A report on Cyprus, Achaemenid Empire and Ionian Revolt

Location and main events of the Ionian Revolt.

The Achaemenid Empire at its greatest territorial extent under the rule of Darius I (522 BC–486 BC)

A copper mine in Cyprus. In antiquity, Cyprus was a major source of copper.

Coin of Chios just before the revolt, circa 525–510 BC.

Coin of Lesbos, Ionia. Circa 510–480 BC.

Archeologic site of Khirokitia with early remains of human habitation during Aceramic Neolithic period (reconstruction)

Map of the expansion process of Achaemenid territories

Darius, with a label in Greek (ΔΑΡΕΙΟΣ, top right), on the Darius Vase.

Zeus Keraunios, 500–480 BC, Nicosia museum

Cyrus the Great is said, in the Bible, to have liberated the Hebrew captives in Babylon to resettle and rebuild Jerusalem, earning him an honored place in Judaism.

The Walls of Nicosia were built by the Venetians to defend the city in case of an Ottoman attack

The tomb of Cyrus the Great, founder of the Achaemenid Empire. At Pasargadae, Iran.

Kyrenia Castle was originally built by the Byzantines and enlarged by the Venetians

The Achaemenid Empire at its greatest extent, c. 500 BC

Büyük Han, a caravanserai in Nicosia, is an example of the surviving Ottoman architecture in Cyprus.

The Persian queen Atossa, daughter of Cyrus the Great, sister-wife of Cambyses II, Darius the Great's wife, and mother of Xerxes the Great

The burning of Sardis by the Greeks during the Ionian Revolt in 498 BC.

Map showing events of the first phases of the Greco-Persian Wars

Achaemenid cavalry in Asia Minor. Altıkulaç Sarcophagus.

Greek Cypriot demonstrations for Enosis (union with Greece) in 1930

Greek hoplite and Persian warrior depicted fighting, on an ancient kylix, 5th century BC

Map showing the ancient kingdoms of Cyprus

A British soldier facing a crowd of Greek Cypriot demonstrators in Nicosia (1956)

Achaemenid king fighting hoplites, seal and seal holder, Cimmerian Bosporus.

Ionian revolt: Carian campaign (496 BC).

Ethnic map of Cyprus according to the 1960 census.

Achaemenid gold ornaments, Brooklyn Museum

Greek hoplite and Persian warrior depicted fighting. 5th century BC

Varosha (Maraş), a suburb of Famagusta, was abandoned when its inhabitants fled in 1974 and remains under Turkish military control

Persian Empire timeline including important events and territorial evolution – 550–323 BC

Ionian revolt, Battle of Lade and fall of Miletus (494 BC).

Relief showing Darius I offering lettuces to the Egyptian deity Amun-Ra Kamutef, Temple of Hibis

Foreign Ministers of the European Union countries in Limassol during Cyprus Presidency of the EU in 2012

The 24 countries subject to the Achaemenid Empire at the time of Darius, on the Egyptian statue of Darius I.

Ionian soldier (Old Persian cuneiform 𐎹𐎢𐎴, Yaunā) of the Achaemenid army, circa 480 BCE. Xerxes I tomb relief.

Cyprus taken from space by the International Space Station in 2021

The Battle of Issus, between Alexander the Great on horseback to the left, and Darius III in the chariot to the right, represented in a Pompeii mosaic dated 1st century BC – Naples National Archaeological Museum

Coin of Chios after the revolt, circa 490–435 BCE. [[:File:ISLANDS off IONIA, Chios. Circa 525-510 BC.jpg|Earlier types known]].

Alexander's first victory over Darius, the Persian king depicted in medieval European style in the 15th century romance The History of Alexander's Battles

The Troodos Mountains experience heavy snowfall in winter

Frataraka dynasty ruler Vadfradad I (Autophradates I). 3rd century BC. Istakhr (Persepolis) mint.

Dārēv I (Darios I) used for the first time the title of mlk (King). 2nd century BC.

Winged sphinx from the Palace of Darius in Susa, Louvre

Nicos Anastasiades, President of Cyprus since 2013.

Volume of annual tribute per district, in the Achaemenid Empire, according to Herodotus.

Welcoming ceremony of the former Russian president Dmitry Medvedev by the soldiers of the Cypriot National Guard.

Achaemenid tax collector, calculating on an Abax or Abacus, according to the Darius Vase (340–320 BC).

Letter from the Satrap of Bactria to the governor of Khulmi, concerning camel keepers, 353 BC

A proportional representation of Cyprus's exports, 2019

Relief of throne-bearing soldiers in their native clothing at the tomb of Xerxes I, demonstrating the satrapies under his rule.

Achaemenid king killing a Greek hoplite. c. 500 BC–475 BC, at the time of Xerxes I. Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Cyprus is part of a monetary union, the eurozone (dark blue) and of the EU single market.

Persian soldiers (left) fighting against Scythians. Cylinder seal impression.

Color reconstruction of Achaemenid infantry on the Alexander Sarcophagus (end of 4th century BC).

A1 Motorway between Agios Athanasios junction and Mesa Ghetonia junction in Limassol

Seal of Darius the Great hunting in a chariot, reading "I am Darius, the Great King" in Old Persian (𐎠𐎭𐎶𐏐𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁𐎴 𐏋, "adam Dārayavaʰuš xšāyaθiya"), as well as in Elamite and Babylonian. The word "great" only appears in Babylonian. British Museum.

Population growth, 1961–2003 (numbers for the entire island, excluding Turkish settlers residing in Northern Cyprus).

Achaemenid calvalryman in the satrapy of Hellespontine Phrygia, Altıkulaç Sarcophagus, early 4th century BC.

Armoured cavalry: Achaemenid Dynast of Hellespontine Phrygia attacking a Greek psiloi, Altıkulaç Sarcophagus, early 4th century BC.

The Armenian Alphabet at the Melkonian Educational Institute. Armenian is recognised as a minority language in Cyprus.

Reconstitution of Persian landing ships at the Battle of Marathon.

Faneromeni School is the oldest all-girl primary school in Cyprus.

Greek ships against Achaemenid ships at the Battle of Salamis.

The entrance of the historic Pancyprian Gymnasium

Iconic relief of lion and bull fighting, Apadana of Persepolis

Typical Cypriot architecture in old part of Nicosia, Cyprus

Achaemenid golden bowl with lioness imagery of Mazandaran

Laouto, dominant instrument of the Cypriot traditional music.

Zeno of Citium, founder of the Stoic school of philosophy.

A section of the Old Persian part of the trilingual Behistun inscription. Other versions are in Babylonian and Elamite.

Ioannis Kigalas (c. 1622–1687) was a Nicosia born Greek Cypriot scholar and professor of Philosophy who was largely active in the 17th century.

A copy of the Behistun inscription in Aramaic on a papyrus. Aramaic was the lingua franca of the empire.

Cypriot style café in an arcade in Nicosia

Spyros Kyprianou Athletic Centre in Limassol

The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, one of the Seven wonders of the ancient world, was built by Greek architects for the local Persian satrap of Caria, Mausolus (Scale model)

Cypri insvla nova descript 1573, Ioannes á Deutecum f[ecit]. Map of Cyprus newly drawn by Johannes van Deutecom, 1573.

Reconstruction of the Palace of Darius at Susa. The palace served as a model for Persepolis.

Lion on a decorative panel from Darius I the Great's palace, Louvre

Apadana Hall, Persian and Median soldiers at Persepolis

Lateral view of tomb of Cambyses II, Pasargadae, Iran

Plaque with horned lion-griffins. The Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Ionian Revolt, and associated revolts in Aeolis, Doris, Cyprus and Caria, were military rebellions by several Greek regions of Asia Minor against Persian rule, lasting from 499 BC to 493 BC. At the heart of the rebellion was the dissatisfaction of the Greek cities of Asia Minor with the tyrants appointed by Persia to rule them, along with the individual actions of two Milesian tyrants, Histiaeus and Aristagoras.

- Ionian Revolt

Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC. As a strategic location in the Eastern Mediterranean, it was subsequently occupied by several major powers, including the empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians, from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great.

- Cyprus

By 525 BC, Cambyses had successfully subjugated Phoenicia and Cyprus and was making preparations to invade Egypt with the newly created Persian navy.

- Achaemenid Empire

It was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian Empire for a century starting in 708 BC, before a brief spell under Egyptian rule and eventually Achaemenid rule in 545 BC. The Cypriots, led by Onesilus, king of Salamis, joined their fellow Greeks in the Ionian cities during the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt in 499 BC against the Achaemenids.

- Cyprus

The Ionian Revolt in 499 BC, and associated revolts in Aeolis, Doris, Cyprus, and Caria, were military rebellions by several regions of Asia Minor against Persian rule, lasting from 499 to 493 BC. At the heart of the rebellion was the dissatisfaction of the Greek cities of Asia Minor with the tyrants appointed by Persia to rule them, along with the individual actions of two Milesian tyrants, Histiaeus and Aristagoras.

- Achaemenid Empire

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The entrance of the Treasury of Atreus (13th BC) in Mycenae

Herodotus (c. 484 BC—c. 425 BC), often considered the "father of history"

Fresco displaying the Minoan ritual of "bull leaping", found in Knossos

Greek territories and colonies during the Archaic period (750–550 BC)

The Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens, icon of classical Greece.

Alexander the Great, whose conquests led to the Hellenistic Age.

Map of Alexander's short-lived empire (334–323 BC). After his death the lands were divided between the Diadochi

The Antikythera mechanism (c. 100 BC) is considered to be the first known mechanical analog computer (National Archaeological Museum, Athens).

A view from the ancient royal Macedonian tombs in Vergina

The Odeon of Herodes Atticus in Athens, built in 161 AD

Dome of Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki (8th century), one of the 15 UNESCO's Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of the city

The Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes, originally built in the late 7th century as a Byzantine citadel and beginning from 1309 used by the Knights Hospitaller as an administrative centre

The Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire after the death of Basil II in 1025

The Byzantine castle of Angelokastro successfully repulsed the Ottomans during the First Great Siege of Corfu in 1537, the siege of 1571, and the Second Great Siege of Corfu in 1716, causing them to abandon their plans to conquer Corfu.

The White Tower of Thessaloniki, one of the best-known Ottoman structures remaining in Greece.

The sortie (exodus) of Messolonghi, depicting the Third Siege of Missolonghi, painted by Theodoros Vryzakis.

The Battle of Navarino in 1827 secured Greek independence.

The Entry of King Otto in Athens, painted by Peter von Hess in 1839.

The territorial evolution of the Kingdom of Greece from 1832 to 1947.

Hellenic Army formation in the World War I Victory Parade in Arc de Triomphe, Paris, July 1919.

Map of Greater Greece after the Treaty of Sèvres, when the Megali Idea seemed close to fulfillment, featuring Eleftherios Venizelos as its supervising genius.

People in Athens celebrate the liberation from the Axis powers, October 1944. Postwar Greece would soon experience a civil war and political polarization.

Signing at Zappeion by Constantine Karamanlis of the documents for the accession of Greece to the European Communities in 1979.

Navagio (shipwreck) bay, Zakynthos island

The Greek mainland and several small islands seen from Nydri, Lefkada

Mount Olympus is the highest mountain in Greece and mythical abode of the Gods of Olympus

The building of the Hellenic Parliament (Old Royal Palace) in central Athens.

Count Ioannis Kapodistrias, first governor, founder of the modern Greek State, and distinguished European diplomat

Kyriakos Mitsotakis, Prime Minister since 2019

Representation through:
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embassy in another country
general consulate
no representation
Greece

A proportional representation of Greece exports, 2019

Greece's debt percentage since 1977, compared to the average of the Eurozone

Sun-drying of Zante currant on Zakynthos

Solar-power generation potential in Greece

Greek companies control 16.2% of the world's total merchant fleet making it the largest in the world. They are ranked in the top 5 for all kinds of ships, including first for tankers and bulk carriers.

Santorini, a popular tourist destination, is ranked as the world's top island in many travel magazines and sites.

The Rio–Antirrio bridge connects mainland Greece to the Peloponnese.

Thessaloniki Science Center and Technology Museum

Georgios Papanikolaou, a pioneer in cytopathology and early cancer detection

Hermoupolis, on the island of Syros, is the capital of the Cyclades.

Regions with a traditional presence of languages other than Greek. Today, Greek is the dominant language throughout the country.

A map of the fifty countries with the largest Greek diaspora communities.

The Academy of Athens is Greece's national academy and the highest research establishment in the country.

The Ionian Academy in Corfu, the first academic institution of modern Greece.

The Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus, still used for theatrical plays.

Close-up of the Charioteer of Delphi, a celebrated statue from the 5th century BC.

Towerhouses of Vatheia in Mani peninsula

Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù, the first theatre and opera house of modern Greece

Parnassos Literary Society, painted by Georgios Roilos (Kostis Palamas is at the center)

Cretan dancers of traditional folk music

Rebetes in Karaiskaki, Piraeus (1933). Left Markos Vamvakaris with bouzouki.

Mikis Theodorakis was one of the most popular and significant Greek composers

Theodoros Angelopoulos, winner of the Palme d'Or in 1998, notable director in the history of the European cinema

Spyridon Louis entering the Panathenaic Stadium at the end of the marathon; 1896 Summer Olympics.

Angelos Charisteas scoring Greece's winning goal in the UEFA Euro 2004 Final

The Greek national basketball team in 2008. Twice European champions (1987 and 2005) and second in the world in 2006

Procession in honor of the Assumption of Virgin Mary (15 August)

By 500 BC, the Persian Empire controlled the Greek city states in Asia Minor and Macedonia.

Attempts by some of the Greek city-states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule failed, and Persia invaded the states of mainland Greece in 492 BC, but was forced to withdraw after a defeat at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. In response, the Greek city-states formed the Hellenic League in 481 BC, led by Sparta, which was the first historically recorded union of Greek states since the mythical union of the Trojan War.

While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands was under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century, Cyprus and Crete remained Venetian territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670 respectively.