Adriatic Sea and Related Topics

Croatia

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Country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe.

The 1st century-built Pula Arena was the sixth largest amphitheatre in the Roman Empire

Kingdom of Croatia c. 925, during the reign of King Tomislav

Coronation of King Tomislav by Oton Iveković

Croatian Ban Nikola Šubić Zrinski is honoured as a national hero for his defence of Szigetvár against the Ottoman Empire

Ban Josip Jelačić at the opening of the first modern Croatian Parliament (Sabor), June 5, 1848. The tricolour flag can be seen in the background.

The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was an autonomous kingdom within Austria-Hungary created in 1868 following the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement.

Stjepan Radić, leader of the Croatian Peasant Party who advocated federal organisation of the Yugoslavia, at the assembly in Dubrovnik, 1928

German dictator Adolf Hitler with Quisling and dictator of the Independent State of Croatia Ante Pavelić at the Berghof outside Berchtesgaden, Germany

Cardinal Aloysius Stepinac with the Croatian communist leader Vladimir Bakarić at the celebration of May Day, shortly before Stepinac was arrested by the Communists and taken to court

People of Zagreb celebrating liberation on 12 May 1945 by Croatian Partisans

Josip Broz Tito led SFR Yugoslavia from 1944 to 1980; Pictured: Tito with the US president Richard Nixon in the White House, 1971

The Eternal Flame and 938 marble crosses on the National Memorial Cemetery of Homeland War in Vukovar, commemorates the victims of the Vukovar massacre as one of the symbolic and crucial events in Croatian War of Independence

Croatia became the 28th EU member country on 1 July 2013

Bora is a dry, cold wind which blows from the mainland out to sea, whose gusts can reach hurricane strength, particularly in the channel below Velebit, e.g. in the town of Senj

Bottlenose dolphins are protected under Croatian law with Adriatic Dolphin project as the longest ongoing study of a single resident bottlenose dolphin community in the Mediterranean Sea

Wooden trail through nature park Kopački Rit in Osijek-Baranja County

Telašćica Nature Park is one of 444 protected areas of Croatia

President Zoran Milanović at the NATO summit on 24 March 2022, Brussels. The accession of Croatia to NATO took place in 2009

Honor guard in the front of Banski Dvori in Zagreb welcoming Pedro Sánchez Prime Minister of Spain and Andrej Plenković Prime Minister of Croatia.

Croatian Air Force and US Navy aircraft participate in multinational training, 2002

Croatian Army forces during “Immediate Response 15”, Military Training Area “Eugen Kvaternik”, Slunj, Croatia, 2015.

Varaždin, capital of Croatia between 1767 and 1776, is the seat of Varaždin county; Pictured: Old Town fortress, one of 15 Croatia's sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage tentative list

Croatian counties by GDP (PPS) per capita, 2019

Dubrovnik is one of Croatia's most popular tourist destinations.

Zlatni Rat beach on the Island of Brač is one of the foremost spots of tourism in Croatia

Pelješac Bridge (under construction), which will connect the peninsula of Pelješac, and through it the southernmost part of Croatia including Dubrovnik, with the Croatian mainland

2011 Croatian population density by county in persons per km2.

Religious believers according to the 2011 census

Map of the Croatian dialects of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina

University of Zagreb is the largest Croatian university and the oldest university in the area covering Central Europe south of Vienna and all of Southeastern Europe (1669)

Historic centre of Trogir has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Site since 1997

Trakošćan Castle is one of the best preserved historic buildings in the country

Euphrasian Basilica in Poreč, example of early Byzantine architecture, on the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1997.

Historical nucleus of Split with the 4th-century Diocletian's Palace was inscribed on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1979

Radio Zagreb, now a part of Croatian Radiotelevision, was the first public radio station in Southeast Europe.

Telašćica Nature Park is one of 444 protected areas

Justices of the Constitutional Court of Croatia in 2009

Pelješac Bridge (under construction), which will connect the peninsula of Pelješac, and through it the southernmost part including Dubrovnik, with the Croatian mainland

President Zoran Milanović on NATO summit on 24 March 2022. The accession of Croatia to NATO took place in 2009

Map of the Shtokavian, Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects in Croatia by municipality

A proportional representation of Croatia exports, 2017

HŽ series 6112 manufactured by the Croatian company Končar Group, operated by Croatian Railways

The Baška tablet is the oldest Glagolitic monument in Croatia. It documents the donation of land gifted by Croatian King Dmitar Zvonimir to the Benedictine monastery of St Lucy

It shares a coastline along the Adriatic Sea.

Dalmatia

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One of the four historical regions of Croatia, alongside Croatia proper, Slavonia, and Istria.

The extent of the Kingdom of Dalmatia (blue) which existed within Austria-Hungary until 1918, on a map of modern-day Croatia and Montenegro

The ancient core of the city of Split, the largest city in Dalmatia, built in and around the Palace of Emperor Diocletian

Rocky beach at Brač island (Croatia), in the Adriatic Sea, during the summer

The historic core of the city of Dubrovnik, in southern Dalmatia

Province of Dalmatia during the Roman Empire

Kingdom of Croatia during the rule of Peter Krešimir IV

An engraving of the seaward walls of the city of Split by Robert Adam, 1764. The walls were originally built for the Roman Diocletian's Palace.

Map of the Republic of Ragusa, dated 1678

Ottoman Bosnia at its peak territorial extent just before the Morean War in 1684

Dalmatian possessions of the Republic of Venice in 1797

Map of Dalmatia, Croatia, and Sclavonia (Slavonia). Engraved by Weller for the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge under the Supervision of Charles Knight, dated January 1, 1852. Dalmatia is the area detailed in the smaller map annexed map on the right.

Austrian linguistic map from 1896. In green the areas where Slavs were the majority of the population, in orange the areas where Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians were the majority of the population. The boundaries of Venetian Dalmatia in 1797 are delimited with blue dots.

The Seagull Wings monument in Podgora, dedicated to the fallen sailors of the Yugoslav Partisan Navy

Dalmatia is a narrow belt of the east shore of the Adriatic Sea, stretching from the island of Rab in the north to the Bay of Kotor in the south.

Trieste

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City and seaport in northeastern Italy.

Remains of a Roman arch in Trieste's Old City

Trieste in the 17th century, in a contemporary image by the Carniolan historian Johann Weikhard von Valvasor

Palazzo Carciotti in Trieste, circa 1850

Yugoslav Army entering Trieste (the caption reads "Tito's Army liberated Trieste")

A postage stamp issued by the Italian Social Republic with a Yugoslav liberation overprint

Cheering crowd for the return of Trieste to Italy on November 4, 1954

One of many coffee sacks that are traded by a Trieste company.

Professional fisherman's boat in Barcola, a suburb of Trieste

From left to right: Barcolana near the Victory Lighthouse, a part of the harbour, a street of the Old City

Trieste Cathedral dedicated to Justus of Trieste

Serbian Orthodox Saint Spyridon Church, mid 19th century

View of Barcola from the Vittoria Lighthouse

James Joyce, Umberto Saba and their friends were guests of the still existing Caffè Stella Polare.

Caffe degli Specchi was opened in 1839 in Trieste

The Porto Vecchio, also showing Trieste Centrale railway station

Scooters are heavily used in personal transport in Trieste

Trieste is located at the head of the Gulf of Trieste, on a narrow strip of Italian territory lying between the Adriatic Sea and Slovenia; Slovenia lies approximately 8 km east and 10–15 km southeast of the city, while Croatia is about 30 km to the south of the city.

Albania

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Country in Southeastern Europe.

The remains of Kamenica Tumulus in the county of Korçë.

Founded in the 4th century BC, Scodra was a significant city of the Illyrian tribes of the Ardiaei and Labeates.

Apollonia was an important Ancient Greek colony on the Illyrian coast along the Adriatic Sea and one of the western points of the Via Egnatia route, that connected Rome and Constantinople.

The town of Krujë was the capital of the Principality of Arbanon in the Middle Ages.

Ismail Qemali is regarded as the founding father of the modern Albanian nation.

Zog I was the first and only king of Albania; his reign lasted 11 years (1928–1939).

Enver Hoxha served as Prime Minister and First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania.

A bunker overlooking the Albanian Alps. By 1983, approximately 173,371 concrete bunkers were scattered across the country.

In 1988, the first foreigners were allowed to walk into the car-free Skanderbeg Square in Tirana.

The earthquake of November 2019 was the strongest to hit Albania in more than four decades.

The Albanian Alps are an extension and simultaneously the highest section of the Dinaric Alps.

Gjipe is located on the confluence of the Adriatic and Ionian Sea.

Panorma Bay on the Albanian Riviera in the south has a mediterranean climate.

The Albanian Alps in the north have a subarctic climate.

The golden eagle is the national symbol and animal of Albania.

The common bottlenose dolphin is a frequent visitor to the waters of the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea Coasts.

The Lagoon of Karavasta within the Divjakë-Karavasta National Park is renowned for hosting the rare Dalmatian pelican.

Assisted by the governments of Kosovo and Albania, an official application for the inclusion of the Arbëreshë people in the list of UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage is being prepared.

Albanian soldiers in the Province of Kandahar, Afghanistan.

GPD per capita development of Albanien since 1913

Tirana is the economic hub of the country. It is home to major domestic and foreign companies operating in the country.

Grapes in Berat. Due to the mediterranean climate, wine, olives and citrus fruits are mostly produced in Southern Albania.

The Islets of Ksamil in the south of the Albanian Ionian Sea Coast.

Rruga e Kombit connects the Adriatic Sea across the Western Lowlands with the Albanian Alps.

Tirana International Airport is named in honour of the Albanian nun and missionary Mother Teresa.

The University of Arts is the largest higher education institute dedicated to the study of arts.

The Albanian cuisine from the Mediterranean, which is characterised by the use of fruits, vegetables and olive oil, contributes to the good nutrition of the country's population.

Electricity production in Albania from 1980 to 2019.

Lake Koman was formed as a result of the construction of the Koman Hydroelectric Power Station in 1985.

Development of the population of Albania over the last sixty years.

The dialects of the Albanian language in Albania.

Representatives of the Sunni, Orthodox, Bektashi and Catholic Albanian communities and in Paris.

The double-headed eagle on the walls of the St. Anthony Church.

Butrint has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites since 1992.

The Codices of Berat are eminently important for the global community and the development of ancient biblical, liturgical and hagiographical literature. In 2005, it was inscribed on the UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.

Bukë misri (cornbread) is a staple on the Albanian table.

Speca të ferguara (roasted peppers) served with pite, a traditional and prominent layered Albanian pie.

The former grounds of the headquarters of Radio Tirana in the capital of Tirana. Radio Televizioni Shqiptar (RTSH) was initially inaugurated as Radio Tirana in 1938 prior to the World War II.

Albanian iso-polyphony is designated as an UNESCO Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

The Albanian Dancer (1835) by French artist Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps; the dancers are depicted wearing the fustanella, the national costume of Albania

An excerpt from the Meshari (The Missal) written by Gjon Buzuku. (1555)

Parashqevi Qiriazi - teacher and feminist (1880–1970)

It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south.

Italy

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Country that consists of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and several islands surrounding it; its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical region.

Expansion of the territory called "Italy" from ancient Greece until Diocletian

The Iron Crown of Lombardy, for centuries a symbol of the Kings of Italy

Marco Polo, explorer of the 13th century, recorded his 24 years-long travels in the Book of the Marvels of the World, introducing Europeans to Central Asia and China.

The Italian states before the beginning of the Italian Wars in 1494

Leonardo da Vinci, the quintessential Renaissance man, in a self-portrait (ca. 1512, Royal Library, Turin)

Christopher Columbus leads an expedition to the New World, 1492. His voyages are celebrated as the discovery of the Americas from a European perspective, and they opened a new era in the history of humankind and sustained contact between the two worlds.

Flag of the Cispadane Republic, which was the first Italian tricolour adopted by a sovereign Italian state (1797)

Holographic copy of 1847 of Il Canto degli Italiani, the Italian national anthem since 1946

Animated map of the Italian unification from 1829 to 1871

The Victor Emmanuel II Monument in Rome, a national symbol of Italy celebrating the first king of the unified country, and resting place of the Italian Unknown Soldier since the end of World War I. It was inaugurated in 1911, on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the Unification of Italy.

The fascist dictator Benito Mussolini titled himself Duce and ruled the country from 1922 to 1943.

Areas controlled by the Italian Empire at its peak

Italian partisans in Milan during the Italian Civil War, April 1945

Alcide De Gasperi, first republican Prime Minister of Italy and one of the Founding Fathers of the European Union

The signing ceremony of the Treaty of Rome on 25 March 1957, creating the European Economic Community, forerunner of the present-day European Union

Funerals of the victims of the Bologna bombing of 2 August 1980, the deadliest attack ever perpetrated in Italy during the Years of Lead

Italian government task force to face the COVID-19 emergency

Dolphins in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the Aeolian Islands

Gran Paradiso, established in 1922, is the oldest Italian national park.

The Italian wolf, the national animal of Italy

Köppen-Geiger climate classification map of Italy

The Chamber of Deputies is the lower house of Italy.

An Alfa Romeo 159 vehicle of the Carabinieri corps

Group photo of the G7 leaders at the 43rd G7 summit in Taormina

Heraldic coat of arms of the Italian Armed Forces

A proportional representation of Italy exports, 2019

Milan is the economic capital of Italy, and is a global financial centre and a fashion capital of the world.

The Autostrada dei Laghi ("Lakes Motorway"), the first motorway built in the world

FS' Frecciarossa 1000 high speed train, with a maximum speed of 400 km/h

Trieste, the main port of the northern Adriatic and starting point of the Transalpine Pipeline

ENI is considered one of the world's oil and gas "Supermajors".

Solar panels in Piombino. Italy is one of the world's largest producers of renewable energy.

Galileo Galilei, the father of modern science, physics and astronomy

Enrico Fermi, creator of the world's first first nuclear reactor

The Amalfi Coast is one of Italy's major tourist destinations.

Map of Italy's population density at the 2011 census

Italy is home to a large population of migrants from Eastern Europe and North Africa.

Linguistic map showing the languages spoken in Italy

Vatican City, the Holy See's sovereign territory

Bologna University, established in AD 1088, is the world's oldest academic institution.

Olive oil and vegetables are central to the Mediterranean diet.

The Last Supper (1494–1499), Leonardo da Vinci, Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

Michelangelo's David (1501–1504), Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence

The Birth of Venus (1484–1486), Sandro Botticelli, Uffizi Gallery, Florence

Dante shown holding a copy of the Divine Comedy, next to the entrance to Hell, the mount of Purgatory and the city of Florence, with the spheres of Heaven above, in Michelino's fresco, 1465

Niccolò Machiavelli, founder of modern political science and ethics

Pinocchio is one of the world's most translated books and a canonical piece of children's literature.

Clockwise from top left: Thomas Aquinas, proponent of natural theology and the Father of Thomism; Giordano Bruno, one of the major scientific figures of the Western world; Cesare Beccaria, considered the Father of criminal justice and modern criminal law; and Maria Montessori, credited with the creation of the Montessori education

Statues of Pantalone and Harlequin, two stock characters from the Commedia dell'arte, in the Museo Teatrale alla Scala

Dario Fo, one of the most widely performed playwrights in modern theatre, received international acclaim for his highly improvisational style.

Giacomo Puccini, Italian composer whose operas, including La bohème, Tosca, Madama Butterfly and Turandot, are among the most frequently worldwide performed in the standard repertoire

Luciano Pavarotti, considered one of the finest tenors of the 20th century and the "King of the High Cs"

Giorgio Moroder, pioneer of Italo disco and electronic dance music, is known as the "Father of disco".

The Azzurri in 2012. Football is the most popular sport in Italy.

Starting in 1909, the Giro d'Italia is the Grands Tours' second oldest.

A Ferrari SF21 by Scuderia Ferrari, the most successful Formula One team

Prada shop at Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan

The traditional recipe for spaghetti with tomato and basil sauce

The Frecce Tricolori, with the smoke trails representing the national colours of Italy, during the celebrations of the Festa della Repubblica

The Venice Film Festival is the oldest film festival in the world.

Including the islands, Italy has a coastline and border of 7600 km on the Adriatic, Ionian, Tyrrhenian seas (740 km), and borders shared with France (488 km), Austria (430 km), Slovenia (232 km) and Switzerland (740 km).

Republic of Venice

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Sovereign state and maritime republic in parts of present-day Italy (mainly northeastern Italy) which existed for 1100 years from 697 AD until 1797 AD. Centered on the lagoon communities of the prosperous city of Venice, it incorporated numerous overseas possessions in modern Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Greece, Albania and Cyprus.

The Doge of Venice, illustrated in the manuscript Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel. Painted by Lucas d'Heere in the 2nd half of the 16th century. Preserved by the Ghent University Library.

Map of the Venetian Republic, circa 1000

Procession in St Mark's Square by Gentile Bellini in 1496

Leonardo Loredan, Doge of Venice during the War of the League of Cambrai.

The Venetian fort of Palamidi in Nafplion, Greece, one of many forts that secured Venetian trade routes in the Eastern Mediterranean.

Greater coat of arms of the Republic, with its various possessions and claims, in the aftermath of the Morean War

Drawing of the Doge's Palace, late 14th century

The governmental structure of the Venetian Republic

The hearing given by the Doge in the Sala del Collegio in Doge's Palace by Francesco Guardi, 1775–80

Voyage of Marco Polo into the Far East during the Pax Mongolica

The Piraeus Lion in Venice, in front of the Venetian Arsenal

Relief of the Venetian Lion on the Landward Gate in Zara (Zadar), capital of the Venetian Dalmatia

Relief of the Venetian Lion in Parenzo (Poreč)

Relief of the Venetian Lion in Cattaro (Kotor)

Relief of the Venetian Lion in Candia (Heraklion)

Relief of the Venetian Lion in Frangokastello, Crete

Venetian blazon with the Lion of Saint Mark, as frequently found on the New Fortress walls, Corfu.

The sack of Constantinople in 1204 on a mosaic in the San Giovanni Evangelista church in Ravenna, 1213

Venice achieved territorial conquests along the Adriatic Sea.

Split, Croatia

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Second-largest city of Croatia, the largest city in Dalmatia and the largest city on the Croatian coast.

Reconstruction of the Palace of the Roman Emperor Diocletian in its original appearance upon completion in 305, by Ernest Hébrard

The Peristyle of Diocletian's Palace, collotype (1909).

Statue of bishop Gregory of Nin, in the Giardin Park

The Riva of Split in the 19th century, with Marjan hill in the background.

City center and the Riva promenade from the slopes of Marjan in 1910.

Italian warship in the City Harbour after the annexation into Italy in 1941.

German vehicles in the city streets. The sign reads "Death to fascism – freedom to the people".

The Yugoslav-era Coat of arms of Split. Introduced in 1967, it was based on the Medieval rectangular arms, dating at least from the 14th century (and likely much earlier).

Marjan hill as seen from the Riva Promenade, 2013.

Panorama view of Split and surroundings from atop the Marjan

Split and the surrounding satellite towns, as seen from space.

Suburbs of Split after July 2017 forest fire

A "Morlach" (Vlaj) peasant in Split, 1864.

Juice carrier sitting on a slipway at Brodosplit

The Prokurative, dating to the brief rule of the French Empire

The Croatian National Theatre in Split, built in 1893

Ante Žižić, who has played in the NBA, is from Split

Poljud Stadium, commissioned for the 1979 Mediterranean Games

Split-born US Marine Major Louis Cukela (Čukela), one of 19 two-time recipients of the Medal of Honor.

It lies on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea and is spread over a central peninsula and its surroundings.

Istria

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The Sečovlje Saltworks in northern Istria were probably started in antiquity and were first mentioned in 804 in the report on Placitum of Riziano.

Map of Istria and Dalmatia with the ancient domains of the Republic of Venice (indicated in fuchsia. Dashed diagonally, the territories that belonged occasionally)

Percentage of native Italian speakers (Istrian Italians) in Croatia's Istria County in 2001

Percentage of people who used Italian as a "language of daily use" in Istria (Istrian Italians) in 1910

Rovinj, as seen from the bell tower of the church of Saint Eufemia (Croatia)

The Praetorian Palace in Koper (Slovenia)

Traditional folk costume of Istrian Croats

Changes to the Italian eastern border from 1920 to 1975.
The Austrian Littoral, later renamed Julian March, which was assigned to Italy in 1920 with the Treaty of Rapallo (with adjustments of its border in 1924 after the Treaty of Rome) and which was then ceded to Yugoslavia in 1947 with the Treaty of Paris
Areas annexed to Italy in 1920 and remained Italian even after 1947
Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the Free Territory of Trieste in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Italy in 1975 with the Treaty of Osimo
Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the Free Territory of Trieste in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Yugoslavia in 1975 with the Osimo treaty

Istria (Croatian and Slovene: Istra; Istriot: Eîstria; Istro-Romanian, Italian and Venetian: Istria; formerly Histria in Latin and Ἴστρια in Ancient Greek) is the largest peninsula within the Adriatic Sea.