A report on Akbar and Aurangzeb

A painting from c. 1637 shows the brothers (left to right) Shah Shuja, Aurangzeb and Murad Baksh in their younger years.

Mughal Empire under Akbar's period (yellow)

The Mughal Army under the command of Aurangzeb recaptures Orchha in October 1635.

Mughal Emperor Akbar training an elephant

A painting from Padshahnama depicts Prince Aurangzeb facing a maddened war elephant named Sudhakar.

Akbar hawking with Mughal chieftains and nobleman accompanied by his guardian Bairam Khan

Sepoys loyal to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb maintain their positions around the palace, at Aurangabad, in 1658.

Young Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana son of Bairam Khan being received by Akbar

Mughal Emperor Akbar shoots the Rajput warrior Jaimal during the Siege of Chittorgarh in 1568

Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb in early 18th century

Bullocks dragging siege-guns uphill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort in 1568

Aurangzeb compiled Hanafi law by introducing the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri.

The court of young Akbar, age 13, showing his first imperial act: the arrest of an unruly courtier, who was once a favourite of Akbar's father. Illustration from a manuscript of the Akbarnama

Falcon Mohur of Akbar, minted in Asir. This coin was issued in the name of Akbar, to commemorate the capture of the strategic Asirgarh Fort of the Khandesh Sultanate on 17 January 1601 CE. Legend: "Allah is great, Khordad Ilahi 45, struck at Asir".

Aurangzeb seated on a golden throne holding a Hawk in the Durbar. Standing before him is his son, Azam Shah.

Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience) in Fatehpur Sikri

Aurangzeb Receives Prince Mu'azzam. Chester Beatty Library

Silver coin of Akbar with inscriptions of the Islamic declaration of faith, the declaration reads: "There is no god except Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."

Dagger (Khanjar) of Aurangzeb (Badshah Alamgir).

Portrait of Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani, commonly known as Jodha Bai, giving birth to Prince Salim, the future emperor Jahangir.

Manuscript of the Quran, parts of which are believed to have been written in Aurangzeb's own hand.

Death of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat at Diu, in front of the Portuguese in 1537

The Birthday of the Grand Mogul Aurangzeb, made 1701–1708 by Johann Melchior Dinglinger.

Portuguese ambush against the galleys of Seydi Ali Reis (Akbar's allies) in the Indian Ocean.

Josiah Child requests a pardon from Aurangzeb during the Anglo-Mughal War.

The Akbari Mosque, overlooking the Ganges

By 1690, Aurangzeb was acknowledged as: "emperor of the Mughal Sultanate from Cape Comorin to Kabul".

Portrait of the Mughal Emperor Akbar invocation of a Dua prayer.

Aurangzeb spent his reign crushing major and minor rebellions throughout the Mughal Empire.

The Mughal Emperor Akbar welcomes his son Prince Salim at Fatehpur Sikri, (Akbarnameh).

The tomb of Akbar was pillaged by Jat rebels during the reign of Aurangzeb.

Akbar holds a religious assembly of different faiths in the Ibadat Khana in Fatehpur Sikri.

Aurangzeb leads the Mughal Army during the Battle of Satara.

Silver square rupee of Akbar, Lahore mint, struck in Aban month of Ilahi

Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar

The great Mogul discoursing with a Humble Fakir

Aurangzeb dispatched his personal imperial guard during the campaign against the Satnami rebels.

Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi is built at the place where Guru Tegh Bahadur was beheaded.

Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak presenting Akbarnama to Akbar, Mughal miniature

Zafarnama is the name given to the letter sent by the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh in 1705 to Aurangzeb. The letter is written in Persian script.

Gate of Akbar's mausoleum at Sikandra, Agra, 1795

Aurangzeb in a pavilion with three courtiers below.

Potrait of Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar with Mariam Zamani Begum, drawn as per Akbar's description.

Bibi Ka Maqbara, the mausoleum of Aurangzeb's wife Dilras Banu Begum, was commissioned by him

Aurangzeb's tomb in Khuldabad, Maharashtra.

The unmarked grave of Aurangzeb in the mausoleum at Khuldabad, Maharashtra.

Tughra and seal of Aurangzeb, on an imperial firman

In the year 1689, according to Mughal accounts, Sambhaji was put on trial, found guilty of atrocities and executed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=J. L. |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707{{snd}}1813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA50 |access-date=29 September 2012 |date=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=50–}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |author-link=Burton Stein |year=2010 |orig-year=First published 1998 |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=David |editor-link=David Arnold (historian) |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA180 |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |edition=2nd |page=180 |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6}}</ref>

Guru Tegh Bahadur was publicly executed in 1675 on the orders of Aurangzeb in Delhi<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html |title=A Gateway to Sikhism {{!}} Sri Guru Tegh Bhadur Sahib |website=Gateway to Sikhism |access-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327223831/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html#12 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sarmad Kashani, a Jewish convert to Islam and Sufi mystic was accused of heresy and executed.<ref name="David Cook 2007">{{cite book |last=Cook |first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |year=2007 |title=Martyrdom in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=80 |isbn=978-0-521-85040-7}}</ref>

Seventeenth-century Badshahi Masjid built by Aurangzeb in Lahore.

Tomb of Sufi saint, Syed Abdul Rahim Shah Bukhari constructed by Aurangzeb.

Shawls manufactured in the Mughal Empire had highly influenced other cultures around the world.

François Bernier, was a French physician and traveller, who for 12 years was the personal physician of Aurangzeb. He described his experiences in Travels in the Mughal Empire.

Map of the Mughal Empire by Vincenzo Coronelli (1650–1718) of Venice, who served as Royal Geographer to Louis XIV of France.

Aurangzeb leads his final expedition (1705), leading an army of 500,000 troops.

Mughal-era aristocrat armed with a matchlock musket.

Shah Jahan had already moved away from the liberalism of Akbar, although in a token manner rather than with the intent of suppressing Hinduism, and Aurangzeb took the change still further.

- Aurangzeb

Historian Mubarak Ali, while studying the image of Akbar in Pakistani textbooks, observes that Akbar "is conveniently ignored and not mentioned in any school textbook from class one to matriculation", as opposed to the omnipresence of emperor Aurangzeb.

- Akbar

17 related topics with Alpha

Gujarat

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State along the western coast of India.

A modern Zoroastrian Agiary in Western India

Bombay Presidency in 1909, northern portion

Mahatma Gandhi picking salt at Dandi beach, South Gujarat ending the Salt satyagraha on 5 April 1930

Swarnim Sankul 2, Office of Gujarat Government

Shown here is the Tata Nano, the world's least expensive car. Sanand, Gujarat, is home to Tata Nano.

Surat is one of the fastest growing cities in the world.

Astonfield's 11.5 MW solar plant in Gujarat

Hemchandra acharya with his disciple Kumarpal Raja. He is regarded as the father of the Gujarati language.

Depection of Shrimad Rajchandra writing Atmasiddhi in single sitting of 1.5 hrs, one of the longest Gujarati poetry based on Jain philosophy.

An Asiatic lion family, which occurs in and around Gir National Park

Striped hyena at the Gir Forest National Park

Indroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park, Gandhinagar

Statue of Unity facing the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the river Narmada in Kevadiya colony

A man in traditional costumes during Tarnetar fair

Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad

The Gujarat National Law University, Gandhinagar

Campus at Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Gandhinagar

The clock tower in Gujarat University, Ahmedabad

Kala Bhavan, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda

The colourful Rann Utsav Festival is held annually in the Rann of Kutch.

People enjoying Raan Utsav at Dhordo, Kutch

Jama Masjid (Friday Mosque, 15th century), Ahmedabad

Statue of Mahatma Gandhi in Sabarmati Ashram, Ahmedabad

Muhammad ibn Qasim's conquest of Sindh (711-715 CE).
Desert areas (Registan Desert and Thar Desert)
Zunbils
Kingdom of Sindh (c. 632– 712 CE)
Maitraka Kingdom (c.475–c.776 CE)

The Sultanate of Gujarat remained independent until 1572, when the Mughal emperor Akbar conquered it and annexed it to the Mughal Empire.

Aurangzeb, who was better known by his imperial title Alamgir ("Conqueror of the World"), was born at Dahod, Gujarat, and was the sixth Mughal Emperor ruling with an iron fist over most of the Indian subcontinent.

Punjab

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Geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northwestern India.

Taxila in Pakistan is a World Heritage Site

Menander I Soter (165/155 – 130 BCE), conqueror of the Punjab, carved out a Greek kingdom in the Punjab and ruled the Punjab until his death in 130BC.

A section of the Lahore Fort built by the Mughal emperor Akbar

Dominant Mother Tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

1556–1605: Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar

1658–1707: Mohiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir

Emperor Akbar's depicted with a falcon in the 17th-century

Din-i Ilahi

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Abu'l-Fazl, one of the disciples of Din-i-Ilahi, presenting Akbarnama to Akbar, Mughal miniature

The Dīn-i-Ilāhī, known during its time as Tawḥīd-i-Ilāhī ("Divine Monotheism", ) or Divine Faith, was a new syncretic religion or spiritual leadership program propounded by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1582, intending to merge some of the elements and Create a new religion of his empire, and thereby reconcile the differences that divided his subjects.

However, the movement was suppressed by penalty and force after his death and was totally eradicated by Aurangzeb which made it never numbered more than 18 adherents.

Burhanpur

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City in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.

Royal bath or hammam Shahi qila Burhanpur

In 1601, the Mughal emperor Akbar annexed the Khandesh sultanate and Burhanpur became the capital of Khandesh subah, one of three new top-level provinces in the Mughal empire, added in 1601 (like Berar Subah in 1869 and Ahmadnagar subah in 1601–35) to the initial dozen as he conquered much of the Deccan.

Arround 1670 Daud Khan was the Subhadar (Governor) of Khandesh provinence, under the rule of Aurangzeb.

Govardhan, Emperor Jahangir visiting the ascetic Jadrup, 1616–20

Mughal painting

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Particular style of South Asian, particularly North Indian , painting confined to miniatures either as book illustrations or as single works to be kept in albums (muraqqa).

The Emperor Shah Jahan standing on a globe, with a halo and European-style putti, c. 1618–19 to 1629.

Abu'l Hasan, Emperor Jahangir at the Jharoka window of the Agra Fort, c. 1620, Aga Khan Museum

Nilgai by Ustad Mansur (fl. 1590–1624), who specialized in birds and animal studies for albums.

Babur Receives a Courtier by Farrukh Beg c. 1580–85. Opaque watercolor and gold on paper, painted and mounted within borders, from a Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ. Still using the style of Persian miniature.

Princes of the House of Timur, attributed to the Persian Abd as-Samad, c. 1550–1555, with additions in the next century under Jahangir.

Emperor Jahangir weighs Prince Khurram by Manohar Das, 1610–15, from Jahangir's own copy of the Tuzk-e-Jahangiri. The names of the main figures are noted on their clothes, and the artist shown at bottom. British Museum

A durbar scene with the newly crowned Emperor Aurangzeb in his golden throne. Though he did not encourage Mughal painting, some of the best work was done during his reign.

The scribe and painter of a Khamsa of Nizami manuscript in the British Library, made for Akbar, 1610

A noble lady, Mughal dynasty, India. 17th century. Color and gold on paper. Freer Gallery of Art F1907.219

Shah Jahan on a terrace holding a pendant set with his portrait

Daud Khan Karrani receives a Kaftan of honor from Munim Khan

Victory of Ali Quli Khan on the river Gomti-Akbarnama, 1561

Mir Sayyid Ali's depiction of a young scholar in the Mughal Empire, reading and writing a commentary on the Quran, 1559.

Battle scene from the Hamzanama of Akbar, 1570

The Submission of the rebel brothers Ali Quli and Bahadur Khan. Akbarnama, 1590–95<ref>{{cite web|last=Basawan & Chitra|url=http://warfare.atspace.eu/Moghul/Akbar/Akbarnama.htm|title=The Submission of the rebel brothers Ali Quli and Bahadur Khan-Akbarnama|date=1590–1595|work=Akbarnama}}</ref>

Akbar riding the elephant Hawa'I pursuing another elephant across a collapsing bridge of boats (right), 1561

Pir Muhammad Drowns While Crossing the Narbada-Akbarnama, 1562

Akbar receiving his sons at Fatehpur Sikri. Akbarnama, 1573

Alexander is Lowered into the Sea, from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi c. 1597–98, attributed to Mukanda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/140003774?rpp=20&pg=8&ao=on&ft=mughal+empire&pos=145|title=Alexander is Lowered into the Sea|website=www.metmuseum.org|access-date=2018-12-14}}</ref>

Balchand,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smart|first=Ellen|date=1999|title=The Death of Ināyat Khān by the Mughal Artist Bālchand|journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum|volume=58|pages=273-279|issn=1423-0526|jstor=3250020}}</ref> The Dying Inayat Khan, c. 1618, Bodleian Library, Oxford

A Mughal prince and ladies in a garden, 18th century

A young woman playing a Veena to a parakeet, a symbol of her absent lover. 18th-century painting in the provincial Mughal style of Bengal

Female performer with a tanpura, 18th century. Color and gold on paper. Freer Gallery of Art F1907.195

Ascetic Seated on Leopard's Skin, late 18th century

Mughal Ganjifa playing cards, early 19th century, with miniature paintings – courtesy of the Wovensouls collection

The figural decoration of this example shows a strong relationship to paintings of the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/451479|website=www.metmuseum.org|access-date=2018-12-17|title=Box with Scenes of an Emperor Receiving Gifts, early to mid-17th century}}</ref>

A vivid Kashmiri tradition of mural paintings flourished between the 9th and 17th centuries, as seen in the murals of Alchi Monastery or Tsaparang: a number of Kashimiri painters were employed by Akbar and some influence of their art can be seen in various Mughal works, such as the Hamzanama.

Aurangzeb (1658–1707) was never an enthusiastic patron of painting, largely for religious reasons, and took a turn away from the pomp and ceremonial of the court around 1668, after which he probably commissioned no more paintings.

Berar Subah

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One of the Subahs of the Mughal Empire, the first to be added to the original twelve, in Dakhin (Deccan, central India) from 1596 to 1724.

It was ceded to the emperor Akbar by Chand Bibi in 1596, unable to stand against the imperial forces led by prince Murad.

Aurangzeb was appointed viceroy of four Deccan Subahs for the first time and he occupied the post for eight years (till 1644).

Jodhpur State

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Kingdom in the Marwar region from 1226 to 1818 and a princely state under British rule from 1818 to 1947.

Jodhpur State in the Imperial Gazetteer of India

Amar Singh Rathore was a prince of Marwar

Durgadas Rathore's painting in Mehrangarh museum

Maharaja Jaswant Singh II of Marwar, c. 1880. Attributed to Narsingh. The Brooklyn Museum.

Maharaja Umaid Singh (1903–1947) of Jodhpur

During the late 17th century it was under the strict control of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, but the ruling house of Rathore was allowed to remain semi-autonomous in their territory.

Akbar succeeded Humayun in 1556, many Rajput chiefs mustered around him with their grievances against the Rathore Chief of Jodhpur.