A report on Lahore, Aurangzeb and Akbar

The Lava Temple at the Lahore Fort dates from the Sikh period, and is dedicated to the Hindu deity Lava

A painting from c. 1637 shows the brothers (left to right) Shah Shuja, Aurangzeb and Murad Baksh in their younger years.

The Data Darbar shrine, one of Pakistan's most important, was built to commemorate the patron saint of Lahore, Ali Hujwiri, who lived in the city during the Ghaznavid era in the 11th century.

The Mughal Army under the command of Aurangzeb recaptures Orchha in October 1635.

Mughal Empire under Akbar's period (yellow)

The Neevin Mosque is one of Lahore's few remaining medieval era buildings.

A painting from Padshahnama depicts Prince Aurangzeb facing a maddened war elephant named Sudhakar.

Mughal Emperor Akbar training an elephant

Sepoys loyal to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb maintain their positions around the palace, at Aurangabad, in 1658.

Akbar hawking with Mughal chieftains and nobleman accompanied by his guardian Bairam Khan

Lahore's Wazir Khan Mosque is considered to be the most ornately decorated Mughal-era mosque.

Young Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana son of Bairam Khan being received by Akbar

The Begum Shahi Mosque was completed in 1614 in honour of Jahangir's mother, Mariam-uz-Zamani.

Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb in early 18th century

Mughal Emperor Akbar shoots the Rajput warrior Jaimal during the Siege of Chittorgarh in 1568

The iconic Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore Fort was built in 1674, and faces Aurangzeb's Badshahi Mosque.

Aurangzeb compiled Hanafi law by introducing the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri.

Bullocks dragging siege-guns uphill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort in 1568

Wazir Khan Mosque painting by William Carpenter, 1866.

The court of young Akbar, age 13, showing his first imperial act: the arrest of an unruly courtier, who was once a favourite of Akbar's father. Illustration from a manuscript of the Akbarnama

The Sunehri Mosque was built in the Walled City of Lahore in the early 18th century, when the Mughal Empire was in decline.

Aurangzeb seated on a golden throne holding a Hawk in the Durbar. Standing before him is his son, Azam Shah.

Falcon Mohur of Akbar, minted in Asir. This coin was issued in the name of Akbar, to commemorate the capture of the strategic Asirgarh Fort of the Khandesh Sultanate on 17 January 1601 CE. Legend: "Allah is great, Khordad Ilahi 45, struck at Asir".

The Tomb of Asif Khan was one of several monuments plundered for its precious building materials during the Sikh period.

Aurangzeb Receives Prince Mu'azzam. Chester Beatty Library

Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience) in Fatehpur Sikri

Lahore's Hazuri Bagh is at the centre of an ensemble of Mughal and Sikh era monuments, including the Badshahi Mosque, Lahore Fort, Roshnai Gate, and the Samadhi of Ranjit Singh.

Dagger (Khanjar) of Aurangzeb (Badshah Alamgir).

Silver coin of Akbar with inscriptions of the Islamic declaration of faith, the declaration reads: "There is no god except Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."

The marble Hazuri Bagh Baradari was built in 1818 to celebrate Ranjit Singh's acquisition of the Koh-i-Noor diamond.

Manuscript of the Quran, parts of which are believed to have been written in Aurangzeb's own hand.

Portrait of Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani, commonly known as Jodha Bai, giving birth to Prince Salim, the future emperor Jahangir.

The Birthday of the Grand Mogul Aurangzeb, made 1701–1708 by Johann Melchior Dinglinger.

Death of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat at Diu, in front of the Portuguese in 1537

The Shah Alami area of Lahore's Walled City in 1890

Josiah Child requests a pardon from Aurangzeb during the Anglo-Mughal War.

Portuguese ambush against the galleys of Seydi Ali Reis (Akbar's allies) in the Indian Ocean.

Having been constructed in the immediate aftermath of the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, the design of the Lahore Railway Station was highly militarised in order to defend the structure from any further potential uprisings against British rule.

By 1690, Aurangzeb was acknowledged as: "emperor of the Mughal Sultanate from Cape Comorin to Kabul".

The Akbari Mosque, overlooking the Ganges

The Mall, Lahore's pre-independence commercial core, features many examples of colonial architecture.

Aurangzeb spent his reign crushing major and minor rebellions throughout the Mughal Empire.

Portrait of the Mughal Emperor Akbar invocation of a Dua prayer.

Sections of the Walled City of Lahore have been under restoration since 2012 in conjunction with the Agha Khan Trust for Culture.

The tomb of Akbar was pillaged by Jat rebels during the reign of Aurangzeb.

The Mughal Emperor Akbar welcomes his son Prince Salim at Fatehpur Sikri, (Akbarnameh).

Aurangzeb leads the Mughal Army during the Battle of Satara.

Akbar holds a religious assembly of different faiths in the Ibadat Khana in Fatehpur Sikri.

The area around the Wazir Khan Mosque exemplifies the Walled City's urban form

Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar

Silver square rupee of Akbar, Lahore mint, struck in Aban month of Ilahi

Built in 2012, Grand Jamia Mosque in Southern Lahore is a blend of Mughal and modern architecture.

The great Mogul discoursing with a Humble Fakir

A syncretic architectural style that blends Islamic, Hindu, and Western motifs took root during the colonial era, as shown at Aitchison College.

Aurangzeb dispatched his personal imperial guard during the campaign against the Satnami rebels.

Much of old Lahore features colonial-era buildings, such as the Tollinton Market.

Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi is built at the place where Guru Tegh Bahadur was beheaded.

Lahore's Lawrence Garden was laid in 1862.

Zafarnama is the name given to the letter sent by the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh in 1705 to Aurangzeb. The letter is written in Persian script.

Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak presenting Akbarnama to Akbar, Mughal miniature

Aurangzeb in a pavilion with three courtiers below.

Gate of Akbar's mausoleum at Sikandra, Agra, 1795

Bibi Ka Maqbara, the mausoleum of Aurangzeb's wife Dilras Banu Begum, was commissioned by him

Potrait of Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar with Mariam Zamani Begum, drawn as per Akbar's description.

The Orange Line is Pakistan's first metro rail line.

Aurangzeb's tomb in Khuldabad, Maharashtra.

The Azadi Chowk is located near the Badshahi Mosque.

The unmarked grave of Aurangzeb in the mausoleum at Khuldabad, Maharashtra.

Tughra and seal of Aurangzeb, on an imperial firman

Lahore Canal during the spring Basant festival

In the year 1689, according to Mughal accounts, Sambhaji was put on trial, found guilty of atrocities and executed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=J. L. |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707{{snd}}1813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA50 |access-date=29 September 2012 |date=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=50–}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |author-link=Burton Stein |year=2010 |orig-year=First published 1998 |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=David |editor-link=David Arnold (historian) |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA180 |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |edition=2nd |page=180 |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6}}</ref>

Guru Tegh Bahadur was publicly executed in 1675 on the orders of Aurangzeb in Delhi<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html |title=A Gateway to Sikhism {{!}} Sri Guru Tegh Bhadur Sahib |website=Gateway to Sikhism |access-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327223831/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html#12 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sarmad Kashani, a Jewish convert to Islam and Sufi mystic was accused of heresy and executed.<ref name="David Cook 2007">{{cite book |last=Cook |first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |year=2007 |title=Martyrdom in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=80 |isbn=978-0-521-85040-7}}</ref>

University of Engineering and Technology, Main Block.

Seventeenth-century Badshahi Masjid built by Aurangzeb in Lahore.

Tomb of Sufi saint, Syed Abdul Rahim Shah Bukhari constructed by Aurangzeb.

Shawls manufactured in the Mughal Empire had highly influenced other cultures around the world.

François Bernier, was a French physician and traveller, who for 12 years was the personal physician of Aurangzeb. He described his experiences in Travels in the Mughal Empire.

Map of the Mughal Empire by Vincenzo Coronelli (1650–1718) of Venice, who served as Royal Geographer to Louis XIV of France.

Aurangzeb leads his final expedition (1705), leading an army of 500,000 troops.

Mughal-era aristocrat armed with a matchlock musket.

Aurangzeb, in later life, hunting with hounds and falconers

Pakistan playing against Argentina in 2005.

Gaddafi Stadium is one of the largest stadiums of Pakistan with a capacity of 27,000 spectators.

In June 1626, after an unsuccessful rebellion by his father, eight-year-old Aurangzeb and his brother Dara Shikoh were sent to the Mughal court in Lahore as hostages of their grandfather Jahangir and his wife, Nur Jahan, as part of their father's pardon deal.

- Aurangzeb

Akbar and his forces occupied Lahore and then seized Multan in the Punjab.

- Akbar

Only 9 of the 36 urban quarters around Lahore, known as guzars, were located within the city's walls during the Akbar period.

- Lahore

Shah Jahan's son, and last of the great Mughal Emperors, Aurangzeb, further contributed to the development of Lahore.

- Lahore

Shah Jahan had already moved away from the liberalism of Akbar, although in a token manner rather than with the intent of suppressing Hinduism, and Aurangzeb took the change still further.

- Aurangzeb

Historian Mubarak Ali, while studying the image of Akbar in Pakistani textbooks, observes that Akbar "is conveniently ignored and not mentioned in any school textbook from class one to matriculation", as opposed to the omnipresence of emperor Aurangzeb.

- Akbar

4 related topics with Alpha

The empire at its greatest extent in c. 1700 under Aurangzeb ((r. 1658 – 1707))

Mughal Empire

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Early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries.

Group portrait of Mughal rulers, from Babur to Aurangzeb, with the Mughal ancestor Timur seated in the middle. On the left: Shah Jahan, Akbar and Babur, with Abu Sa'id of Samarkand and Timur's son, Miran Shah. On the right: Aurangzeb, Jahangir and Humayun, and two of Timur's other offspring Umar Shaykh and Muhammad Sultan. Created c. 1707–12

Coin of Aurangzeb, minted in Kabul, dated 1691/2

Miniature painting - Portrait of an Old Mughal Courtier Wearing Muslin

Muslim Lady Reclining or An Indian Girl with a Hookah, painted in Dacca, 18th century

Ruins of the Great Caravanserai in Dhaka.

Ghulam Hamdani Mushafi, the poet first believed to have coined the name "Urdu" around 1780 AD for a language that went by a multiplicity of names before his time.

Mir Taqi Mir, an Urdu poet of the 18th century Mughal Empire

Badshahi Mosque, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

Buland Darwaza in Fatehpur Sikiri, Agra, India

Lalbagh Fort aerial view in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Shalimar Bagh in Srinagar, Kashmir, India

Illustration by the 17th-century Mughal artist Ustad Mansur

"Alexander Visits the Sage Plato in His Mountain Cave"; illustration by the 16th-century Indian artist Basawan, in a folio from a quintet of the 13th-century Indian poet Amir Khusrau Dihlavi

Folio from Farhang-i-Jahangiri, a Persian dictionary compiled during the Mughal era.

The Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, Akbar.

This imperial structure lasted until 1720, until shortly after the death of the last major emperor, Aurangzeb, during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent.

These were the cities of Agra, Delhi, Lahore, and Fatehpur Sikri.

Shah Jahan

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The fifth emperor of the Mughal Empire, reigning from January 1628 until July 1658.

Shah Jahan, accompanied by his three sons: Dara Shikoh, Shah Shuja and Aurangzeb, and their maternal grandfather Asaf Khan IV

Rosette bearing the names and titles of Shah Jahan

The Taj Mahal, the burial place of Shah Jahan and his wife Mumtaz Mahal

The Submission of Rana Amar Singh of Mewar to Prince Khurram, Tuzk-e-Jahangiri.

Shah Jahan on horseback (during his youth).

Shah Jahan at his Durbar, from the Windsor Padshahnama, c. 1657

Throne of king Shah Jahan, Red Fort, Delhi

Painting of Shah Jahan hunting Asiatic lions at Burhanpur, present-day Madhya Pradesh, from 1630

Shah Jahan and his eldest son Dara Shikoh.

The actual tombs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan in the lower level of Taj Mahal

The elegant Naulakha Pavilion at the Lahore Fort was built during the reign of Shah Jahan.

Shah Jahan and the Mughal Army return after attending a congregation in the Jama Masjid, Delhi.

Lahore's Wazir Khan Mosque is considered to be the most ornate Mughal-era mosque.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dani |first=A. H. |date=2003 |chapter=The Architecture of the Mughal Empire (North-Western Regions) |editor-last1=Adle |editor-first1=Chahryar |editor-last2=Habib |editor-first2=Irfan |editor2-link=Irfan Habib |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |volume=V |chapter-url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001302/130205e.pdf |publisher=UNESCO |page=524 |isbn=978-92-3-103876-1}}</ref>

Finial, Tamga of the Mughal Empire (combining a crescent and a spear pendant with the word Allah).

Silver rupee coin of Shah Jahan, from Patna.

This nomination led to a succession crisis among his three sons, after which Shah Jahan's third son Aurangzeb ((r.

His reign is known for doing away with the liberal policies initiated by Akbar.

He was born on 5 January 1592 in Lahore, in modern-day Pakistan, as the ninth child and third son of Prince Salim (later known as 'Jahangir' upon his accession) by his wife, Jagat Gosain.

Multan

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City and capital of Multan Division located in Punjab, Pakistan.

Multan is famous for its large number of Sufi shrines, including the unique rectangular tomb of Shah Gardez that dates from the 1150s and is covered in blue enameled tiles typical of Multan.

The shrine of Shamsuddin Sabzwari dates from 1330, and has a unique green dome.

The Mausoleum of Shah Ali Akbar dating from the 1580s was built in the regional style that is typical of Multan's shrines.

Multan's Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam is considered to be the earliest Tughluq era monument.

The 15th century Multani Caravanserai in Baku, Azerbaijan, was built to house visiting Multani merchants in the city.

Multan's Shahi Eid Gah Mosque dates from 1735 and is decorated with elaborate and intricate Mughal era frescoes.

Diwan Sawan Mal Chopra, the governor of Multan and Lahore.

Multan's "Bloody Bastion" was the site of fierce fighting during the Siege of Multan in 1848–49.

Multan's Ghanta Ghar dates from the British colonial period, and was built in the Indo-Saracenic style.

Multan's is home to a significant Christian minority.

Multan's Sufi shrines are often decorated during annual Urs festivals. Pictured is the Wali Muhammad Shah shrine.

Multan Cantonment railway station serves as the city's main railway station.

Multan International Airport offers flights throughout Pakistan, and direct flights to Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.

The tomb of Khawaja Awais Kagha displays use of traditional Multan tile-work on both its exterior and interior.

The 10th century Hudud al-'Alam notes that Multan's rulers were also in control of Lahore, though that city was then lost to the Hindu Shahi.

Following the conquest of Upper Sindh by the Mughal Emperor Akbar, Multan was attacked and captured by Akbar's army under the command of Bairam Khan in 1557, thereby re-establishing Mughal rule in Multan.

Upon his return from an expedition to Balkh in 1648, the future emperor Aurangzeb was appointed Governor of Multan and Sindh — a post he held until 1652.

Punjab

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Geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northwestern India.

Taxila in Pakistan is a World Heritage Site

Menander I Soter (165/155 – 130 BCE), conqueror of the Punjab, carved out a Greek kingdom in the Punjab and ruled the Punjab until his death in 130BC.

A section of the Lahore Fort built by the Mughal emperor Akbar

Dominant Mother Tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

1556–1605: Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar

1658–1707: Mohiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir

Historically, Lahore has been the capital of the Punjab region and continues to be the most populous city in the region at 11 million cities' proper population.