A report on Metal, Aluminium and Chemical element

Iron, shown here as fragments and a 1 cm3 cube, is an example of a chemical element that is a metal.

High-resolution STEM-HAADF micrograph of Al atoms viewed along the [001] zone axis.

The chemical elements ordered in the periodic table

A metal in the form of a gravy boat made from stainless steel, an alloy largely composed of iron, carbon, and chromium

Aluminium hydrolysis as a function of pH. Coordinated water molecules are omitted. (Data from Baes and Mesmer)

$Estimated distribution of dark matter and dark energy in the universe. Only the fraction of the mass and energy in the universe labeled "atoms" is composed of chemical elements.$

Structure of trimethylaluminium, a compound that features five-coordinate carbon.

Periodic table showing the cosmogenic origin of each element in the Big Bang, or in large or small stars. Small stars can produce certain elements up to sulfur, by the alpha process. Supernovae are needed to produce "heavy" elements (those beyond iron and nickel) rapidly by neutron buildup, in the r-process. Certain large stars slowly produce other elements heavier than iron, in the s-process; these may then be blown into space in the off-gassing of planetary nebulae

A metal rod with a hot-worked eyelet. Hot-working exploits the capacity of metal to be plastically deformed.

Bauxite, a major aluminium ore. The red-brown color is due to the presence of iron oxide minerals.

Abundances of the chemical elements in the Solar System. Hydrogen and helium are most common, from the Big Bang. The next three elements (Li, Be, B) are rare because they are poorly synthesized in the Big Bang and also in stars. The two general trends in the remaining stellar-produced elements are: (1) an alternation of abundance in elements as they have even or odd atomic numbers (the Oddo-Harkins rule), and (2) a general decrease in abundance as elements become heavier. Iron is especially common because it represents the minimum energy nuclide that can be made by fusion of helium in supernovae.

Samples of babbitt metal, an alloy of tin, antimony, and copper, used in bearings to reduce friction

The statue of Anteros in Piccadilly Circus, London, was made in 1893 and is one of the first statues cast in aluminium.

Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table: An experiment on a system of elements. Based on their atomic weights and chemical similarities.

A sculpture cast in nickel silver—an alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc that looks like silver

World production of aluminium since 1900

Rhodium, a noble metal, shown here as 1 g of powder, a 1 g pressed cylinder, and a 1 g pellet

1897 American advertisement featuring the aluminum spelling

A sample of diaspore, an aluminum oxide hydroxide mineral, α-AlO(OH)

A neodymium compound alloy magnet of composition Nd2Fe14B on a nickel-iron bracket from a computer hard drive

Common bins for recyclable waste along with a bin for unrecyclable waste. The bin with a yellow top is labeled "aluminum". Rhodes, Greece.

A pile of compacted steel scraps, ready for recycling

Aluminium-bodied Austin A40 Sports (c. 1951)

The Artemision Bronze showing either Poseidon or Zeus, c. 460 BCE, National Archaeological Museum, Athens. The figure is more than 2 m in height.

Laser deposition of alumina on a substrate

Schematic of aluminium absorption by human skin.

A disc of highly enriched uranium that was recovered from scrap processed at the Y-12 National Security Complex, in Oak Ridge, Tennessee

There are five major aluminium forms absorbed by human body: the free solvated trivalent cation (Al3+(aq)); low-molecular-weight, neutral, soluble complexes (LMW-Al0(aq)); high-molecular-weight, neutral, soluble complexes (HMW-Al0(aq)); low-molecular-weight, charged, soluble complexes (LMW-Al(L)n+/−(aq)); nano and micro-particulates (Al(L)n(s)). They are transported across cell membranes or cell epi-/endothelia through five major routes: (1) paracellular; (2) transcellular; (3) active transport; (4) channels; (5) adsorptive or receptor-mediated endocytosis.

"Bauxite tailings" storage facility in Stade, Germany. The aluminium industry generates about 70 million tons of this waste annually.

White-hot steel pours like water from a 35-ton electric furnace, at the Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation, in Brackenridge, Pennsylvania.

A Ho-Mg-Zn icosahedral quasicrystal formed as a pentagonal dodecahedron, the dual of the icosahedron

Body-centered cubic crystal structure, with a 2-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. chromium, iron, and tungsten

Face-centered cubic crystal structure, with a 4-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. aluminum, copper, and gold

Hexagonal close-packed crystal structure, with a 6-atom unit cell, as found in e.g. titanium, cobalt, and zinc

Niobium crystals and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} anodized niobium cube for comparison

Molybdenum crystals and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} molybdenum cube for comparison

Tantalum single crystal, some crystalline fragments, and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} tantalum cube for comparison

Tungsten rods with evaporated crystals, partially oxidized with colorful tarnish, and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} tungsten cube for comparison

alt=Three, dark broccoli shaped clumps of oxidised lead with grossly distended buds, and a cube of lead which has a dull silvery appearance.| oxidised lead

alt=A silvery molasses-like liquid being poured into a circular container with a height equivalent to a smaller coin on its edge| Mercury being

Electrum, a natural alloy of silver and gold, was often used for making coins. Shown is the Roman god Apollo, and on the obverse, a Delphi tripod (circa 310–305 BCE).

A plate made of pewter, an alloy of 85–99% tin and (usually) copper. Pewter was first used around the beginning of the Bronze Age in the Near East.

A pectoral (ornamental breastplate) made of tumbaga, an alloy of gold and copper

Arsenic, sealed in a container to prevent tarnishing

Bismuth in crystalline form, with a very thin oxidation layer, and a 1 cm{{sup|3}} bismuth cube

Potassium pearls under paraffin oil. Size of the largest pearl is 0.5 cm.

Aluminum chunk, 2.6 grams, {{nowrap|1=1 x 2 cm}}

Scandium, including a 1 cm{{sup|3}} cube

Lutetium, including a 1 cm{{sup|3}} cube

Aluminium (aluminum in American and Canadian English) is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13.

- Aluminium

Aluminium has a density lower than those of other common metals, at approximately one third that of steel.

- Aluminium

A metal may be a chemical element such as iron; an alloy such as stainless steel; or a molecular compound such as polymeric sulfur nitride.

- Metal

Other significant metallic alloys are those of aluminum, titanium, copper, and magnesium.

- Metal

A first distinction is between metals, which readily conduct electricity, nonmetals, which do not, and a small group, (the metalloids), having intermediate properties and often behaving as semiconductors.

- Chemical element

IUPAC prefers the British spellings "aluminium" and "caesium" over the U.S. spellings "aluminum" and "cesium", and the U.S. "sulfur" over the British "sulphur".

- Chemical element

7 related topics with Alpha

Iron

4 links

Magnetization curves of 9 ferromagnetic materials, showing saturation. 1.Sheet steel, 2.Silicon steel, 3.Cast steel, 4.Tungsten steel, 5.Magnet steel, 6.Cast iron, 7.Nickel, 8.Cobalt, 9.Magnetite

A polished and chemically etched piece of an iron meteorite, believed to be similar in composition to the Earth's metallic core, showing individual crystals of the iron-nickel alloy (Widmanstatten pattern)

Banded iron formation in McKinley Park, Minnesota.

Hydrated iron(III) chloride (ferric chloride)

Comparison of colors of solutions of ferrate (left) and permanganate (right)

Blue-green iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate

The two enantiomorphs of the ferrioxalate ion

Crystal structure of iron(II) oxalate dihydrate, showing iron (gray), oxygen (red), carbon (black), and hydrogen (white) atoms.

Blood-red positive thiocyanate test for iron(III)

Iron harpoon head from Greenland. The iron edge covers a narwhal tusk harpoon using meteorite iron from the Cape York meteorite, one of the largest iron meteorites known.

The symbol for Mars has been used since antiquity to represent iron.

The iron pillar of Delhi is an example of the iron extraction and processing methodologies of early India.

Coalbrookdale by Night, 1801. Blast furnaces light the iron making town of Coalbrookdale.

"Gold gab ich für Eisen" – "I gave gold for iron". German-American brooch from WWI.

17th century Chinese illustration of workers at a blast furnace, making wrought iron from pig iron

How iron was extracted in the 19th century

This heap of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production.

A pot of molten iron being used to make steel

Photon mass attenuation coefficient for iron.

Structure of Heme b; in the protein additional ligand(s) would be attached to Fe.

A heme unit of human carboxyhemoglobin, showing the carbonyl ligand at the apical position, trans to the histidine residue

Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.

It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table.

The fraction of iron that is in Earth's crust only amounts to about 5% of the overall mass of the crust and is thus only the fourth most abundant element in that layer (after oxygen, silicon, and aluminium).

Joseph Priestley is usually given priority in the discovery.

Oxygen

2 links

Antoine Lavoisier discredited the phlogiston theory.

Robert H. Goddard and a liquid oxygen-gasoline rocket

An experiment setup for preparation of oxygen in academic laboratories

Orbital diagram, after Barrett (2002), showing the participating atomic orbitals from each oxygen atom, the molecular orbitals that result from their overlap, and the aufbau filling of the orbitals with the 12 electrons, 6 from each O atom, beginning from the lowest-energy orbitals, and resulting in covalent double-bond character from filled orbitals (and cancellation of the contributions of the pairs of σ and σ* and π and π* orbital pairs).

Liquid oxygen, temporarily suspended in a magnet owing to its paramagnetism

Space-filling model representation of dioxygen (O2) molecule

Late in a massive star's life, 16O concentrates in the O-shell, 17O in the H-shell and 18O in the He-shell.

500 million years of climate change vs. 18O

Photosynthesis splits water to liberate and fixes into sugar in what is called a Calvin cycle.

build-up in Earth's atmosphere: 1) no produced; 2) produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4–5) sinks filled and the gas accumulates

Hofmann electrolysis apparatus used in electrolysis of water.

Oxygen and MAPP gas compressed-gas cylinders with regulators

An oxygen concentrator in an emphysema patient's house

Low pressure pure is used in space suits.

Most commercially produced is used to smelt and/or decarburize iron.

Water is the most familiar oxygen compound.

Oxides, such as iron oxide or rust, form when oxygen combines with other elements.

The interior of the Apollo 1 Command Module. Pure at higher than normal pressure and a spark led to a fire and the loss of the Apollo 1 crew.

Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8.

Common uses of oxygen include production of steel, plastics and textiles, brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, oxygen therapy, and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight and diving.

The surface of most metals, such as aluminium and titanium, are oxidized in the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that passivates the metal and slows further corrosion.

A pound coin (density ~7.6 g/cm3) floats on mercury due to the combination of the buoyant force and surface tension.

Mercury (element)

2 links

Mercury-discharge spectral calibration lamp

The symbol for the planet Mercury (☿) has been used since ancient times to represent the element

Native mercury with cinnabar, Socrates mine, Sonoma County, California. Cinnabar sometimes alters to native mercury in the oxidized zone of mercury deposits.

The bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer

A single-pole, single-throw (SPST) mercury switch

Amount of atmospheric mercury deposited at Wyoming's Upper Fremont Glacier over the last 270 years

EPA workers clean up residential mercury spill in 2004

The deep violet glow of a mercury vapor discharge in a germicidal lamp, whose spectrum is rich in invisible ultraviolet radiation.

Skin tanner containing a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp and two infrared lamps, which act both as light source and electrical ballast

The miniaturized Deep Space Atomic Clock is a linear ion-trap-based mercury ion clock, designed for precise and real-time radio navigation in deep space.

Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80.

Mercury readily combines with aluminium to form a mercury-aluminium amalgam when the two pure metals come into contact.

They believed that different metals could be produced by varying the quality and quantity of sulfur contained within the mercury.

Hydrogen

2 links

Depiction of a hydrogen atom with size of central proton shown, and the atomic diameter shown as about twice the Bohr model radius (image not to scale)

Hydrogen gas is colorless and transparent, here contained in a glass ampoule.

Phase diagram of hydrogen. The temperature and pressure scales are logarithmic, so one unit corresponds to a 10x change. The left edge corresponds to 105 Pa, which is about atmospheric pressure.

Hydrogen emission spectrum lines in the visible range. These are the four visible lines of the Balmer series

NGC 604, a giant region of ionized hydrogen in the Triangulum Galaxy

Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1.

Hydrogen also forms compounds with less electronegative elements, such as metals and metalloids, where it takes on a partial negative charge.

This function is particularly common in group 13 elements, especially in boranes (boron hydrides) and aluminium complexes, as well as in clustered carboranes.

Chromium

1 links

The Pourbaix diagram for chromium in pure water, perchloric acid, or sodium hydroxide

Anhydrous chromium(III) chloride (CrCl3)

Chromium compound determined experimentally to contain a Cr-Cr quintuple bond

The red color of rubies is due to trace amounts of chromium within the corundum.

Piece of chromium produced with aluminothermic reaction

Chromium, remelted in a horizontal arc zone-refiner, showing large visible crystal grains

Stainless steel cutlery made from Cromargan 18/10, containing 18% chromium

Decorative chrome plating on a motorcycle

Chromium is a chemical element with the symbol Cr and atomic number 24.

Chromium is also highly valued as a metal that is able to be highly polished while resisting tarnishing.

Pure chromium metal is produced by a different process: roasting and leaching of chromite to separate it from iron, followed by reduction with carbon and then aluminium.

Zinc

1 links

Late Roman brass bucket – the Hemmoorer Eimer from Warstade, Germany, second to third century AD

Various alchemical symbols for the element zinc

Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is given credit for first isolating pure zinc

Galvanization was named after Luigi Galvani.

Percentage of zinc output in 2006 by countries

Hot-dip handrail galvanized crystalline surface

Cast brass microstructure at magnification 400x

Zinc oxide is used as a white pigment in paints.

GNC zinc 50 mg tablets. The amount exceeds what is deemed the safe upper limit in the United States (40 mg) and European Union (25 mg)

Zinc gluconate is one compound used for the delivery of zinc as a dietary supplement.

Ribbon diagram of human carbonic anhydrase II, with zinc atom visible in the center

Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30.

Zinc metal was not produced on a large scale until the 12th century in India, though it was known to the ancient Romans and Greeks.

Other metals long known to form binary alloys with zinc are aluminium, antimony, bismuth, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, tin, magnesium, cobalt, nickel, tellurium, and sodium.

Emerald is a form of beryl, the principal mineral of beryllium.

Alkaline earth metal

0 links

Barite, the material that was first found to contain barium.

Emerald, colored green with trace amounts of chromium, is a variety of the mineral beryl which is beryllium aluminium silicate.

The alkaline earth metals are six chemical elements in group 2 of the periodic table.

The elements have very similar properties: they are all shiny, silvery-white, somewhat reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure.

These in turn are calcined into barium oxide, which eventually yields pure barium after reduction with aluminium.