A report on Sindh, Akbar and Aurangzeb

A painting from c. 1637 shows the brothers (left to right) Shah Shuja, Aurangzeb and Murad Baksh in their younger years.

The Priest-King from Mohenjo-daro, 4000 years old, in the National Museum of Pakistan

Mughal Empire under Akbar's period (yellow)

The Mughal Army under the command of Aurangzeb recaptures Orchha in October 1635.

Extent and major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization in pre-modern Pakistan and India 3000 BC

Mughal Emperor Akbar training an elephant

A painting from Padshahnama depicts Prince Aurangzeb facing a maddened war elephant named Sudhakar.

Akbar hawking with Mughal chieftains and nobleman accompanied by his guardian Bairam Khan

Sepoys loyal to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb maintain their positions around the palace, at Aurangabad, in 1658.

Young Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana son of Bairam Khan being received by Akbar

Makli Hill is one of the largest necropolises in the world.

Mughal Emperor Akbar shoots the Rajput warrior Jaimal during the Siege of Chittorgarh in 1568

Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb in early 18th century

Sindh became part of the Bombay Presidency in 1909.

Bullocks dragging siege-guns uphill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort in 1568

Aurangzeb compiled Hanafi law by introducing the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri.

The court of young Akbar, age 13, showing his first imperial act: the arrest of an unruly courtier, who was once a favourite of Akbar's father. Illustration from a manuscript of the Akbarnama

Devotee at Panchmukhi Hanuman Temple in Karachi

Falcon Mohur of Akbar, minted in Asir. This coin was issued in the name of Akbar, to commemorate the capture of the strategic Asirgarh Fort of the Khandesh Sultanate on 17 January 1601 CE. Legend: "Allah is great, Khordad Ilahi 45, struck at Asir".

Aurangzeb seated on a golden throne holding a Hawk in the Durbar. Standing before him is his son, Azam Shah.

Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience) in Fatehpur Sikri

Aurangzeb Receives Prince Mu'azzam. Chester Beatty Library

Sindhri is among top 10 mango varieties in the world

Silver coin of Akbar with inscriptions of the Islamic declaration of faith, the declaration reads: "There is no god except Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."

Dagger (Khanjar) of Aurangzeb (Badshah Alamgir).

Portrait of Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani, commonly known as Jodha Bai, giving birth to Prince Salim, the future emperor Jahangir.

Manuscript of the Quran, parts of which are believed to have been written in Aurangzeb's own hand.

Death of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat at Diu, in front of the Portuguese in 1537

The Birthday of the Grand Mogul Aurangzeb, made 1701–1708 by Johann Melchior Dinglinger.

Portuguese ambush against the galleys of Seydi Ali Reis (Akbar's allies) in the Indian Ocean.

Josiah Child requests a pardon from Aurangzeb during the Anglo-Mughal War.

The Akbari Mosque, overlooking the Ganges

By 1690, Aurangzeb was acknowledged as: "emperor of the Mughal Sultanate from Cape Comorin to Kabul".

A view of Karachi downtown, the capital of Sindh province

Portrait of the Mughal Emperor Akbar invocation of a Dua prayer.

Aurangzeb spent his reign crushing major and minor rebellions throughout the Mughal Empire.

The Mughal Emperor Akbar welcomes his son Prince Salim at Fatehpur Sikri, (Akbarnameh).

The tomb of Akbar was pillaged by Jat rebels during the reign of Aurangzeb.

Akbar holds a religious assembly of different faiths in the Ibadat Khana in Fatehpur Sikri.

Aurangzeb leads the Mughal Army during the Battle of Satara.

Sukkur skyline along the shores of the River Indus

Silver square rupee of Akbar, Lahore mint, struck in Aban month of Ilahi

Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar

Dayaram Jethmal College (D.J. College), Karachi in the 19th century

The great Mogul discoursing with a Humble Fakir

National Academy of Performing Arts, Karachi

Aurangzeb dispatched his personal imperial guard during the campaign against the Satnami rebels.

Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi is built at the place where Guru Tegh Bahadur was beheaded.

Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak presenting Akbarnama to Akbar, Mughal miniature

Zafarnama is the name given to the letter sent by the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh in 1705 to Aurangzeb. The letter is written in Persian script.

Archaeological ruins at Moenjodaro, Sindh, Pakistan

Gate of Akbar's mausoleum at Sikandra, Agra, 1795

Aurangzeb in a pavilion with three courtiers below.

The ruins of an ancient mosque at Bhambore

Potrait of Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar with Mariam Zamani Begum, drawn as per Akbar's description.

Bibi Ka Maqbara, the mausoleum of Aurangzeb's wife Dilras Banu Begum, was commissioned by him

Sindhi women collecting water from a reservoir on the way to Mubarak Village

Aurangzeb's tomb in Khuldabad, Maharashtra.

Caravan of merchants in the Indus River Valley

The unmarked grave of Aurangzeb in the mausoleum at Khuldabad, Maharashtra.

Tughra and seal of Aurangzeb, on an imperial firman

In the year 1689, according to Mughal accounts, Sambhaji was put on trial, found guilty of atrocities and executed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=J. L. |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707{{snd}}1813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA50 |access-date=29 September 2012 |date=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=50–}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |author-link=Burton Stein |year=2010 |orig-year=First published 1998 |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=David |editor-link=David Arnold (historian) |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA180 |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |edition=2nd |page=180 |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6}}</ref>

Guru Tegh Bahadur was publicly executed in 1675 on the orders of Aurangzeb in Delhi<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html |title=A Gateway to Sikhism {{!}} Sri Guru Tegh Bhadur Sahib |website=Gateway to Sikhism |access-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327223831/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html#12 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Ranikot Fort, one of the largest forts in the world

Sarmad Kashani, a Jewish convert to Islam and Sufi mystic was accused of heresy and executed.<ref name="David Cook 2007">{{cite book |last=Cook |first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |year=2007 |title=Martyrdom in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=80 |isbn=978-0-521-85040-7}}</ref>

Remains of 9th century Jain temple in Bhodesar near Nagarparkar.

Seventeenth-century Badshahi Masjid built by Aurangzeb in Lahore.

Tomb of Sufi saint, Syed Abdul Rahim Shah Bukhari constructed by Aurangzeb.

alt=Karoonjhar Mountains, Tharparkar|Karoonjhar Mountains, Tharparkar

Shawls manufactured in the Mughal Empire had highly influenced other cultures around the world.

François Bernier, was a French physician and traveller, who for 12 years was the personal physician of Aurangzeb. He described his experiences in Travels in the Mughal Empire.

Map of the Mughal Empire by Vincenzo Coronelli (1650–1718) of Venice, who served as Royal Geographer to Louis XIV of France.

Aurangzeb leads his final expedition (1705), leading an army of 500,000 troops.

Mughal-era aristocrat armed with a matchlock musket.

He jointly administrated the provinces of Multan and Sindh in 1648–1652 and continued expeditions into the neighboring Safavid territories.

- Aurangzeb

Defeated in battles at Chausa and Kannauj in 1539 to 1541 by the forces of Sher Shah Suri, Mughal emperor Humayun fled westward to Sindh.

- Akbar

In 1541 Humayun married Hamida Banu Begum, who gave birth to the infant Akbar at Umarkot in the year 1542.

- Sindh

In the year 1701, the Kalhora Nawabs were authorized in a firman by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to administer subah Sindh.

- Sindh

Shah Jahan had already moved away from the liberalism of Akbar, although in a token manner rather than with the intent of suppressing Hinduism, and Aurangzeb took the change still further.

- Aurangzeb

Historian Mubarak Ali, while studying the image of Akbar in Pakistani textbooks, observes that Akbar "is conveniently ignored and not mentioned in any school textbook from class one to matriculation", as opposed to the omnipresence of emperor Aurangzeb.

- Akbar

5 related topics with Alpha

Gujarat

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State along the western coast of India.

A modern Zoroastrian Agiary in Western India

Bombay Presidency in 1909, northern portion

Mahatma Gandhi picking salt at Dandi beach, South Gujarat ending the Salt satyagraha on 5 April 1930

Swarnim Sankul 2, Office of Gujarat Government

Shown here is the Tata Nano, the world's least expensive car. Sanand, Gujarat, is home to Tata Nano.

Surat is one of the fastest growing cities in the world.

Astonfield's 11.5 MW solar plant in Gujarat

Hemchandra acharya with his disciple Kumarpal Raja. He is regarded as the father of the Gujarati language.

Depection of Shrimad Rajchandra writing Atmasiddhi in single sitting of 1.5 hrs, one of the longest Gujarati poetry based on Jain philosophy.

An Asiatic lion family, which occurs in and around Gir National Park

Striped hyena at the Gir Forest National Park

Indroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park, Gandhinagar

Statue of Unity facing the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the river Narmada in Kevadiya colony

A man in traditional costumes during Tarnetar fair

Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad

The Gujarat National Law University, Gandhinagar

Campus at Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Gandhinagar

The clock tower in Gujarat University, Ahmedabad

Kala Bhavan, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda

The colourful Rann Utsav Festival is held annually in the Rann of Kutch.

People enjoying Raan Utsav at Dhordo, Kutch

Jama Masjid (Friday Mosque, 15th century), Ahmedabad

Statue of Mahatma Gandhi in Sabarmati Ashram, Ahmedabad

Muhammad ibn Qasim's conquest of Sindh (711-715 CE).
Desert areas (Registan Desert and Thar Desert)
Zunbils
Kingdom of Sindh (c. 632– 712 CE)
Maitraka Kingdom (c.475–c.776 CE)

It is bordered by Rajasthan to the northeast, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the south, Maharashtra to the southeast, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west.

The Sultanate of Gujarat remained independent until 1572, when the Mughal emperor Akbar conquered it and annexed it to the Mughal Empire.

Aurangzeb, who was better known by his imperial title Alamgir ("Conqueror of the World"), was born at Dahod, Gujarat, and was the sixth Mughal Emperor ruling with an iron fist over most of the Indian subcontinent.

Thatta

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Thatta's Makli Necropolis features several monumental tombs dating from the 14th to 18th centuries.

Thatta's Shah Jahan Mosque features extensive tile work that displays Timurid influences introduced from Central Asia.

Thatta (ٺٽو; ) is a city in the Pakistani province of Sindh.

Beginning in 1592 during the reign of Emperor Akbar, Thatta was governed by the Mughal Empire based in Agra, which lead to a decline in the city's prosperity as some trade was shifted towards other Mughal ports.

As a token of gratitude for the hospitality he had received in the city while still a prince, Shah Jahan bestowed the Shah Jahan Mosque to the city in 1647 as part of the city's rebuilding efforts, although it was not completed until 1659 under the reign of his son Aurangzeb.

Multan

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City and capital of Multan Division located in Punjab, Pakistan.

Multan is famous for its large number of Sufi shrines, including the unique rectangular tomb of Shah Gardez that dates from the 1150s and is covered in blue enameled tiles typical of Multan.

The shrine of Shamsuddin Sabzwari dates from 1330, and has a unique green dome.

The Mausoleum of Shah Ali Akbar dating from the 1580s was built in the regional style that is typical of Multan's shrines.

Multan's Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam is considered to be the earliest Tughluq era monument.

The 15th century Multani Caravanserai in Baku, Azerbaijan, was built to house visiting Multani merchants in the city.

Multan's Shahi Eid Gah Mosque dates from 1735 and is decorated with elaborate and intricate Mughal era frescoes.

Diwan Sawan Mal Chopra, the governor of Multan and Lahore.

Multan's "Bloody Bastion" was the site of fierce fighting during the Siege of Multan in 1848–49.

Multan's Ghanta Ghar dates from the British colonial period, and was built in the Indo-Saracenic style.

Multan's is home to a significant Christian minority.

Multan's Sufi shrines are often decorated during annual Urs festivals. Pictured is the Wali Muhammad Shah shrine.

Multan Cantonment railway station serves as the city's main railway station.

Multan International Airport offers flights throughout Pakistan, and direct flights to Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.

The tomb of Khawaja Awais Kagha displays use of traditional Multan tile-work on both its exterior and interior.

After his conquest of Sindh, Muhammad ibn Qasim in 712 CE captured Multan from the local ruler Raja Dahir following a two-month siege.

Following the conquest of Upper Sindh by the Mughal Emperor Akbar, Multan was attacked and captured by Akbar's army under the command of Bairam Khan in 1557, thereby re-establishing Mughal rule in Multan.

Upon his return from an expedition to Balkh in 1648, the future emperor Aurangzeb was appointed Governor of Multan and Sindh — a post he held until 1652.

Punjab

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Geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northwestern India.

Taxila in Pakistan is a World Heritage Site

Menander I Soter (165/155 – 130 BCE), conqueror of the Punjab, carved out a Greek kingdom in the Punjab and ruled the Punjab until his death in 130BC.

A section of the Lahore Fort built by the Mughal emperor Akbar

Dominant Mother Tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

It bordered the Balochistan and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa regions to the west, Kashmir to the north, the Hindi Belt to the east, and Rajasthan and Sindh to the south.

1556–1605: Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar

1658–1707: Mohiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir

Rajput

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Large multi-component cluster of castes, kin bodies, and local groups, sharing social status and ideology of genealogical descent originating from the Indian subcontinent.

During their centuries-long rule, the Rajputs constructed several palaces. Shown here is the Junagarh Fort in Bikaner, Rajasthan, which was built by the Rathore Rajput rulers

A royal Rajput procession, depicted on a mural at the Mehrangarh Fort in Jodhpur

Karni Mata, Hindu Goddess primarily worshipped by Rajputs

The Rajput bride, illustration in The Oriental Annual, or Scenes of India (1835)

Rajputs of Udaipur playing the game of Puchesee.

An 18th-century Rajput painting by the artist Nihâl Chand.

These areas include Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat, Eastern Punjab, Western Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Sindh.

For example, Akbar accomplished 40 marriages for himself, his sons and grandsons, out of which 17 were Rajput-Mughal alliances.

Akbar's diplomatic policy regarding the Rajputs was later damaged by the intolerant rules introduced by his great-grandson Aurangzeb.