Alexander of Hales and Related Topics

Bonaventure

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Italian Catholic Franciscan, bishop, cardinal, scholastic theologian and philosopher.

Bonaventure's coat of arms of Cardinal Bishop of Albano

St. Bonaventure receives the envoys of the Byzantine Emperor at the Second Council of Lyon.

He entered the Franciscan Order in 1243 and studied at the University of Paris, possibly under Alexander of Hales, and certainly under Alexander's successor, John of Rochelle.

Roger Bacon

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Medieval English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empiricism.

The memorial to Roger Bacon at St Mary Major, Ilchester

A diorama of Bacon presenting one of his works to the chancellors of Paris University

A 19th-century engraving of Bacon observing the stars at Oxford

Ernest Board's portrayal of Bacon in his observatory at Merton College

A manuscript illustration of Bacon presenting one of his works to the chancellor of the University of Paris

$Bacon's diagram of light being refracted by a spherical container of water$

"Roger Bacon discovers gunpowder", "whereby Guy Fawkes was made possible", an image from Bill Nye's Comic History of England

A 19th-century etching of Bacon conducting an alchemical experiment

A portrait of Roger Bacon from a 15th-century edition of De Retardatione

The first page of the letter from Bacon to Clement IV introducing his Opus Tertium

A woodcut from Robert Greene's play displaying the brazen head pronouncing "Time is. Time was. Time is past."

"Friar Bacon's Study" in Oxford. By the late 18th century this study on Folly Bridge had become a place of pilgrimage for scientists, but the building was pulled down in 1779 to allow for road widening.

William Blake's visionary head of "Friar Bacon"

alt=|Spine of a 1750 edition of Opus majus

alt=|Title page of 1750 edition of Opus majus

alt=|First page of 1750 edition of Opus majus

In this work Bacon criticises his contemporaries Alexander of Hales and Albertus Magnus, who were held in high repute despite having only acquired their knowledge of Aristotle at second hand during their preaching careers.

14th-century image of a university lecture

Scholasticism

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Medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical organic method of philosophical analysis predicated upon the Aristotelian 10 Categories.

The Scholastics, also known as Schoolmen, included as its main figures Anselm of Canterbury ("the father of scholasticism" ), Peter Abelard, Alexander of Hales, Albertus Magnus, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Bonaventure, and Thomas Aquinas.

Franciscans

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The Franciscans are a group of related mendicant Christian religious orders, primarily within the Catholic Church.

Francis of Assisi, founder of the Order of Friars Minor; oldest known portrait in existence of the saint, dating back to St. Francis's retreat to Subiaco (1223–1224)

Saint Francis Comforted by a Musician Angel, by Francisco Ribalta.

Regula bullata, the rule confirmed by Pope Honorius III

The Confirmation of the Franciscan Rule by Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449–1494), Capella Sassetti, Florence

Honorius III Approving the Rule of St. Francis of Assisi, Bartolome del Castro, c. 1500 (Philadelphia Museum of Art)

Anthony of Padua (c. 1195–1231) with the Infant Christ, painting by Antonio de Pereda (c. 1611–1678)

A Franciscan convent in Mafra in Portugal

Bonaventure (1221–1274), painting by Claude François (c. 1650–1660)

A Christian missionary friar landing in southern India (14th Century)

Franciscan Church from 15th century in Przeworsk, Poland

Bernardino Ochino (1487–1564), co-founder of the Capuchin Order

Clare of Assisi (1194–1253), founder of the Poor Clares, in a painting by Simone Martini (1284–1344) in the Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi

The Blessed Luchesius Modestini, honored as the first Franciscan tertiary

Blessed Mary Frances Schervier (1819–1876) was a member of the Third Order of St. Francis who became the foundress of the Poor Sisters of St. Francis, founded to serve the needy.

Blessed Gabriele Allegra (1907–1976) of the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum

Roger Bacon (c. 1214–1294), statue from the 19th century in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History

Bernardino of Siena (1380–1440), painted by Jacopo Bellini (c. 1400–1470)

The somewhat earlier settlements of Franciscan teachers at the universities (in Paris, for example, where Alexander of Hales was teaching) continued to develop.

Sentences

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Book of theology written by Peter Lombard in the 12th century.

An 1841 Latin edition of the Sentences bound together with Aquinas' Summa Theologica.

Probably between 1223 and 1227, Alexander of Hales grouped the many chapters of the four books into a smaller number of "distinctions".

Richard Rufus of Cornwall

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Cornish Franciscan scholastic philosopher and theologian.

Rufus was influenced by Robert Grosseteste, Alexander of Hales, Richard Fishacre, and Johannes Philoponus, and in turn influenced Bonaventure and Franciscus Meyronnes.

John of la Rochelle

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French Franciscan and theologian.

He was a pupil of Alexander of Hales and was the first Franciscan to receive a bachelor's degree of theology from the University of Paris.

Alexander Carpenter

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The author of the Destructorium viciorum, a religious work popular in the 15th and 16th centuries.

This identifier also states that the work was begun in 1429, which rules out authorship by Alexander of Hales (ca. 1185-1245) which had by some scholars been considered a possibility.