A report on Chiang Kai-shek, Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941) and Allies of World War II

Sturmabteilung and Hitlerjugend in China, invited by the Kuomintang government

The Allied leaders of the European theatre (left to right): Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meeting at the Tehran Conference in 1943

Sun Yat-sen and Chiang at the 1924 opening ceremonies for the Soviet-funded Whampoa Military Academy

Hitlerjugend in China, invited by the Kuomintang government

The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theater: Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill meeting at the Cairo Conference in 1943

Wartime poster for the United Nations, created in 1941 by the U.S. Office of War Information

Chiang (right) together with Wang Jingwei (left), 1926

Wartime poster for the United Nations, created in 1943 by the U.S. Office of War Information

NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs diplomatic reception in 1939, Chinese ambassador (left), Konstantin Hierl (on the right), Alfred Rosenberg and Hans Frank.

British Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft (bottom) flying past a German Heinkel He 111 bomber aircraft (top) during the Battle of Britain in 1940

Chiang during a visit to an air force base in 1945

Chinese Minister Chiang Tso-pin and entourage visiting a German factory, 1928

British Crusader tanks during the North African Campaign

Chiang and Soong on the cover of Time magazine, 26 October 1931

This Heinkel He 111 A, one of 11 bought by the Aviation Ministry, later found its way to the China National Aviation Corporation.

British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal under attack from Italian aircraft during the Battle of Cape Spartivento (27 Nov 1940)

Nationalist government of Nanking – nominally ruling over entire China in 1930s

British soldiers of the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry in Elst, Netherlands on 2 March 1945

After the breakout of the Second Sino-Japanese War, The Young Companion featured Chiang on its cover.

Stahlhelm-wearing Chinese soldiers firing a Pak 36 anti-tank gun.

Free French forces at the Battle of Bir Hakeim, 1942

Chiang with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill in Cairo, Egypt, November 1943

Wang Jingwei of the Japanese-puppet government in Nanking meeting with Nazi diplomats in 1941

FAFL Free French GC II/5 "LaFayette" receiving ex-USAAF Curtiss P-40 fighters at Casablanca, French Morocco

Chiang and his wife Soong Mei-ling sharing a laugh with U.S. Lieutenant General Joseph W. Stilwell, Burma, April 1942

Chiang Wei-kuo, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's adopted son, received military training in Germany.

The French fleet scuttled itself rather than fall into the hands of the Axis after their invasion of Vichy France on 11 November 1942.

The fall of Damascus to the Allies, late June 1941. A car carrying Free French commanders General Georges Catroux and General Paul Louis Le Gentilhomme enters the city, escorted by French Circassian cavalry (Gardes Tcherkess).

Chiang with South Korean President Syngman Rhee in 1949

Soviet soldiers and T-34 tanks advancing near Bryansk in 1942

Map of the Chinese Civil War (1946–1950)

Soviet soldiers fighting in the ruins of Stalingrad during the Battle of Stalingrad

Chiang with Japanese politician Nobusuke Kishi, in 1957

Soviet Il-2 ground attack aircraft attacking German ground forces during the Battle of Kursk, 1943

Chiang presiding over the 1966 Double Ten celebrations

American Douglas SBD Dauntless dive-bomber aircraft attacking the Japanese cruiser Mikuma during the Battle of Midway in June 1942

Chiang with U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower in June 1960

U.S. Marines during the Guadalcanal Campaign in November 1942

The National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall is a famous monument, landmark, and tourist attraction in Taipei, Taiwan.

American Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber aircraft during the bombing of oil refineries in Ploiești, Romania on 1 August 1943 during Operation Tidal Wave

U.S. soldiers departing landing craft during the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 known as D-Day

Chinese propaganda poster proclaiming "Long Live the President"

Philippine Scouts at Fort William McKinley firing a 37 mm anti-tank gun in training

Soldiers of the National Revolutionary Army associated with Nationalist China, during the Second Sino-Japanese War

Chiang Kai-shek and Winston Churchill heads, with Nationalist China flag and Union Jack

Soldiers of the First Workers' and Peasants' Army associated with Communist China, during the Sino-Japanese War

Statue of Chiang Kai-shek in Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan

Victorious Chinese Communist soldiers holding the flag of the Republic of China during the Hundred Regiments Offensive

Members of the Belgian Resistance with a Canadian soldier in Bruges, September 1944 during the Battle of the Scheldt

Chiang Kai-shek with the Muslim General Ma Fushou

Norwegian soldiers on the Narvik front, May 1940

Chiang Kai-shek as Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim

Pilots of the No. 303 "Kościuszko" Polish Fighter Squadron during the Battle of Britain

Mao Fumei (毛福梅, 1882–1939), who died in the Second Sino-Japanese War during a bombardment, is the mother of his son and successor Chiang Ching-kuo

Polish partisan of the Home Army (AK), "Jędrusie" unit, holding a Browning wz.1928 light machine gun

Yao Yecheng (姚冶誠, 1889–1972), who came to Taiwan and died in Taipei

Partisans and Chetniks escorting captured Germans through Užice, autumn 1941

Chen Jieru (陳潔如, "Jennie", 1906–1971), who lived in Shanghai, but moved to Hong Kong later and died there

Partisan leader Marshal Josip Broz Tito with Winston Churchill in 1944

Soong Mei-ling (宋美齡, 1898–2003), who moved to the United States after Chiang Kai-shek's death, is arguably his most famous wife even though they had no children together

Chetniks leader General Mihailovic with members of the U.S. military mission, Operation Halyard, 1944

Romanian soldiers in Transylvania, September–October 1944

The dead bodies of Benito Mussolini, his mistress Clara Petacci, and several Fascist leaders, hanging for public display after they were executed by Italian partisans in 1945

The first version of the flag of the United Nations, introduced in April 1945

A British poster from 1941, promoting the greater alliance against Germany

U.S. government poster showing a friendly Soviet soldier, 1942

As the leader of a major Allied power, Chiang met with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the Cairo Conference to discuss terms for the Japanese surrender.

- Chiang Kai-shek

Moreover, Chiang Kai-shek saw German unification as something that China could learn and emulate.

- Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)

After the attack on Pearl Harbor, China formally joined the Allies and declared war on Nazi Germany on December 9, 1941.

- Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)

Close Sino-German ties also promoted cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Weimar German government and later Hitler’s Nazi regime.

- Chiang Kai-shek

The Soviet Union intervened against Japan and its client state in Manchuria in 1945, cooperating with the Nationalist Government of China and the Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai-shek; though also cooperating, preferring, and encouraging the Chinese Communist Party led by Mao Zedong to take effective control of Manchuria after expelling Japanese forces.

- Allies of World War II

In the early 1930s, Sino-German cooperation existed between the Nationalist Government and Germany in military and industrial matters.

- Allies of World War II

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The League of Nations assembly, held in Geneva, Switzerland, 1930

World War II

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Global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945.

Adolf Hitler at a German Nazi political rally in Nuremberg, August 1933

Benito Mussolini inspecting troops during the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935

The bombing of Guernica in 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, sparked fears abroad in Europe that the next war would be based on bombing of cities with very high civilian casualties.

Japanese Imperial Army soldiers during the Battle of Shanghai, 1937

Red Army artillery unit during the Battle of Lake Khasan, 1938

Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini, and Ciano pictured just before signing the Munich Agreement, 29 September 1938

German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop (right) and the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, after signing the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, 23 August 1939

Soldiers of the German Wehrmacht tearing down the border crossing into Poland, 1 September 1939

Soldiers of the Polish Army during the defence of Poland, September 1939

Finnish machine gun nest aimed at Soviet Red Army positions during the Winter War, February 1940

German advance into Belgium and Northern France, 10 May-4 June 1940, swept past the Maginot Line (shown in dark red)

London seen from St. Paul's Cathedral after the German Blitz, 29 December 1940

Soldiers of the British Commonwealth forces from the Australian Army's 9th Division during the Siege of Tobruk; North African Campaign, September 1941

German Panzer III of the Afrika Korps advancing across the North African desert, April-May 1941

European theatre of World War II animation map, 1939–1945 – Red: Western Allies and the Soviet Union after 1941; Green: Soviet Union before 1941; Blue: Axis powers

German soldiers during the invasion of the Soviet Union by the Axis powers, 1941

Soviet civilians leaving destroyed houses after a German bombardment during the Battle of Leningrad, 10 December 1942

Japanese soldiers entering Hong Kong, 8 December 1941

The USS Arizona (BB-39) was a total loss in the Japanese surprise air attack on the American Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Sunday 7 December 1941.

US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British PM Winston Churchill seated at the Casablanca Conference, January 1943

Map of Japanese military advances through mid-1942

US Marines during the Guadalcanal Campaign, in the Pacific theatre, 1942

Red Army soldiers on the counterattack during the Battle of Stalingrad, February 1943

American 8th Air Force Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombing raid on the Focke-Wulf factory in Germany, 9 October 1943

U.S. Navy SBD-5 scout plane flying patrol over USS Washington (BB-56) and USS Lexington (CV-16) during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, 1943

Red Army troops in a counter-offensive on German positions at the Battle of Kursk, July 1943

Ruins of the Benedictine monastery, during the Battle of Monte Cassino, Italian Campaign, May 1944

American troops approaching Omaha Beach during the invasion of Normandy on D-Day, 6 June 1944

German SS soldiers from the Dirlewanger Brigade, tasked with suppressing the Warsaw Uprising against Nazi occupation, August 1944

General Douglas MacArthur returns to the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte, 20 October 1944

Yalta Conference held in February 1945, with Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin

Ruins of the Reichstag in Berlin, 3 June 1945.

Atomic bombing of Nagasaki on 9 August 1945.

Ruins of Warsaw in 1945, after the deliberate destruction of the city by the occupying German forces

Defendants at the Nuremberg trials, where the Allied forces prosecuted prominent members of the political, military, judicial and economic leadership of Nazi Germany for crimes against humanity

Post-war border changes in Central Europe and creation of the Communist Eastern Bloc

David Ben-Gurion proclaiming the Israeli Declaration of Independence at the Independence Hall, 14 May 1948

Bodies of Chinese civilians killed by the Imperial Japanese Army during the Nanking Massacre in December 1937

Schutzstaffel (SS) female camp guards removing prisoners' bodies from lorries and carrying them to a mass grave, inside the German Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, 1945

Prisoner identity photograph taken by the German SS of a Polish Catholic girl who died in Auschwitz. Approximately 230,000 children were held prisoner and used in forced labour and Nazi medical experiments.

Polish civilians wearing blindfolds photographed just before their execution by German soldiers in Palmiry forest, 1940

Soviet partisans hanged by the German army. The Russian Academy of Sciences reported in 1995 civilian victims in the Soviet Union at German hands totalled 13.7 million dead, twenty percent of the 68 million persons in the occupied Soviet Union.

B-29 Superfortress strategic bombers on the Boeing assembly line in Wichita, Kansas, 1944

A V-2 rocket launched from a fixed site in Peenemünde, 21 June 1943

Nuclear Gadget being raised to the top of the detonation "shot tower", at Alamogordo Bombing Range; Trinity nuclear test, New Mexico, July 1945

It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support, effectively ending China's prior co-operation with Germany.

Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai, but after three months of fighting, Shanghai fell.