A report on Accolade

The Accolade (1901), by Edmund Leighton
King John II of France in a ceremony of "adoubement", early 15th century miniature
Accolade performed by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands during the Military Order of William ceremony of Marco Kroon in 2009
King George VI knights General Oliver Leese in the field, 1944. Note the knighting-stool.

The central act in the rite of passage ceremonies conferring knighthood in the Middle Ages.

- Accolade
The Accolade (1901), by Edmund Leighton

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A 14th century depiction of the 13th century German knight Hartmann von Aue, from the Codex Manesse.

Knight

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Person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state or representative for service to the monarch, the church or the country, especially in a military capacity.

Person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state or representative for service to the monarch, the church or the country, especially in a military capacity.

A 14th century depiction of the 13th century German knight Hartmann von Aue, from the Codex Manesse.
A Norman knight slaying Harold Godwinson (Bayeux tapestry, c. 1070). The rank of knight developed in the 12th century from the mounted warriors of the 10th and 11th centuries.
The battle between the Turks and Christian knights during the Ottoman wars in Europe
David I of Scotland knighting a squire
The miles Christianus allegory (mid-13th century), showing a knight armed with virtues and facing the vices in mortal combat. The parts of his armour are identified with Christian virtues, thus correlating essential military equipment with the religious values of chivalry: The helmet is spes futuri gaudii (hope of future bliss), the shield (here the shield of the Trinity) is fides (faith), the armour is caritas (charity), the lance is perseverantia (perseverance), the sword is verbum Dei (the word of God), the banner is regni celestis desiderium (desire for the kingdom of heaven), the horse is bona voluntas (good will), the saddle is Christiana religio (Christian religion), the saddlecloth is humilitas (humility), the reins are discretio (discretion), the spurs are disciplina (discipline), the stirrups are propositum boni operis (proposition of good work), and the horse's four hooves are delectatio, consensus, bonum opus, consuetudo (delight, consent, good work, and exercise).
Tournament from the Codex Manesse, depicting the mêlée
Elements of a harness of the late style of Gothic plate armour that was a popular style in the mid 15th to early 16th century (depiction made in the 18th century)
Page from King René's Tournament Book (BnF Ms Fr 2695)
The Battle of Pavia in 1525. Landsknecht mercenaries with arquebus.
Fortified house – a family seat of a knight (Schloss Hart by the Harter Graben near Kindberg, Austria)
The Battle of Grunwald between Poland-Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights in 1410
Pippo Spano, the member of the Order of the Dragon
The English fighting the French knights at the Battle of Crécy in 1346
Miniature from Jean Froissart Chronicles depicting the Battle of Montiel (Castilian Civil War, in the Hundred Years' War)
A modern artistic rendition of a chevalière of the Late Middle Ages.
A battle of the Reconquista from the Cantigas de Santa Maria
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The Battle of Pavia in 1525. Landsknecht mercenaries with arquebus.

Since the reign of Edward VII a clerk in holy orders in the Church of England has not normally received the accolade on being appointed to a degree of knighthood.

Civil Knight Grand Cross Star of The Most Honourable Order of the Bath

Order of the Bath

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British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725.

British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725.

Civil Knight Grand Cross Star of The Most Honourable Order of the Bath
Coat of arms of the British monarch as sovereign of the Order of the Bath
Mildmay Fane, 2nd Earl of Westmorland, KB, with sash, c.1630.
Sir Robert Walpole, the first Prime Minister, who used the Order of the Bath as a source of political patronage
Admiral Lord Rodney (appointed a Knight Companion in 1780) wearing the riband and star of the Order
Admiral of the Fleet Sir George Callaghan wearing the insignia of a military Companion of the Order
Sir Alexander Milne (1808–1896) was concurrently KCB (civil division) and GCB (military division); he is pictured wearing both sets of insignia.
Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Johns in his dress uniform, wearing the star, ribbon, and badge of a military Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.
Prince Albert, the Prince Consort, Great Master 1843–1861. During the 19th century, Knights Grand Cross wore their mantles over imitations of 17th-century dress. They now wear them over contemporary attire.
Sash and star of Grand Cross, civil division
Admiral Sir George Zambellas KCB (military division)
An embroidered representation, or "chaton", of the star of the civil division of the Order
The insignia of a Knight Grand Cross of the civil division of the order
Mantle of the Order
The insignia of a Knight Grand Cross of the military division of the order
Star and neck badge of a Knight Commander of the civil division of the order
Westminster Abbey with a procession of Knights of the Bath, by Canaletto, 1749
Coat of arms of the Marquess of Carisbrooke (1886–1960) with the circlet and collar as Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Coat of arms of the Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter Squire, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Star, Knight Grand Cross Military Division
Neck badge, awarded to Cecil Fane de Salis (1859-1948) in 1935
Star, awarded to Cecil Fane de Salis
Star and neck Badge awarded to Sir Charles Taylor du Plat
Medal Ribbon of the Order of the Bath
Banners of the senior Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the Henry VII Lady Chapel in Westminster Abbey

It was this accolade which was the essential act in creating a knight, and a simpler ceremony developed, conferring knighthood merely by striking or touching the knight-to-be on the shoulder with a sword, or "dubbing" him, as is still done today.

Breast Star of Knights/Dames Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order

Royal Victorian Order

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Dynastic order of knighthood established in 1896 by Queen Victoria.

Dynastic order of knighthood established in 1896 by Queen Victoria.

Breast Star of Knights/Dames Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Queen Victoria in 1897, the year after she founded the Royal Victorian Order
Mantle of the order bearing the star of a Knight Grand Cross
The Countess of Wessex (right) wearing the riband of a Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
The Queen's Chapel of the Savoy, which acts as the chapel of the Royal Victorian Order
Coat of arms of Lord Baden-Powell, showing the circlet of the Royal Victorian Order around the escutcheon and the order's insignia suspended underneath
The Royal Victorian Order's heraldic circlet, as viewed when laid out flat
A detailed view of a stumpwork and goldwork embroidered star of a Knight or Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Star and riband of a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
The Queen's Chapel of the Savoy, which acts as the chapel of the Royal Victorian Order (photographed in 2020). The banners are those of the Sovereign (right) and of the Grand Master (left) of the Order as they were then in office.

Thereafter follow those honoured with different grades of the order, divided into five levels: the highest two conferring accolades of knighthood and all having post-nominal letters and, lastly, the holders of the Royal Victorian Medal in either gold, silver or bronze.

Queen Elizabeth using a knighting sword to knight Sir Francis Drake, stone relief sculpture, 19th century

Knighting sword

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Queen Elizabeth using a knighting sword to knight Sir Francis Drake, stone relief sculpture, 19th century

A knighting sword is a sword used by a monarch during an investiture ceremony in which a person is given an accolade and becomes a knight.

Contemporary portrait from the Liber ad honorem Augusti, 1196

Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor

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King of Germany (King of the Romans) from 1169 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 until his death.

King of Germany (King of the Romans) from 1169 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 until his death.

Contemporary portrait from the Liber ad honorem Augusti, 1196
Frederick Barbarossa with his sons Henry and Frederick, Historia Welforum, Weingarten Abbey, 1180
Pope Celestine III crowning Henry VI with his feet. He was only crowned after promising to cede Tusculum.
Facsimile of the Imperial seal (1192)
Richard the Lionheart submits himself to Emperor Henry, Liber ad honorem Augusti, fol. 129R
Siege of Naples, Peter of Eboli, Liber ad honorem Augusti, 1196
Left to right: William III of Sicily; his brother and father
Woodcut, depicting Constance of Sicily, husband Henry VI and son Frederick II
Emperor Henry VI has King William III of Sicily blinded and neutered 1194 (Des cas des nobles hommes et femmes [fol. 169r] by Giovanni Boccaccio, 15th century, Bibliothèque de Genève Ms. fr. 190/2).
Henry entering Palermo with non-stereotypically depicted black persons, underlining his cosmopolitan reign
Portrait from the Codex Manesse, 1304
Henry's grave in the Cathedral of Palermo
Ruins of the Kaiserpfalz in Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth, western front ("interior" view)

He and his younger brother Frederick received the knightly accolade at the Diet of Pentecost Mainz in 1184.

Order of the Holy Sepulchre

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Catholic order of knighthood under the protection of the Holy See.

Catholic order of knighthood under the protection of the Holy See.

Church of the Holy Sepulchre (1885). Other than some restoration work, its appearance has essentially not changed since 1854.
The Order of the Holy Sepulchre traces its roots to circa 1099 under the Frankish knight Godfrey of Bouillon (1060–1100), "advocate of the Holy Sepulchre" (Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri), leader of the First Crusade and first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Fresco by Giacomo Jaquerio in Saluzzo, northern Italy (circa 1420).
Detail of a miniature of King Philip II of France arriving in the Holy Land.
The Vida (text in red) of the medieval troubadours Tomier and Palaizi, who exclusively advocated defence of the Holy Sepulchre, consequently—in contrast to Lanfranc Cigala—criticising the Albigensian Crusades as distractions, even to the point of resulting in marks of heresy.
The Aedicule inside the church, said to enclose the tomb of Jesus Christ.
Contemporary Franciscan friars during the procession on the Calvary in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (2006).
Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg (1492). The Duke chose a palm as his personal symbol in commemoration of his pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1468 when he became a knight of the Holy Sepulchre.
Interior of the 15th-century Jeruzalemkerk (Bruges), 2011
Pope Alexander VI restored the Order of Holy Sepulchre to independent status in 1496, and reserved its title of Grand Master for himself and his successors.
Pope Leo X with his Cardinal-cousin Giulio de' Medici (left), future Pope Clement VII, in painting by Raphael (1519). Both endorsed the dubbing of knights.
Cardinal Edwin Frederick O'Brien, Grand Master of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre 2011–2019, during a pilgrimage in Rome (2013).
The Palazzo Della Rovere, the order's international headquarters where its Grand Magisterium is situated.
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Members and regalia during a ceremony of investiture in Fulda, Germany, in 2009.
The remains of Blessed Bartolo Longo (1841–1926), inside the Shrine of the Virgin of the Rosary of Pompei in Italy.
Entrance of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Flag of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre over the Palazzo della Rovere.
The Arab-Norman Chiesa di San Cataldo, local church to the order in Palermo, Sicily, since 1937.
Notre Dame de Paris in France, where the Relics of Sainte-Chapelle are exposed by the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre.
Investiture in Dresden, Germany, in 2010.
Inside Dresden Cathedral, 9 October 2010.
Procession in honour of Saint Liborius of Le Mans with Knights of the Holy Sepulchre together with Teutonic Knights in Paderborn, Germany.
Pope Alexander VI restored the Order of Holy Sepulchre to independent status in 1496, and reserved its title of Grand Master for himself and his successors.
Pope Leo X with his Cardinal-cousin Giulio de' Medici (left), future Pope Clement VII, in painting by Raphael (1519). Both endorsed the dubbing of knights.

The accolades continued: Counts Enno I and Edzard I of East Frisia (1489), followed by Elector Frederick III of Saxony (1493) who was also recipient of the papal honour of the Golden Rose, together with Duke Christoph the Strong, Duke of Bavaria, then Frederick II of Legnica (1507), and others.

Contemporary representation of Frederick VI in the Historia Welforum, around 1179–1191.

Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia

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Duke of Swabia from 1170 until his death at the siege of Acre.

Duke of Swabia from 1170 until his death at the siege of Acre.

Contemporary representation of Frederick VI in the Historia Welforum, around 1179–1191.
Contemporary representation of Frederick VI in the Historia Welforum, around 1179–1191.

At the Diet of Pentecost in Mainz on 20 May 1184, Frederick VI, together with his brother Henry VI, King of the Romans, personally received the accolade from their father.

Annals of Aachen

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Anonymous late 12th-century compilation of Latin annals from St Mary's Church in Aachen.

Anonymous late 12th-century compilation of Latin annals from St Mary's Church in Aachen.

This is one of the earliest pieces of evidence for a ceremony of knighting in Germany.

CBE neck decoration (in civil division)

Order of the British Empire

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British order of chivalry, rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations,

British order of chivalry, rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations,

CBE neck decoration (in civil division)
MBE (civil division) as awarded in 1918
Grand Cross Star of the Order of the British Empire
Close-up of an MBE from 1945 showing the "For God and the Empire"
OBE silver oak-leaf emblem for gallantry
Chapel of the Order in the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral
Knights, Dames and Commanders of the Order may display its circlet around (and suspend its Badge below) their coat of arms.
Countries making recommendations to the Order of the British Empire (2020)
Mantle worn by Knights and Dames Grand Cross (GBE)
Close-up of the Star on the mantle
Collar and Star of a Knight or Dame Grand Cross of the Order
OBE insignia
Badge as awarded to a female MBE

Male clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland do not use the title Sir as they do not receive the accolade (they are not dubbed "knight" with a sword), although they do append the post-nominal letters: dames do not receive the accolade, and therefore female clergy are free to use the title Dame.