern Massachusetts and Vermont at the border between Canada (New France) and New England.