A report on Thatta, Aurangzeb and Akbar

Thatta's Makli Necropolis features several monumental tombs dating from the 14th to 18th centuries.

A painting from c. 1637 shows the brothers (left to right) Shah Shuja, Aurangzeb and Murad Baksh in their younger years.

Thatta's Shah Jahan Mosque features extensive tile work that displays Timurid influences introduced from Central Asia.

The Mughal Army under the command of Aurangzeb recaptures Orchha in October 1635.

Mughal Empire under Akbar's period (yellow)

A painting from Padshahnama depicts Prince Aurangzeb facing a maddened war elephant named Sudhakar.

Mughal Emperor Akbar training an elephant

Sepoys loyal to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb maintain their positions around the palace, at Aurangabad, in 1658.

Akbar hawking with Mughal chieftains and nobleman accompanied by his guardian Bairam Khan

Young Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana son of Bairam Khan being received by Akbar

Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb in early 18th century

Mughal Emperor Akbar shoots the Rajput warrior Jaimal during the Siege of Chittorgarh in 1568

Aurangzeb compiled Hanafi law by introducing the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri.

Bullocks dragging siege-guns uphill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort in 1568

The court of young Akbar, age 13, showing his first imperial act: the arrest of an unruly courtier, who was once a favourite of Akbar's father. Illustration from a manuscript of the Akbarnama

Aurangzeb seated on a golden throne holding a Hawk in the Durbar. Standing before him is his son, Azam Shah.

Falcon Mohur of Akbar, minted in Asir. This coin was issued in the name of Akbar, to commemorate the capture of the strategic Asirgarh Fort of the Khandesh Sultanate on 17 January 1601 CE. Legend: "Allah is great, Khordad Ilahi 45, struck at Asir".

Aurangzeb Receives Prince Mu'azzam. Chester Beatty Library

Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience) in Fatehpur Sikri

Dagger (Khanjar) of Aurangzeb (Badshah Alamgir).

Silver coin of Akbar with inscriptions of the Islamic declaration of faith, the declaration reads: "There is no god except Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."

Manuscript of the Quran, parts of which are believed to have been written in Aurangzeb's own hand.

Portrait of Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani, commonly known as Jodha Bai, giving birth to Prince Salim, the future emperor Jahangir.

The Birthday of the Grand Mogul Aurangzeb, made 1701–1708 by Johann Melchior Dinglinger.

Death of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat at Diu, in front of the Portuguese in 1537

Josiah Child requests a pardon from Aurangzeb during the Anglo-Mughal War.

Portuguese ambush against the galleys of Seydi Ali Reis (Akbar's allies) in the Indian Ocean.

By 1690, Aurangzeb was acknowledged as: "emperor of the Mughal Sultanate from Cape Comorin to Kabul".

The Akbari Mosque, overlooking the Ganges

Aurangzeb spent his reign crushing major and minor rebellions throughout the Mughal Empire.

Portrait of the Mughal Emperor Akbar invocation of a Dua prayer.

The tomb of Akbar was pillaged by Jat rebels during the reign of Aurangzeb.

The Mughal Emperor Akbar welcomes his son Prince Salim at Fatehpur Sikri, (Akbarnameh).

Aurangzeb leads the Mughal Army during the Battle of Satara.

Akbar holds a religious assembly of different faiths in the Ibadat Khana in Fatehpur Sikri.

Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar

Silver square rupee of Akbar, Lahore mint, struck in Aban month of Ilahi

The great Mogul discoursing with a Humble Fakir

Aurangzeb dispatched his personal imperial guard during the campaign against the Satnami rebels.

Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi is built at the place where Guru Tegh Bahadur was beheaded.

Zafarnama is the name given to the letter sent by the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh in 1705 to Aurangzeb. The letter is written in Persian script.

Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak presenting Akbarnama to Akbar, Mughal miniature

Aurangzeb in a pavilion with three courtiers below.

Gate of Akbar's mausoleum at Sikandra, Agra, 1795

Bibi Ka Maqbara, the mausoleum of Aurangzeb's wife Dilras Banu Begum, was commissioned by him

Potrait of Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar with Mariam Zamani Begum, drawn as per Akbar's description.

Aurangzeb's tomb in Khuldabad, Maharashtra.

The unmarked grave of Aurangzeb in the mausoleum at Khuldabad, Maharashtra.

Tughra and seal of Aurangzeb, on an imperial firman

In the year 1689, according to Mughal accounts, Sambhaji was put on trial, found guilty of atrocities and executed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=J. L. |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707{{snd}}1813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA50 |access-date=29 September 2012 |date=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=50–}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |author-link=Burton Stein |year=2010 |orig-year=First published 1998 |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=David |editor-link=David Arnold (historian) |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA180 |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |edition=2nd |page=180 |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6}}</ref>

Guru Tegh Bahadur was publicly executed in 1675 on the orders of Aurangzeb in Delhi<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html |title=A Gateway to Sikhism {{!}} Sri Guru Tegh Bhadur Sahib |website=Gateway to Sikhism |access-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327223831/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html#12 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sarmad Kashani, a Jewish convert to Islam and Sufi mystic was accused of heresy and executed.<ref name="David Cook 2007">{{cite book |last=Cook |first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |year=2007 |title=Martyrdom in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=80 |isbn=978-0-521-85040-7}}</ref>

Seventeenth-century Badshahi Masjid built by Aurangzeb in Lahore.

Tomb of Sufi saint, Syed Abdul Rahim Shah Bukhari constructed by Aurangzeb.

Shawls manufactured in the Mughal Empire had highly influenced other cultures around the world.

François Bernier, was a French physician and traveller, who for 12 years was the personal physician of Aurangzeb. He described his experiences in Travels in the Mughal Empire.

Map of the Mughal Empire by Vincenzo Coronelli (1650–1718) of Venice, who served as Royal Geographer to Louis XIV of France.

Aurangzeb leads his final expedition (1705), leading an army of 500,000 troops.

Mughal-era aristocrat armed with a matchlock musket.

Aurangzeb, in later life, hunting with hounds and falconers

Beginning in 1592 during the reign of Emperor Akbar, Thatta was governed by the Mughal Empire based in Agra, which lead to a decline in the city's prosperity as some trade was shifted towards other Mughal ports.

- Thatta

As a token of gratitude for the hospitality he had received in the city while still a prince, Shah Jahan bestowed the Shah Jahan Mosque to the city in 1647 as part of the city's rebuilding efforts, although it was not completed until 1659 under the reign of his son Aurangzeb.

- Thatta

Shah Jahan had already moved away from the liberalism of Akbar, although in a token manner rather than with the intent of suppressing Hinduism, and Aurangzeb took the change still further.

- Aurangzeb

He learnt that at Multan, Thatta, and particularly at Varanasi, the teachings of Hindu Brahmins attracted numerous Muslims.

- Aurangzeb

Now, in 1586, the Mughal governor of Multan tried and failed to secure the capitulation of Mirza Jani Beg, the independent ruler of Thatta in southern Sindh.

- Akbar

Historian Mubarak Ali, while studying the image of Akbar in Pakistani textbooks, observes that Akbar "is conveniently ignored and not mentioned in any school textbook from class one to matriculation", as opposed to the omnipresence of emperor Aurangzeb.

- Akbar

3 related topics with Alpha

Sindh

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One of the four provinces of Pakistan.

The Priest-King from Mohenjo-daro, 4000 years old, in the National Museum of Pakistan

Extent and major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization in pre-modern Pakistan and India 3000 BC

Makli Hill is one of the largest necropolises in the world.

Sindh became part of the Bombay Presidency in 1909.

Devotee at Panchmukhi Hanuman Temple in Karachi

Sindhri is among top 10 mango varieties in the world

A view of Karachi downtown, the capital of Sindh province

Sukkur skyline along the shores of the River Indus

Dayaram Jethmal College (D.J. College), Karachi in the 19th century

National Academy of Performing Arts, Karachi

Archaeological ruins at Moenjodaro, Sindh, Pakistan

The ruins of an ancient mosque at Bhambore

Sindhi women collecting water from a reservoir on the way to Mubarak Village

Caravan of merchants in the Indus River Valley

Ranikot Fort, one of the largest forts in the world

Remains of 9th century Jain temple in Bhodesar near Nagarparkar.

alt=Karoonjhar Mountains, Tharparkar|Karoonjhar Mountains, Tharparkar

During his reign from 1461 to 1509, Nindó greatly expanded the new capital of Thatta and its Makli hills, which replaced Debal.

In 1541 Humayun married Hamida Banu Begum, who gave birth to the infant Akbar at Umarkot in the year 1542.

In the year 1701, the Kalhora Nawabs were authorized in a firman by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to administer subah Sindh.

Gujarat

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State along the western coast of India.

A modern Zoroastrian Agiary in Western India

Bombay Presidency in 1909, northern portion

Mahatma Gandhi picking salt at Dandi beach, South Gujarat ending the Salt satyagraha on 5 April 1930

Swarnim Sankul 2, Office of Gujarat Government

Shown here is the Tata Nano, the world's least expensive car. Sanand, Gujarat, is home to Tata Nano.

Surat is one of the fastest growing cities in the world.

Astonfield's 11.5 MW solar plant in Gujarat

Hemchandra acharya with his disciple Kumarpal Raja. He is regarded as the father of the Gujarati language.

Depection of Shrimad Rajchandra writing Atmasiddhi in single sitting of 1.5 hrs, one of the longest Gujarati poetry based on Jain philosophy.

An Asiatic lion family, which occurs in and around Gir National Park

Striped hyena at the Gir Forest National Park

Indroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park, Gandhinagar

Statue of Unity facing the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the river Narmada in Kevadiya colony

A man in traditional costumes during Tarnetar fair

Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad

The Gujarat National Law University, Gandhinagar

Campus at Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Gandhinagar

The clock tower in Gujarat University, Ahmedabad

Kala Bhavan, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda

The colourful Rann Utsav Festival is held annually in the Rann of Kutch.

People enjoying Raan Utsav at Dhordo, Kutch

Jama Masjid (Friday Mosque, 15th century), Ahmedabad

Statue of Mahatma Gandhi in Sabarmati Ashram, Ahmedabad

Muhammad ibn Qasim's conquest of Sindh (711-715 CE).
Desert areas (Registan Desert and Thar Desert)
Zunbils
Kingdom of Sindh (c. 632– 712 CE)
Maitraka Kingdom (c.475–c.776 CE)

The Sultanate of Gujarat remained independent until 1572, when the Mughal emperor Akbar conquered it and annexed it to the Mughal Empire.

Gujarat was one of the twelve original subahs (imperial top-level provinces) established by Mughal Emperor (Badshah) Akbar, with seat at Ahmedabad, bordering on Thatta (Sindh), Ajmer, Malwa and later Ahmadnagar subahs.

Aurangzeb, who was better known by his imperial title Alamgir ("Conqueror of the World"), was born at Dahod, Gujarat, and was the sixth Mughal Emperor ruling with an iron fist over most of the Indian subcontinent.

Shah Jahan

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The fifth emperor of the Mughal Empire, reigning from January 1628 until July 1658.

Shah Jahan, accompanied by his three sons: Dara Shikoh, Shah Shuja and Aurangzeb, and their maternal grandfather Asaf Khan IV

Rosette bearing the names and titles of Shah Jahan

The Taj Mahal, the burial place of Shah Jahan and his wife Mumtaz Mahal

The Submission of Rana Amar Singh of Mewar to Prince Khurram, Tuzk-e-Jahangiri.

Shah Jahan on horseback (during his youth).

Shah Jahan at his Durbar, from the Windsor Padshahnama, c. 1657

Throne of king Shah Jahan, Red Fort, Delhi

Painting of Shah Jahan hunting Asiatic lions at Burhanpur, present-day Madhya Pradesh, from 1630

Shah Jahan and his eldest son Dara Shikoh.

The actual tombs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan in the lower level of Taj Mahal

The elegant Naulakha Pavilion at the Lahore Fort was built during the reign of Shah Jahan.

Shah Jahan and the Mughal Army return after attending a congregation in the Jama Masjid, Delhi.

Lahore's Wazir Khan Mosque is considered to be the most ornate Mughal-era mosque.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dani |first=A. H. |date=2003 |chapter=The Architecture of the Mughal Empire (North-Western Regions) |editor-last1=Adle |editor-first1=Chahryar |editor-last2=Habib |editor-first2=Irfan |editor2-link=Irfan Habib |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |volume=V |chapter-url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001302/130205e.pdf |publisher=UNESCO |page=524 |isbn=978-92-3-103876-1}}</ref>

Finial, Tamga of the Mughal Empire (combining a crescent and a spear pendant with the word Allah).

Silver rupee coin of Shah Jahan, from Patna.

This nomination led to a succession crisis among his three sons, after which Shah Jahan's third son Aurangzeb ((r.

His reign is known for doing away with the liberal policies initiated by Akbar.

Murad IV presented them with the finest weapons, saddles, and Kaftans and ordered his forces to accompany the Mughals to the port of Basra, where they set sail to Thatta and finally Surat.