A report on Spanish Florida and Adams–Onís Treaty

Map showing results of the Adams–Onís Treaty.

Spanish Florida after Pinckney's Treaty in 1795

Spanish West Florida and East Florida 1810–1821

Narváez expedition in 1528, Apalachee Bay.

Florida from the 1502 Cantino planisphere

Juan Ponce de León claimed Florida for Spain in 1513

Russian claims in the Americas in green, 1812–1824

An excerpt from the British–American Mitchell Map, showing northern Spanish Florida, the old mission road from St. Augustine to St. Mark's, and text describing the Carolinian raids of 1702–1706.

The expanded West Florida territory in 1767.

Spanish claims north of Alta California 1789–1795

Under Spanish rule, Florida was divided by the natural separation of the Suwannee River into West Florida and East Florida. (map: Carey & Lea, 1822)

The Viceroyalty of New Spain in 1800. (NOTE: Many boundaries outside of New Spain are shown incorrectly.)

The Viceroyalty of New Spain in 1821, after the Adams–Onís Treaty took effect. (NOTE: Many boundaries outside of New Spain are shown incorrectly.)

An 1833 map of the United States in the shape of an eagle

Portion of West Florida that was claimed by the United States.

The Adams–Onís Treaty (Tratado de Adams-Onís) of 1819, also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, the Florida Purchase Treaty, or the Florida Treaty, was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain.

- Adams–Onís Treaty

The parties signed the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819, and the transfer officially took place on July 17, 1821, over 300 years after Spain had first claimed the Florida peninsula.

- Spanish Florida

12 related topics with Alpha

A U.S. Marine boat expedition searching the Everglades during the Second Seminole War

Seminole Wars

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The Seminole Wars (also known as the Florida Wars) were three related military conflicts in Florida between the United States and the Seminole, citizens of a Native American nation which formed in the region during the early 1700s.

A 1903 map showing the territorial changes of "West Florida"

Andrew Jackson led an invasion of Florida during the First Seminole War.

Edmund Pendleton Gaines commanded Federal troops at the Battle of Negro Fort.

The trial of Robert Ambrister and Alexander Arbuthnot during the First Seminole War

The Treaty of Moultrie Creek provided for a reservation in central Florida for the Seminoles.

Barracks and tents at Fort Brooke near Tampa Bay

View of a Seminole village shows the log cabins they lived in prior to the disruptions of the Second Seminole War

Woodcut from A true and authentic account of the Indian war in Florida ... (1836)

Osceola was seized at the orders of Gen. Thomas Jesup when he appeared for a meeting under a white peace or "parley" flag.

The remaining Seminoles in Florida were allowed to stay on an informal reservation in southwest Florida at the end of the Second Seminole War in 1842.

The First Seminole War (1817-1818) -"Beginning in the 1730's, the Spaniards had given refuge to runaway slaves from the Carolinas, but as late as 1774 Negroes [did] not appear to have been living among the Florida Indians." After that latter date more runaway slaves began arriving from American plantations, especially congregating around "Negro Fort on the Apalachicola River." Free or runaways, "the Negroes among the Seminoles constituted a threat to the institution of slavery north of the Spanish border." The plantation owners, mostly from Mississippi and Georgia "knew this and constantly accused the Indians of stealing their Negroes." However, the situation was "frequently reversed" the whites were raiding into Florida and stealing black slaves belonging to the Seminoles. On December 26, 1817 "the War Department...wrote the order directing Andrew Jackson to take command in person and bring the Seminoles under control." Spain expressed outrage over General Andrew Jackson's "punitive expeditions" into Spanish Florida against the Seminoles. However, as was made clear by several local uprisings, and other forms of "border anarchy", Spain was no longer able to defend nor control the territory and eventually agreed to cede Florida to the United States per the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, with the official transfer taking place in 1821. According to the terms of the Treaty of Moultrie Creek (1823) between the United States and Seminole Nation, the Seminoles were removed from Northern Florida to a reservation in the center of the Florida peninsula, and the United States constructed a series of forts and trading posts along the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts to enforce the treaty.

East Florida

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Excerpt of 1803 map by John Cary showing East and West Florida, limited by the United States' claim to part of Spain-controlled West Florida.

Map of East and West Florida in 1819, the year that Spain ceded Florida to the United States by the Adams–Onís Treaty (ratified 1821)

"Under Spanish rule, Florida was divided by the natural separation of the Suwanee River into West Florida and East Florida."—University of Florida

East Florida (Florida Oriental) was a colony of Great Britain from 1763 to 1783 and a province of Spanish Florida from 1783 to 1821.

After a decade of intensifying border disputes and American incursions, Spain ceded both Floridas to the U.S. in the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819.

Portrait by Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl, c. undefined 1835

Andrew Jackson

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American lawyer, general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837.

Young Jackson Refusing to Clean Major Coffin's Boots (1876 lithograph)

Notice of reward offered by Jackson for return of an enslaved man

General Andrew Jackson as pictured in Harper's Magazine, Vol 28, "War with the Creek Indians", page 605, 1864

In the Treaty of Fort Jackson, the Muscogee surrendered large parts of present-day Alabama and Georgia.

General Andrew Jackson by John Wesley Jarvis, c. undefined 1819

The Battle of New Orleans. General Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his defenses as his troops repulse attacking Highlanders, by painter Edward Percy Moran in 1910.

Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans, painted by Thomas Sully in 1845 from an earlier portrait he had completed from life in 1824

Trial of Robert Ambrister during the Seminole War. Ambrister was one of two British subjects executed by General Jackson. (1848)

Teracotta bust of General Jackson by William Rush, 1819

Jackson in 1824, painted by Thomas Sully

President Andrew Jackson
New York: Ritchie & Co. (1860)

Jackson's Indian Removal Act and subsequent treaties resulted in the forced removal of the major tribes of the Southeast from their traditional territories, many along the Trail of Tears.

William C. Rives, Jackson's Minister to France, successfully negotiated a reparations treaty with France in 1831.

1833 Democratic cartoon shows Jackson destroying the "Devil's Bank"

Richard Lawrence's attempt on Jackson's life, as depicted in an 1835 etching

USS Porpoise (1836), a brig ship laid down in 1835 and launched in May 1836; used in the U.S. Exploring Expedition

A New York newspaper blamed the Panic of 1837 on Andrew Jackson, depicted in spectacles and top hat.

Mezzotint after a Daguerreotype of Jackson by Mathew Brady, April 15, 1845

Tennessee Gentleman, portrait of Jackson, c. 1831, from the collection of The Hermitage

Andrew Jackson as Grand Master of Tennessee, 1822

Equestrian statue of Jackson, Jackson County Courthouse, Kansas City, Missouri, commissioned by Judge Harry S. Truman

The tomb of Andrew and Rachel Jackson located at The Hermitage

Jackson then led U.S. forces in the First Seminole War, which led to the annexation of Florida from Spain.

He seems to have been planning a military operation to conquer Spanish Florida and drive the Spanish from Texas.

West Florida

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Region on the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico that underwent several boundary and sovereignty changes during its history.

Annotated map of the territorial changes of British and Spanish West Florida

Flag of the Republic of West Florida, in 1810

Territorial growth map showing the West Florida districts of Baton Rouge and Mobile seized by the U.S. in 1810 and 1813, respectively. (Map: William R. Shepherd, 1911, note legend)

1806 John Cary map shows West Florida (including Pensacola, which was not part of the U.S. claim) in the hands of Spain, separate from the U.S.-held Louisiana Purchase.

As its name suggests, it was formed out of the western part of former Spanish Florida (East Florida formed the eastern part, with the Apalachicola River the border), along with lands taken from French Louisiana; Pensacola became West Florida's capital.

In 1819 the United States negotiated the purchase of the remainder of West Florida and all of East Florida in the Adams–Onís Treaty, and in 1822 both were merged into the Florida Territory.

St. Augustine, Florida

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City in the Southeastern United States, on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida.

St. Augustine in 1891 from the former San Marco Hotel, Spanish St. on left, Huguenot Cemetery lower left corner, Cordova St. on right

Replicas of the Medici lions of Florence, Italy at the approach to the Bridge of Lions donated by Andrew Anderson

Slave Market, St. Augustine, Florida in 1886

View of St. Augustine from the top of the lighthouse on Anastasia Island

Major roadways, St. Augustine and vicinity

Ray Charles Center and the Theodore Johnson Center, at the Florida School for the Deaf and Blind

Bell tower on northeast bastion of the Castillo de San Marcos

North bastions and wall of the Castillo, looking eastward toward Anastasia Island

The city gates of St. Augustine, built in 1808, part of the much older Cubo Line

The Government House. East wing of the building dates to the 18th-century structure built on original site of the colonial governor's residence.<ref name="Kornwolf2002">{{cite book|first=James D.|last=Kornwolf|title=Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HybqAAAAMAAJ&q=%22fronting%20on%20the%20plaza%22|year=2002|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-5986-1|page=87}}</ref>

thumb|Facade of the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Augustine

Shrine of Our Lady of La Leche at Mission Nombre de Dios

The former Hotel Alcazar now houses the Lightner Museum and City Hall

Bridge of Lions, looking eastward to Anastasia Island

The city served as the capital of Spanish Florida for over 200 years.

Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819, and St. Augustine was designated the capital of the Florida Territory upon ratification of the Adams–Onís Treaty in 1821.

Seminole

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The Seminole are a Native American people who developed in Florida in the 18th century.

Coeehajo, Chief, 1837, Smithsonian American Art Museum

Sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park commemorating hundreds of enslaved African Americans who in the early 1820s escaped from this area to freedom in the Bahamas.

Seminole woman, painted by George Catlin, 1834

Seminole family of tribal elder, Cypress Tiger, at their camp near Kendall, Florida, 1916. Photo taken by botanist, John Kunkel Small

Seminole patchwork shawl made by Susie Cypress from Big Cypress Indian Reservation, ca. 1980s

A Seminole spearing a garfish from a dugout, Florida, 1930

The Seminole people emerged in a process of ethnogenesis from various Native American groups who settled in Spanish Florida beginning in the early 1700s, most significantly northern Muscogee Creeks from what is now Georgia and Alabama.

The United States purchased Florida from Spain by the Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) and took possession in 1821.

Louisiana Purchase

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The acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from the French First Republic in 1803.

1804 map of "Louisiana", bounded on the west by the Rocky Mountains

The future president James Monroe as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to France helped Robert R. Livingston in negotiating the Louisiana Purchase

The original treaty of the Louisiana Purchase

Transfer of Louisiana by Ford P. Kaiser for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (1904)

Issue of 1953, commemorating the 150th Anniversary of signing

Flag raising in the Place d'Armes of New Orleans, marking the transfer of sovereignty over French Louisiana to the United States, December 20, 1803, as depicted by Thure de Thulstrup

The Purchase was one of several territorial additions to the U.S.

Plan of Fort Madison, built in 1808 to establish U.S. control over the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase, drawn 1810

Louisiana Purchase territory shown as American Indian land in Gratiot's map of the defences of the western & north-western frontier, 1837.

Share issued by Hope & Co. in 1804 to finance the Louisiana Purchase.

The western borders of the purchase were later settled by the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty with Spain, while the northern borders of the purchase were adjusted by the Treaty of 1818 with Britain.

Also, Spain's refusal to cede Florida to France meant that Louisiana would be indefensible.

The treaty established the boundary between the United States and Spanish Florida at 31°N

Pinckney's Treaty

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Signed on October 27, 1795 by the United States and Spain.

"Ellicott's Stone" boundary marker along the 31st parallel now in northern Mobile County, Alabama

Annotated map of the territorial changes of British and Spanish West Florida, 1767 to 1819.

It defined the border between the United States and Spanish Florida, and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River.

In 1819 the United States and Spain negotiated the Adams–Onís Treaty in which Spain ceded all of both West Florida and East Florida into the United States.

Clockwise from top:
Damage to the United States Capitol after the burning of Washington

Mortally wounded Isaac Brock spurs on the York Volunteers at the battle of Queenston Heights

USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere

The death of Tecumseh in 1813

Andrew Jackson defeats the British assault on New Orleans in 1815

War of 1812

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Map showing the general distribution of Indian tribes in the Northwest Territory in the early 1790s

American expansion in the Indiana Territory

James Madison, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817). Madison was the leader of the Democratic-Republican Party, whose power base came from southern and western states.

Depiction of a British private soldier (left) and officer (right) of the period

Governor General George Prévost was urged to maintain a defensive strategy as British forces were already preoccupied with the Napoleonic Wars.

American surrender of Detroit, August 1812

Oliver Hazard Perry's message to William Henry Harrison after the Battle of Lake Erie began as such: "We have met the enemy and they are ours".

Laura Secord providing advance warning to James FitzGibbon, which led to a British-Iroquois victory at the Battle of Beaver Dams, June 1813

Fencibles, militia, and Mohawks repel an American attack on Montreal, Battle of the Chateauguay, October 1813

American infantry prepare to attack during the Battle of Lundy's Lane

Unsuccessful British assault on Fort Erie, 14 August 1814

Defeat at Plattsburgh led Prévost to call off the invasion of New York.

The Upper Mississippi River during the War of 1812:

The Royal Navy's North American squadron was based in Halifax, Nova Scotia and Bermuda. At the start of the war, the squadron had one ship of the line, seven frigates, nine sloops as well as brigs and schooners.

USS Constitution defeats in a single-ship engagement. The battle was an important victory for American morale.

Captain Broke leads the boarding party to USS Chesapeake (1799). The British capture of Chesapeake was one of the bloodiest contests in the age of sail.

The Battle of Valparaíso ended the American naval threat to British interests in the south Pacific Ocean.

The capture of USS President was the last naval duel to take place during the conflict, with its combatants unaware of the signing of the Treaty of Ghent several weeks prior.

Marines aboard USS Wasp (1814) engage, June 1814. During the war, sloops of the United States Navy scored several victories against British sloops.

Baltimore Clippers were a series of schooners used by American privateers during the war.

A map of the American coastline. British naval strategy was to protect their shipping in North America and enforce a naval blockade on the United States.

The only known photograph of a Black Refugee, c. 1890. During the war, a number of African Americans slaves escaped aboard British ships, settling in Canada (mainly in Nova Scotia) or Trinidad.

Admiralty House, at Mount Wyndham, Bermuda, where the Chesapeake campaign was planned

An artist's rendering of the bombardment at Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore. Watching the bombardment from a truce ship, Francis Scott Key was inspired to write the four-stanza poem that later became "The Star-Spangled Banner".

In 1813, Creek warriors attacked Fort Mims and killed 400 to 500 people. The massacre became a rallying point for Americans.

Creek forces were defeated at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, bringing an end to the Creek War.

American forces repelled a British assault on New Orleans in January 1815. The battle occurred before news of a peace treaty reached the United States.

A political caricature of delegates from the Hartford Convention deciding whether to leap into the hands of the British, December 1814. The convention led to widespread fears that the New England states might attempt to secede from the United States.

Depiction of the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, which formally ended the war between the British Empire and the United States

United States per capita GDP 1810–1815 in constant 2009 dollars

Fort Henry at Kingston in 1836. Built from 1832 to 1836, the fort was one of several works undertaken to improve the colonies' defences.

Independence Day celebrations in 1819. In the United States, the war was followed by the Era of Good Feelings, a period that saw nationalism and a desire for national unity rise throughout the country.

The War of 1812 (18 June 1812 – 17 February 1815) was fought by the United States of America and its indigenous allies against the United Kingdom and its allies in British North America, with limited participation by Spain in Florida.

Spain sold Florida to the United States in 1819 under the Adams–Onís Treaty following the First Seminole War.