A report on Achaemenid Empire and Artaxerxes III

The Achaemenid Empire at its greatest territorial extent under the rule of Darius I (522 BC–486 BC)

Achaemenid coinage of Idrieus of Caria during the reign of Artaxerxes III, showing the Achaemenid king on the obverse, and his satrap Idrieus on the reverse. Circa 350-341 BC.

Coinage of Tennes, the king of Sidon who revolted against the Achaemenid Empire. Dated 351/0 BC.

Map of the expansion process of Achaemenid territories

Artaxerxes III as Pharaoh of Egypt, satrapal coinage of Mazaeus in Cilicia.

Cyrus the Great is said, in the Bible, to have liberated the Hebrew captives in Babylon to resettle and rebuild Jerusalem, earning him an honored place in Judaism.

The tomb of Cyrus the Great, founder of the Achaemenid Empire. At Pasargadae, Iran.

Soldiers of various ethnicities of the Achaemenid Empire, tomb of Atarxerxes III.

The Achaemenid Empire at its greatest extent, c. 500 BC

Historically, kings of the Achaemenid Empire were followers of Zoroaster or heavily influenced by Zoroastrian ideology.

The Persian queen Atossa, daughter of Cyrus the Great, sister-wife of Cambyses II, Darius the Great's wife, and mother of Xerxes the Great

The Unfinished Gate at Persepolis gave archaeologists an insight into the construction of Persepolis.

Map showing events of the first phases of the Greco-Persian Wars

Greek hoplite and Persian warrior depicted fighting, on an ancient kylix, 5th century BC

Achaemenid king fighting hoplites, seal and seal holder, Cimmerian Bosporus.

Achaemenid gold ornaments, Brooklyn Museum

Persian Empire timeline including important events and territorial evolution – 550–323 BC

Relief showing Darius I offering lettuces to the Egyptian deity Amun-Ra Kamutef, Temple of Hibis

The 24 countries subject to the Achaemenid Empire at the time of Darius, on the Egyptian statue of Darius I.

The Battle of Issus, between Alexander the Great on horseback to the left, and Darius III in the chariot to the right, represented in a Pompeii mosaic dated 1st century BC – Naples National Archaeological Museum

Alexander's first victory over Darius, the Persian king depicted in medieval European style in the 15th century romance The History of Alexander's Battles

Frataraka dynasty ruler Vadfradad I (Autophradates I). 3rd century BC. Istakhr (Persepolis) mint.

Dārēv I (Darios I) used for the first time the title of mlk (King). 2nd century BC.

Winged sphinx from the Palace of Darius in Susa, Louvre

Volume of annual tribute per district, in the Achaemenid Empire, according to Herodotus.

Achaemenid tax collector, calculating on an Abax or Abacus, according to the Darius Vase (340–320 BC).

Letter from the Satrap of Bactria to the governor of Khulmi, concerning camel keepers, 353 BC

Relief of throne-bearing soldiers in their native clothing at the tomb of Xerxes I, demonstrating the satrapies under his rule.

Achaemenid king killing a Greek hoplite. c. 500 BC–475 BC, at the time of Xerxes I. Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Persian soldiers (left) fighting against Scythians. Cylinder seal impression.

Color reconstruction of Achaemenid infantry on the Alexander Sarcophagus (end of 4th century BC).

Seal of Darius the Great hunting in a chariot, reading "I am Darius, the Great King" in Old Persian (𐎠𐎭𐎶𐏐𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁𐎴 𐏋, "adam Dārayavaʰuš xšāyaθiya"), as well as in Elamite and Babylonian. The word "great" only appears in Babylonian. British Museum.

Achaemenid calvalryman in the satrapy of Hellespontine Phrygia, Altıkulaç Sarcophagus, early 4th century BC.

Armoured cavalry: Achaemenid Dynast of Hellespontine Phrygia attacking a Greek psiloi, Altıkulaç Sarcophagus, early 4th century BC.

Reconstitution of Persian landing ships at the Battle of Marathon.

Greek ships against Achaemenid ships at the Battle of Salamis.

Iconic relief of lion and bull fighting, Apadana of Persepolis

Achaemenid golden bowl with lioness imagery of Mazandaran

A section of the Old Persian part of the trilingual Behistun inscription. Other versions are in Babylonian and Elamite.

A copy of the Behistun inscription in Aramaic on a papyrus. Aramaic was the lingua franca of the empire.

The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, one of the Seven wonders of the ancient world, was built by Greek architects for the local Persian satrap of Caria, Mausolus (Scale model)

Reconstruction of the Palace of Darius at Susa. The palace served as a model for Persepolis.

Lion on a decorative panel from Darius I the Great's palace, Louvre

Apadana Hall, Persian and Median soldiers at Persepolis

Lateral view of tomb of Cambyses II, Pasargadae, Iran

Plaque with horned lion-griffins. The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Ochus ( Ochos), known by his dynastic name Artaxerxes III ( Artaxšaçāʰ; ), was King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 359/58 to 338 BC. He was the son and successor of Artaxerxes II and his mother was Stateira.

- Artaxerxes III

In 358 BC Artaxerxes II died and was succeeded by his son Artaxerxes III.

- Achaemenid Empire

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Probable portrait of Arses, wearing the Egyptian Pharaonic crown.

Arses of Persia

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Coinage of Mazaios, Satrap of Cilicia, 361/0-334 BC, thought to represent Artaxerxes III on the obverse, and a young Arses on the reverse.

Arses, also known by his regnal name Artaxerxes IV ( Artaxšaçāʰ; ), was the twelfth Achaemenid King of Kings from 338 to 336 BC.

Arses ascended the throne, after his father Artaxerxes III—who had caused a resurgence of the Persian Empire—was poisoned by the eunuch Bagoas.

Ruins of the pillared hall of Ramesses II at Mit Rahina

Memphis, Egypt

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The ancient capital of Inebu-hedj, the first nome of Lower Egypt that was known as mḥw ("north").

Memphis and its necropolis Saqqara as seen from the International Space Station

Ritualistic object depicting the god Nefertem, who was mainly worshipped in Memphis, The Walters Art Museum

Sculpture from the Middle Kingdom restored in the name of Rameses II

Relief representing the High Priest of Ptah, Shoshenq

Ruins of the palace of Apries, in Memphis

Alexander at the Temple of Apis in Memphis, by Andre Castaigne (1898–1899)

Artist's depiction of the western forecourt of the Great Temple of Ptah at Memphis

Column depicting Merenptah making an offering to Ptah

The ruins of the temple of Hathor of Memphis

A statue of the sacred bull, Apis, found at the Serapeum of Saqqara.

Ankhefenmut kneels before the royal cartouche of Siamun, on a lintel from the Temple of Amun in Memphis

The colossus of Rameses II in the open-air museum

The famed stepped Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara, the Memphis necropolis

The ruins of the palace of Apries, overlooking Memphis

James Rennell's map of Memphis and Cairo in 1799, showing the changes in the course of the Nile river

Statue of Rameses II, uncovered in Memphis by Joseph Hekekyan

Museum worker in the process of cleaning the Rameses II colossus

Depiction of Ptah found on the walls of the Temple of Hathor

The alabaster sphinx found outside the Temple of Ptah

Statue of Rameses II in the open-air museum

Closeup of the sphinx outside the Temple of Ptah

The Greek historian Herodotus, who tells a similar story, relates that during his visit to the city, the Persians, at that point the suzerains of the country, paid particular attention to the condition of these dams so that the city was saved from the annual flooding.

Despite his efforts to prevent the recovery of the country by the Persians, he succumbed to an invasion in 340 BC. Nectanebo II retreated south to Memphis, to which the Achaemenid king Artaxerxes III laid siege, forcing the king to flee to Upper Egypt, and eventually to Nubia.

Phoenicia

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Ancient thalassocratic civilization originating in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon.

Two bronze fragments from an Assyrian palace gate depicting the collection of tribute from the Phoenician cities of Tyre and Sidon (859–824 BC). British Museum.

Phoenicians build pontoon bridges for Xerxes I of Persia during the second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC. (1915 drawing by A. C. Weatherstone)

Achaemenid-era coin of Abdashtart I of Sidon, who is seen at the back of the chariot, behind the Persian King.

A naval action during Alexander the Great's Siege of Tyre (332 BC). Drawing by André Castaigne, 1888–89.

Major Phoenician trade networks (c. 1200–800 BC)

Phoenician sarcophagi found in Cádiz, Spain, thought to have been imported from the Phoenician homeland around Sidon. Archaeological Museum of Cádiz.

Phoenician metal bowl with hunting scene (eighth century BC). The clothing and hairstyle of the figures are Egyptian. At the same time, the subject matter of the central scene conforms with the Mesopotamian theme of combat between man and beast. Phoenician artisans frequently adapted the styles of neighboring cultures.

An Etruscan tomb (c. 350 BC) depicting a man wearing an all-purple toga picta.

Map of Phoenician (in yellow) and Greek colonies around 8th to 6th century BC (with German legend)

Tomb of King Hiram I of Tyre, located in the village of Hanaouay in southern Lebanon.

Nineteenth-century depiction of Phoenician sailors and merchants. The importance of trade to the Phoenician economy led to a gradual sharing of power between the King and assemblies of merchant families.

Stela from Tyre with Phoenician inscriptions (c. fourth century BC). National Museum of Beirut.

Sarcophagus of Ahiram, which bears the oldest inscription of the Phoenician alphabet. National Museum of Beirut

Female figurines from Tyre (c.1000–550 BC). National Museum of Beirut.

Figure of Ba'al with raised arm, 14th–12th century BC, found at ancient Ugarit (Ras Shamra site), a city at the far north of the Phoenician coast. Musée du Louvre

Decorative plaque which depicts a fighting of man and griffin; 900–800 BC; Nimrud ivories; Cleveland Museum of Art (Ohio, US)

Oinochoe; 800–700 BC; terracotta; height: 24.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

Face bead; mid-4th–3rd century BC; glass; height: 2.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Earring from a pair, each with four relief faces; late fourth–3rd century BC; gold; overall: 3.5 x 0.6 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

In 539 BC, Cyrus the Great, king and founder of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, took Babylon.

In the mid-fourth century BC, King Tennes of Sidon led a failed rebellion against Artaxerxes III, enlisting the help of the Egyptians, who were subsequently drawn into a war with the Persians.

Bagoas

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Bagoas (Old Iranian: Bagāvahyā, Bagōas; died 336 BCE) was a prominent Persian official who served as the vizier (Chief Minister) of the Achaemenid Empire until his death.

Bagoas was a eunuch who later became vizier to Artaxerxes III.

Idrieus

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Achaemenid coinage of Caria during the reign of Idrieus. Circa 350-341 BC.

Tomb of Idrieus in Labraunda (present day Turkey)

Idrieus, or Hidrieos (died 344 BC) was a ruler of Caria under the Achaemenid Empire, nominally a Satrap, who enjoyed the status of king or dynast by virtue of the powerful position his predecessors of the House of Hecatomnus (the Hecatomnids) created when they succeeded the assassinated Persian Satrap Tissaphernes in the Carian satrapy.

Shortly after his accession he was required by the Persian king, Artaxerxes III Ochus, to provide arms and troops for the capture of Cyprus, a request with which he readily complied.

Belesys

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Belesys was a satrap of Syria for the Achaemenid Empire in the 4th century BCE.

After the defeat of Artaxerxes III in his Egyptian campaign, Phoenicia declared independence from Persian rule.

Hyrcania

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Historical region composed of the land south-east of the Caspian Sea in modern-day Iran and Turkmenistan, bound in the south by the Alborz mountain range and the Kopet Dag in the east.

The region served as a satrapy (province) of the Median Empire, a sub-province of the Achaemenid Empire, and a province within its successors, the Seleucid, Arsacid and Sasanian empires.

A diocese of Gurgan of the Church of the East is known to have existed from 424 AD. According to Paulus Orosius, following the suppression of a revolt in Phoenicia and the conquest of Egypt in 343 BC, Artaxerxes III deported Phoenician and Egyptian Jews to Hyrcania as punishment for opposing him.

Phocion

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Athenian statesman and strategos, and the subject of one of Plutarch's Parallel Lives.

The Funeral of Phocion by Nicolas Poussin (1648)

The ashes of Phocion collected by his widow by Nicolas Poussin (1648)

Between 351–349 BC, Phocion helped the Persian Emperor Artaxerxes III to subdue the Cypriot rebellion.

History of Persian Egypt

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Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt (525–404 BC), also known as the First Egyptian Satrapy.

Though, following the conquest, Cambyses did try to maintain respect for Egyptian culture and traditions, sources suggest that he was unpopular, particularly amongst Egyptian priests, as the subsumption of Egypt into the Persian empire meant the erasure of Egyptian culture as the mainstream.

Artaxerxes III