A report on Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb and Akbar

Shah Jahan, accompanied by his three sons: Dara Shikoh, Shah Shuja and Aurangzeb, and their maternal grandfather Asaf Khan IV

A painting from c. 1637 shows the brothers (left to right) Shah Shuja, Aurangzeb and Murad Baksh in their younger years.

Rosette bearing the names and titles of Shah Jahan

The Mughal Army under the command of Aurangzeb recaptures Orchha in October 1635.

Mughal Empire under Akbar's period (yellow)

The Taj Mahal, the burial place of Shah Jahan and his wife Mumtaz Mahal

A painting from Padshahnama depicts Prince Aurangzeb facing a maddened war elephant named Sudhakar.

Mughal Emperor Akbar training an elephant

The Submission of Rana Amar Singh of Mewar to Prince Khurram, Tuzk-e-Jahangiri.

Sepoys loyal to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb maintain their positions around the palace, at Aurangabad, in 1658.

Akbar hawking with Mughal chieftains and nobleman accompanied by his guardian Bairam Khan

Shah Jahan on horseback (during his youth).

Young Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana son of Bairam Khan being received by Akbar

Shah Jahan at his Durbar, from the Windsor Padshahnama, c. 1657

Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb in early 18th century

Mughal Emperor Akbar shoots the Rajput warrior Jaimal during the Siege of Chittorgarh in 1568

Aurangzeb compiled Hanafi law by introducing the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri.

Bullocks dragging siege-guns uphill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort in 1568

Throne of king Shah Jahan, Red Fort, Delhi

The court of young Akbar, age 13, showing his first imperial act: the arrest of an unruly courtier, who was once a favourite of Akbar's father. Illustration from a manuscript of the Akbarnama

Painting of Shah Jahan hunting Asiatic lions at Burhanpur, present-day Madhya Pradesh, from 1630

Aurangzeb seated on a golden throne holding a Hawk in the Durbar. Standing before him is his son, Azam Shah.

Falcon Mohur of Akbar, minted in Asir. This coin was issued in the name of Akbar, to commemorate the capture of the strategic Asirgarh Fort of the Khandesh Sultanate on 17 January 1601 CE. Legend: "Allah is great, Khordad Ilahi 45, struck at Asir".

Shah Jahan and his eldest son Dara Shikoh.

Aurangzeb Receives Prince Mu'azzam. Chester Beatty Library

Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience) in Fatehpur Sikri

Dagger (Khanjar) of Aurangzeb (Badshah Alamgir).

Silver coin of Akbar with inscriptions of the Islamic declaration of faith, the declaration reads: "There is no god except Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."

The actual tombs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan in the lower level of Taj Mahal

Manuscript of the Quran, parts of which are believed to have been written in Aurangzeb's own hand.

Portrait of Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani, commonly known as Jodha Bai, giving birth to Prince Salim, the future emperor Jahangir.

The Birthday of the Grand Mogul Aurangzeb, made 1701–1708 by Johann Melchior Dinglinger.

Death of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat at Diu, in front of the Portuguese in 1537

The elegant Naulakha Pavilion at the Lahore Fort was built during the reign of Shah Jahan.

Josiah Child requests a pardon from Aurangzeb during the Anglo-Mughal War.

Portuguese ambush against the galleys of Seydi Ali Reis (Akbar's allies) in the Indian Ocean.

By 1690, Aurangzeb was acknowledged as: "emperor of the Mughal Sultanate from Cape Comorin to Kabul".

The Akbari Mosque, overlooking the Ganges

Shah Jahan and the Mughal Army return after attending a congregation in the Jama Masjid, Delhi.

Aurangzeb spent his reign crushing major and minor rebellions throughout the Mughal Empire.

Portrait of the Mughal Emperor Akbar invocation of a Dua prayer.

Lahore's Wazir Khan Mosque is considered to be the most ornate Mughal-era mosque.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dani |first=A. H. |date=2003 |chapter=The Architecture of the Mughal Empire (North-Western Regions) |editor-last1=Adle |editor-first1=Chahryar |editor-last2=Habib |editor-first2=Irfan |editor2-link=Irfan Habib |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |volume=V |chapter-url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001302/130205e.pdf |publisher=UNESCO |page=524 |isbn=978-92-3-103876-1}}</ref>

The tomb of Akbar was pillaged by Jat rebels during the reign of Aurangzeb.

The Mughal Emperor Akbar welcomes his son Prince Salim at Fatehpur Sikri, (Akbarnameh).

Aurangzeb leads the Mughal Army during the Battle of Satara.

Akbar holds a religious assembly of different faiths in the Ibadat Khana in Fatehpur Sikri.

Finial, Tamga of the Mughal Empire (combining a crescent and a spear pendant with the word Allah).

Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar

Silver square rupee of Akbar, Lahore mint, struck in Aban month of Ilahi

The great Mogul discoursing with a Humble Fakir

Silver rupee coin of Shah Jahan, from Patna.

Aurangzeb dispatched his personal imperial guard during the campaign against the Satnami rebels.

Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi is built at the place where Guru Tegh Bahadur was beheaded.

Zafarnama is the name given to the letter sent by the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh in 1705 to Aurangzeb. The letter is written in Persian script.

Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak presenting Akbarnama to Akbar, Mughal miniature

Aurangzeb in a pavilion with three courtiers below.

Gate of Akbar's mausoleum at Sikandra, Agra, 1795

Bibi Ka Maqbara, the mausoleum of Aurangzeb's wife Dilras Banu Begum, was commissioned by him

Potrait of Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar with Mariam Zamani Begum, drawn as per Akbar's description.

Aurangzeb's tomb in Khuldabad, Maharashtra.

The unmarked grave of Aurangzeb in the mausoleum at Khuldabad, Maharashtra.

Tughra and seal of Aurangzeb, on an imperial firman

In the year 1689, according to Mughal accounts, Sambhaji was put on trial, found guilty of atrocities and executed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=J. L. |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707{{snd}}1813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA50 |access-date=29 September 2012 |date=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=50–}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |author-link=Burton Stein |year=2010 |orig-year=First published 1998 |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=David |editor-link=David Arnold (historian) |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA180 |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |edition=2nd |page=180 |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6}}</ref>

Guru Tegh Bahadur was publicly executed in 1675 on the orders of Aurangzeb in Delhi<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html |title=A Gateway to Sikhism {{!}} Sri Guru Tegh Bhadur Sahib |website=Gateway to Sikhism |access-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327223831/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html#12 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sarmad Kashani, a Jewish convert to Islam and Sufi mystic was accused of heresy and executed.<ref name="David Cook 2007">{{cite book |last=Cook |first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |year=2007 |title=Martyrdom in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=80 |isbn=978-0-521-85040-7}}</ref>

Seventeenth-century Badshahi Masjid built by Aurangzeb in Lahore.

Tomb of Sufi saint, Syed Abdul Rahim Shah Bukhari constructed by Aurangzeb.

Shawls manufactured in the Mughal Empire had highly influenced other cultures around the world.

François Bernier, was a French physician and traveller, who for 12 years was the personal physician of Aurangzeb. He described his experiences in Travels in the Mughal Empire.

Map of the Mughal Empire by Vincenzo Coronelli (1650–1718) of Venice, who served as Royal Geographer to Louis XIV of France.

Aurangzeb leads his final expedition (1705), leading an army of 500,000 troops.

Mughal-era aristocrat armed with a matchlock musket.

He held administrative and military posts under his father Shah Jahan ((r.

- Aurangzeb

This nomination led to a succession crisis among his three sons, after which Shah Jahan's third son Aurangzeb ((r.

- Shah Jahan

His reign is known for doing away with the liberal policies initiated by Akbar.

- Shah Jahan

Shah Jahan had already moved away from the liberalism of Akbar, although in a token manner rather than with the intent of suppressing Hinduism, and Aurangzeb took the change still further.

- Aurangzeb

There was only a transient occupation of the two provinces by the Mughals under his grandson, Shah Jahan, in the mid-17th century.

- Akbar

Historian Mubarak Ali, while studying the image of Akbar in Pakistani textbooks, observes that Akbar "is conveniently ignored and not mentioned in any school textbook from class one to matriculation", as opposed to the omnipresence of emperor Aurangzeb.

- Akbar

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The empire at its greatest extent in c. 1700 under Aurangzeb ((r. 1658 – 1707))

Mughal Empire

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Early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries.

Group portrait of Mughal rulers, from Babur to Aurangzeb, with the Mughal ancestor Timur seated in the middle. On the left: Shah Jahan, Akbar and Babur, with Abu Sa'id of Samarkand and Timur's son, Miran Shah. On the right: Aurangzeb, Jahangir and Humayun, and two of Timur's other offspring Umar Shaykh and Muhammad Sultan. Created c. 1707–12

Coin of Aurangzeb, minted in Kabul, dated 1691/2

Miniature painting - Portrait of an Old Mughal Courtier Wearing Muslin

Muslim Lady Reclining or An Indian Girl with a Hookah, painted in Dacca, 18th century

Ruins of the Great Caravanserai in Dhaka.

Ghulam Hamdani Mushafi, the poet first believed to have coined the name "Urdu" around 1780 AD for a language that went by a multiplicity of names before his time.

Mir Taqi Mir, an Urdu poet of the 18th century Mughal Empire

Badshahi Mosque, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

Buland Darwaza in Fatehpur Sikiri, Agra, India

Lalbagh Fort aerial view in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Shalimar Bagh in Srinagar, Kashmir, India

Illustration by the 17th-century Mughal artist Ustad Mansur

"Alexander Visits the Sage Plato in His Mountain Cave"; illustration by the 16th-century Indian artist Basawan, in a folio from a quintet of the 13th-century Indian poet Amir Khusrau Dihlavi

Folio from Farhang-i-Jahangiri, a Persian dictionary compiled during the Mughal era.

The Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, Akbar.

This imperial structure lasted until 1720, until shortly after the death of the last major emperor, Aurangzeb, during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent.

There was more conspicuous consumption among the Mughal elite, resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture, especially during the reign of Shah Jahan.

The Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani in Sikandra was originally built as a Baradari by Sultan Sikandar Lodi in 1495.

Agra

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City on the banks of the Yamuna river in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, about 210 km south of the national capital New Delhi and 320 km west of the state capital Lucknow.

The Town and Fort of Agra, an engraving.

The sweet dish petha, which is a symbol of Mughal legacy.

Railway Map of Agra (the line to Jaipur has meanwhile been converted to broad gauge)

Inner Ring Road link Yamuna Expressway to Lucknow expessway, Fatehabad Road, Shamshabad Road, NH-3, NH-11 Agra

The most common front view of the Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal and outlying buildings as seen from across the Yamuna River (northern view)

Tombs of Shah Jahan and his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal

The Jahangiri Mahal, the largest residence in the complex

Musamman Burj, an octagonal Tower which was the residence of Shah Jahan's favourite empress, Mumtaz Maḥal

Amar Singh Gate, one of two entrances into Agra's Red Fort

Agra was the foremost city of the Indian subcontinent and the capital of the Mughal Empire under Mughal emperors Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan.

Agra was the foremost city of the subcontinent and the capital of the Mughal Empire until 1658, when Aurangzeb shifted the entire court to Delhi.

Lahore

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Capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab, is Pakistan's 2nd largest city after Karachi, and is the 26th largest city in the world.

The Lava Temple at the Lahore Fort dates from the Sikh period, and is dedicated to the Hindu deity Lava

The Data Darbar shrine, one of Pakistan's most important, was built to commemorate the patron saint of Lahore, Ali Hujwiri, who lived in the city during the Ghaznavid era in the 11th century.

The Neevin Mosque is one of Lahore's few remaining medieval era buildings.

Lahore's Wazir Khan Mosque is considered to be the most ornately decorated Mughal-era mosque.

The Begum Shahi Mosque was completed in 1614 in honour of Jahangir's mother, Mariam-uz-Zamani.

The iconic Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore Fort was built in 1674, and faces Aurangzeb's Badshahi Mosque.

Wazir Khan Mosque painting by William Carpenter, 1866.

The Sunehri Mosque was built in the Walled City of Lahore in the early 18th century, when the Mughal Empire was in decline.

The Tomb of Asif Khan was one of several monuments plundered for its precious building materials during the Sikh period.

Lahore's Hazuri Bagh is at the centre of an ensemble of Mughal and Sikh era monuments, including the Badshahi Mosque, Lahore Fort, Roshnai Gate, and the Samadhi of Ranjit Singh.

The marble Hazuri Bagh Baradari was built in 1818 to celebrate Ranjit Singh's acquisition of the Koh-i-Noor diamond.

The Shah Alami area of Lahore's Walled City in 1890

Having been constructed in the immediate aftermath of the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, the design of the Lahore Railway Station was highly militarised in order to defend the structure from any further potential uprisings against British rule.

The Mall, Lahore's pre-independence commercial core, features many examples of colonial architecture.

Sections of the Walled City of Lahore have been under restoration since 2012 in conjunction with the Agha Khan Trust for Culture.

The area around the Wazir Khan Mosque exemplifies the Walled City's urban form

Built in 2012, Grand Jamia Mosque in Southern Lahore is a blend of Mughal and modern architecture.

A syncretic architectural style that blends Islamic, Hindu, and Western motifs took root during the colonial era, as shown at Aitchison College.

Much of old Lahore features colonial-era buildings, such as the Tollinton Market.

Lahore's Lawrence Garden was laid in 1862.

The Orange Line is Pakistan's first metro rail line.

The Azadi Chowk is located near the Badshahi Mosque.

Lahore Canal during the spring Basant festival

University of Engineering and Technology, Main Block.

Pakistan playing against Argentina in 2005.

Gaddafi Stadium is one of the largest stadiums of Pakistan with a capacity of 27,000 spectators.

Only 9 of the 36 urban quarters around Lahore, known as guzars, were located within the city's walls during the Akbar period.

Jahangir's son, Shah Jahan reigned between 1628 and 1658 and was born in Lahore in 1592.

Shah Jahan's son, and last of the great Mughal Emperors, Aurangzeb, further contributed to the development of Lahore.

Mughal architecture

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Type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed by the Mughals in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the Indian subcontinent.

Badshahi Mosque, in Lahore, Pakistan was the largest mosque in the world for 313 years, and is the last of the imperial mosques built by the Mughals

The Alamgiri Gate at Lahore Fort, Lahore, Pakistan, was named for Aurangzeb, who was sometimes referred to as "Alamgir".

Bibi Ka Maqbara is a tomb in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, which was built by Aurangzeb in the memory of his wife, Dilras Banu Begum

The use of elephant-shaped column brackets at Lahore Fort reflects Hindu influences on Mughal Architecture during the reign of Akbar

Buland Darwaza, Agra was built by Akbar the Great to commemorate his victory.

The tomb of Shaikh Salim Chisti is considered to be one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture

Begum Shahi Mosque is Lahore's earliest dated Mughal period mosque

The tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah is often regarded as a draft of the Tāj Mahal.

The Tomb of Jahangir at Lahore does not have a dome as Jahangir forbade construction of a dome over his tomb.

Wazir Khan Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan, is considered to be the most ornately decorated Mughal-era mosque

The Shalimar Gardens, Lahore are among the most famous Mughal gardens.

The mosque's tile work exhibits Timurid influences introduced during Shah Jahan's campaigns in Central Asia.

The central chamber of the Shahi Hammam is decorated with frescoes

Badshahi Masjid, Lahore, Pakistan was the largest mosque in the world for 313 years, and is now the second-largest mosque in the Indian subcontinent.

Lalbagh Fort in Dhaka is an incomplete fort built by Prince Azam Shah

The 18th-century Sunehri Mosque is named for its gilded domes.

The Darwaza-i-Rauza (Great Gate) of the Taj Mahal.

Jali decorative work at the Tomb of Salim Chishti, Fatehpur Sikri.

Lahori Gate of the Red Fort, Delhi, India.

Jahangir's grave at the Tomb of Jahangir, decorated with parchin kari work.

Tomb of Nithar Begum at Khusro Bagh, Allahabad, India.

The shahada in Arabic calligraphy at the Wazir Khan Mosque, Lahore, Pakistan.

Akbar's Tomb at Agra, India uses red sandstone and white marble, like many of the Mughal monuments. The Taj Mahal is a notable exception, as it uses only marble.

Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of private audience) at Lahore Fort.

Shah Jahan Mosque in Thatta, Pakistan. The mosque is not built in the Mughal style, but reflects a heavy Persian influence.

One of the Tombs of Ustad-Shagird, Nakodar, India.

It also further incorporated and syncretized influences from wider Indian architecture, especially during the reign of Akbar (r.

Mughal architecture reached its zenith during the reign of Shah Jahan, who constructed Taj Mahal, the Jama Masjid, the Shalimar Gardens of Lahore, the Wazir Khan Mosque, and who renovated the Lahore Fort.

The last of the great Mughal architects was Aurangzeb, who built the Badshahi Mosque, Bibi Ka Maqbara, Moti Masjid etc.

Rajput

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Large multi-component cluster of castes, kin bodies, and local groups, sharing social status and ideology of genealogical descent originating from the Indian subcontinent.

During their centuries-long rule, the Rajputs constructed several palaces. Shown here is the Junagarh Fort in Bikaner, Rajasthan, which was built by the Rathore Rajput rulers

A royal Rajput procession, depicted on a mural at the Mehrangarh Fort in Jodhpur

Karni Mata, Hindu Goddess primarily worshipped by Rajputs

The Rajput bride, illustration in The Oriental Annual, or Scenes of India (1835)

Rajputs of Udaipur playing the game of Puchesee.

An 18th-century Rajput painting by the artist Nihâl Chand.

For example, Akbar accomplished 40 marriages for himself, his sons and grandsons, out of which 17 were Rajput-Mughal alliances.

Akbar's successors as Mughal emperors, his son Jahangir and grandson Shah Jahan had Rajput mothers.

Akbar's diplomatic policy regarding the Rajputs was later damaged by the intolerant rules introduced by his great-grandson Aurangzeb.

Burhanpur

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City in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.

Royal bath or hammam Shahi qila Burhanpur

In 1601, the Mughal emperor Akbar annexed the Khandesh sultanate and Burhanpur became the capital of Khandesh subah, one of three new top-level provinces in the Mughal empire, added in 1601 (like Berar Subah in 1869 and Ahmadnagar subah in 1601–35) to the initial dozen as he conquered much of the Deccan.

Burhanpur became a beautiful city, and many historical monuments survive in its expanse, mainly dating from the rule of the great Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.

Arround 1670 Daud Khan was the Subhadar (Governor) of Khandesh provinence, under the rule of Aurangzeb.

Thatta

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City in the Pakistani province of Sindh.

Thatta's Makli Necropolis features several monumental tombs dating from the 14th to 18th centuries.

Thatta's Shah Jahan Mosque features extensive tile work that displays Timurid influences introduced from Central Asia.

Beginning in 1592 during the reign of Emperor Akbar, Thatta was governed by the Mughal Empire based in Agra, which lead to a decline in the city's prosperity as some trade was shifted towards other Mughal ports.

Shah Jahan, while still a prince, sought refuge in the city from his father Emperor Jahangir.

As a token of gratitude for the hospitality he had received in the city while still a prince, Shah Jahan bestowed the Shah Jahan Mosque to the city in 1647 as part of the city's rebuilding efforts, although it was not completed until 1659 under the reign of his son Aurangzeb.