American Civil War and Related Topics

Confederate States of America

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Unrecognized breakaway republic in North America that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865.

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Map of the division of the states in the American Civil War (1861–1865). Blue indicates the northern Union states; light blue represents five Union slave states (border states) that primarily stayed in Union control. Red represents southern seceded states in rebellion, also known as the Confederate States of America. Uncolored areas were U.S. territories, with the exception of the Indian Territory (later Oklahoma).

Evolution of the Confederate States, December 20, 1860 – July 15, 1870

Alexander H. Stephens, Confederate Vice President; author of the 'Cornerstone Speech'

The inauguration of Jefferson Davis in Montgomery, Alabama

Elias Boudinot, Cherokee secessionist, Rep. Indian Territory

William T. Sutherlin mansion, Danville, Virginia, temporary residence of Jefferson Davis and dubbed "Last Capitol of the Confederacy"

Map of the county secession votes of 1860–1861 in Appalachia within the ARC definition. Virginia and Tennessee show the public votes, while the other states show the vote by county delegates to the conventions.

The Seal, symbols of an independent agricultural Confederacy surrounding an equestrian Washington, sword encased

Recruitment poster: "Do not wait to be drafted". Under half re-enlisted.

Unionists throughout the Confederate States resisted the 1862 conscription

Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy from 1861 to 1865

Davis's cabinet in 1861, Montgomery, Alabama
Front row, left to right: Judah P. Benjamin, Stephen Mallory, Alexander H. Stephens, Jefferson Davis, John Henninger Reagan, and Robert Toombs
Back row, standing left to right: Christopher Memminger and LeRoy Pope Walker
Illustration printed in Harper's Weekly

Provisional Congress, Montgomery, Alabama

Main railroads of Confederacy, 1861; colors show the different gauges (track width); the top railroad shown in the upper right is the Baltimore and Ohio, which was at all times a Union railroad

Passers-by abusing the bodies of Union supporters near Knoxville, Tennessee. The two were hanged by Confederate authorities near the railroad tracks so passing train passengers could see them.

Confederate memorial tombstone at Natchez City Cemetery in Natchez, Mississippi

This Confederate Flag pattern is the one most often thought of as the Confederate Flag today; it was one of many used by the Confederate armed forces. Variations of this design served as the Battle Flag of the Armies of Northern Virginia and Tennessee, and as the Confederate Naval Jack.

A Home on the Mississippi, Currier and Ives, 1871

St. John's Episcopal Church, Montgomery. The Secession Convention of Southern Churches was held here in 1861.

Major-General John C. Breckinridge, Secretary of War (1865)

General Robert E. Lee, General in Chief (1865)

William L. Yancey, {{small|Alabama Fire-Eater, "The Orator of Secession"}}

William Henry Gist, {{small|Governor of South Carolina, called the Secessionist Convention}}

Gen. Gabriel J. Rains, {{small|Conscription Bureau chief, April 1862 – May 1863}}

Gen. Gideon J. Pillow, {{small|military recruiter under Bragg, then J.E. Johnston<ref>Coulter, The Confederates States of America, p. 324.</ref>}}

The Confederacy comprised U.S. states that declared secession and warred against the United States (the Union) during the American Civil War.

Portrait by Alexander Gardner, November 1863

Abraham Lincoln

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American lawyer and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865.

The farm site where Lincoln grew up in Spencer County, Indiana

Lincoln in his late 30s as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives. Photo taken by one of Lincoln's law students around 1846.

Lincoln in 1858, the year of his debates with Stephen Douglas over slavery

A portrait of Dred Scott, petitioner in Dred Scott v. Sandford

Abraham Lincoln (1860) by Mathew Brady, taken the day of the Cooper Union speech

A Timothy Cole wood engraving taken from a May 20, 1860, ambrotype of Lincoln, two days following his nomination for president

Headlines on the day of Lincoln's inauguration portended hostilities with the Confederacy, Fort Sumter being attacked less than six weeks later.

March 1861 inaugural at the Capitol building. The dome above the rotunda was still under construction.

Lincoln with officers after the Battle of Antietam. Notable figures (from left) are 1. Col. Delos Sackett; 4. Gen. George W. Morell; 5. Alexander S. Webb, Chief of Staff, V Corps; 6. McClellan;. 8. Dr. Jonathan Letterman; 10. Lincoln; 11. Henry J. Hunt; 12. Fitz John Porter; 15. Andrew A. Humphreys; 16. Capt. George Armstrong Custer.

Running the Machine: An 1864 political cartoon satirizing Lincoln's administration – featuring William Fessenden, Edwin Stanton, William Seward, Gideon Welles, Lincoln, and others

Lincoln, absent his usual top hat, is highlighted at Gettysburg.

An electoral landslide for Lincoln (in red) in the 1864 election; southern states (brown) and territories (gray) not in play

A poster of the 1864 election campaign with Lincoln as the candidate for president and Andrew Johnson as the candidate for vice president

Lincoln's second inaugural address in 1865 at the almost completed Capitol building

A political cartoon of Vice President Andrew Johnson (a former tailor) and Lincoln, 1865, entitled The 'Rail Splitter' At Work Repairing the Union. The caption reads (Johnson): "Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever." (Lincoln): "A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended."

Shown in the presidential booth of Ford's Theatre, from left to right, are assassin John Wilkes Booth, Abraham Lincoln, Mary Todd Lincoln, Clara Harris, and Henry Rathbone.

Abraham Lincoln, painting by George Peter Alexander Healy in 1869

Lincoln in February 1865, two months before his death

The Lincoln cent, an American coin portraying Lincoln

Lincoln's image carved into the stone of Mount Rushmore|alt=See caption

Abraham Lincoln, a 1909 bronze statue by Adolph Weinman, sits before a historic church in Hodgenville, Kentucky.|alt=See caption

The Lincoln memorial postage stamp of 1866 was issued by the U.S. Post Office exactly one year after Lincoln's death.

Painting of Abraham Lincoln for the U.S. Capitol, by Ned Bittinger

Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War and succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Ulysses S. Grant

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American military officer and politician who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877.

Grant's birthplace, Point Pleasant, Ohio

Chinook Indian Plank House Published 1845
Grant believed Pacific Northwest Indians were a peaceful people and not a threat to settlers.

"Hardscrabble" Published 1891
The farm home Grant built in Missouri for his family. His wife Julia called the home an "unattractive cabin".

Brigadier General Grant photographed at Cairo, Illinois, September 1861 (Published 1911)

21st Illinois regiment monument in the Viniard Field, Chickamauga

Grant's successful gamble: Porter's gunboats night ran the Confederate gauntlet at Vicksburg on the Mississippi River.
Published 1863

The Battle of Jackson, fought on May 14, 1863, was part of the Vicksburg Campaign.
Published 1863

Union troops swarm Missionary Ridge and defeat Bragg's army. Published 1886

Commanding General Grant at the Battle of Cold Harbor, June 1864

Grant (center left) next to Lincoln with General Sherman (far left) and Admiral Porter (right) – The Peacemakers by Healy, 1868

Defeated by Grant, Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House

Grant–Colfax Republican Ticket
Published 1868

Inauguration of President U.S. Grant, Capitol building steps.
March 4, 1869

Anthony Comstock Grant's vigorous prosecutor of abortionists and pornographers.

Amos T. Akerman, appointed Attorney General by Grant, who vigorously prosecuted the Ku Klux Klan

Image of mobs rioting entitled "The Louisiana Outrage". White Leaguers at Liberty Place attacked the integrated police force and state militia, New Orleans, September 1874.
Published October 1874

Secretary of Treasury George S. Boutwell aided Grant to defeat the Gold Ring.

Secretary of State Hamilton Fish and Grant successfully settled the Alabama Claims by treaty and arbitration.

Wharf of Santo Domingo City
Dominican Republic

American Captain Frye and his crew were executed by Spanish authority.

King Kalākaua of Hawaii meets President Grant at the White House on his state visit, 1874.
Published January 2, 1875

Ely Samuel Parker
Grant appointed Parker the first Native American (Seneca) Commissioner of Indian Affairs.

Battle of the Little Big Horn
Great Sioux War
Published 1889

Cartoon by Thomas Nast on Grant's opponents in the reelection campaign

Grant is congratulated for vetoing the "inflation bill" in 1874.

Cartoonist Thomas Nast praises Grant for rejecting demands by Pennsylvania politicians to suspend civil service rules.

Harper's Weekly
cartoon on Bristow's Whiskey Ring investigation

Cartoonist Joseph Keppler lampooned Grant and his associates. Grant's prosecutions of the Whiskey Ring and the Klan were ignored.
Puck, 1880

Official White House portrait of President Grant by Henry Ulke, 1875

Commanding General Grant
Constant Mayer's portrait of 1866

Grant National Memorial, known as "Grant's Tomb", largest mausoleum in North America

As Commanding General, he led the Union Army to victory in the American Civil War in 1865 and thereafter briefly served as Secretary of War.

Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870) was a Confederate general who served the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War, during which he was appointed the overall commander of the Confederate States Army.

An animation showing when United States territories and states forbade or allowed slavery, 1789–1861

Slavery in the United States

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Prevalent in the United States of America from its founding in 1776 until 1865, predominately in states of the Southern United States.

Slave auction block, Green Hill Plantation, Campbell County, Virginia, Historic American Buildings Survey

Slaves processing tobacco in 17th-century Virginia

Slaves on a South Carolina plantation (The Old Plantation, c. 1790)

Ledger of sale of 118 slaves, Charleston, South Carolina, c. 1754

Prince Estabrook memorial in front of Buckman Tavern on Lexington Green in Lexington, Massachusetts. Prince Estabrook, who was wounded in the Battle of Lexington and Concord, was the first black casualty of the Revolutionary War.

Continental soldiers at Yorktown. On the left, an African American soldier of the 1st Rhode Island Regiment.

This postage stamp, which was created at the time of the Bicentennial, honors Salem Poor, who was an enslaved African-American man who purchased his freedom, became a soldier, and rose to fame as a war hero during the Battle of Bunker Hill.

Advertisement in The Pennsylvania Gazette, May 24, 1796, seeking the return of Oney Judge, a fugitive slave who had escaped from the household of George Washington.

Confederate $100 bill, 1862–63, showing happy slaves farming. John C. Calhoun is at left, Columbia at right.

This portrait of Judge Samuel Sewall by John Smibert is in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Massachusetts.

Establishing the Northwest Territory as free soil – no slavery – by Manasseh Cutler and Rufus Putnam proved to be crucial to the outcome of the Civil War.

Statue of abolitionist and crusading minister Theodore Parker in front of the Theodore Parker Church in West Roxbury, Massachusetts.

Statue of prominent abolitionist Frederick Douglass in the Highland Park Bowl in Rochester, New York. Douglass was a great admirer of Theodore Parker.

Benjamin Kent, Old Burying Ground, Halifax, Nova Scotia

Simon Legree and Uncle Tom: a scene from Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), an influential abolitionist novel

Henry Clay (1777–1852), one of three founders of the American Colonization Society, which assisted free blacks in moving to Africa. Liberia was a result.

Movement of slaves between 1790 and 1860

Slaves Waiting for Sale: Richmond, Virginia. Painting by Eyre Crowe

Ashley's Sack is a cloth that recounts a slave sale separating a mother and her daughter. The sack belonged to a nine-year-old girl Ashley and was a parting gift from her mother, Rose, after Ashley had been sold. Rose filled the sack with a dress, braid of her hair, pecans, and "my love always"

Slave trader's business in Atlanta, Georgia, 1864

Peter or Gordon, a whipped slave, photo taken at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1863; the guilty overseer was fired.

Wilson Chinn, a branded slave from Louisiana--Also exhibiting instruments of torture used to punish slaves

U.S. brig Perry confronting the slave ship Martha off Ambriz on June 6, 1850

Eastman Johnson's 1863 painting "The Lord is My Shepherd"

Illustration from History of American conspiracies – a record of treason, insurrection, rebellion and c., in the United States of America, from 1760 to 1860 (1863)

James Hopkinson's Plantation. Planting sweet potatoes. ca. 1862/63

Slaves for sale, a scene in New Orleans, 1861

Mixed-race slave girls of predominant European ancestry, New Orleans, 1863 (see also white slave propaganda).

Five-dollar banknote showing a plantation scene with enslaved people in South Carolina. Issued by the Planters Bank, Winnsboro, 1853. On display at the British Museum in London.

Eastman Johnson (American, 1824–1906). A Ride for Liberty – The Fugitive Slaves (recto), ca. 1862. Oil on paperboard. Brooklyn Museum

Uncle Marian, a slave of great notoriety, of North Carolina. Daguerreotype of elderly North Carolina slave, circa 1850.

Slaves on J. J. Smith's cotton plantation near Beaufort, South Carolina, photographed by Timothy O'Sullivan standing before their quarters in 1862

Escaped slaves, ca. 1862, at the headquarters of General Lafayette

Four generations of a slave family, Smith's Plantation, Beaufort, South Carolina, 1862

Abraham Lincoln presents the first draft of the Emancipation Proclamation to his cabinet. Painted by Francis Bicknell Carpenter in 1864

An industrial school set up for ex-slaves in Richmond during Reconstruction

Many Native Americans were enslaved during the California Genocide by American settlers.

Percentage of slaves in each county of the slave states in 1860

Evolution of the enslaved population of the United States as a percentage of the population of each state, 1790–1860

Abolition of slavery in the various states of the United States over time:Abolition of slavery during or shortly after the American Revolution
The Northwest Ordinance, 1787
Gradual emancipation in New York (starting 1799) and New Jersey (starting 1804)
The Missouri Compromise, 1821
Effective abolition of slavery by Mexican or joint US/British authority
Abolition of slavery by Congressional action, 1861
Abolition of slavery by Congressional action, 1862
Emancipation Proclamation as originally issued, 1 Jan 1863
Subsequent operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863
Abolition of slavery by state action during the Civil War
Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1864
Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1865
Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. constitution, 18 Dec 1865
Territory incorporated into the U.S. after the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment

Shortly afterward, the Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces attacked the U.S. Army's Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina.

The ruins of Richmond, Virginia, the former Confederate capital, after the American Civil War; newly-freed African Americans voting for the first time in 1867; office of the Freedmen's Bureau in Memphis, Tennessee; Memphis riots of 1866

Reconstruction era

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The Southern economy had been ruined by the war. Charleston, South Carolina: Broad Street, 1865

The distribution of wealth per capita in 1872, illustrating the disparity between North and South in that period

A political cartoon of Andrew Johnson and Abraham Lincoln, 1865, entitled "The Rail Splitter At Work Repairing the Union". The caption reads (Johnson): "Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever." (Lincoln): "A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended."

Monument in honor of the Grand Army of the Republic, organized after the war

Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States (1861–1865)

Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation in Massachusetts, 1862

Northern teachers traveled into the South to provide education and training for the newly freed population.

Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States (1865–1869)

An October 24th, 1874 Harper's Magazine editorial cartoon by Thomas Nast denouncing KKK and White League murders of innocent Blacks

The debate over Reconstruction and the Freedmen's Bureau was nationwide. This 1866 Pennsylvania election poster alleged that the bureau kept the Negro in idleness at the expense of the hardworking white taxpayer. A racist caricature of an African American is depicted.

1868 Republican cartoon identifies Democratic candidates Seymour and Blair (right) with KKK violence and with Confederate soldiers (left).

"This is a white man's government", Thomas Nast's caricature of the forces arraigned against Grant and Reconstruction in the 1868 election. Atop a black Union veteran reaching for a ballot box: the New York City Irish; Confederate and Klansman Nathan Bedford Forrest; and big-money Democratic Party chairman August Belmont, a burning freedmen's school in the background. Harper's Weekly, September 5, 1868.

Ulysses S. Grant, 18th President of the United States (1869–1877)

Grant's Attorney General Amos T. Akerman prosecuted the Ku Klux Klan, believing that the strong arm of the federal Justice Department could pacify the South.

Eastman Johnson's 1863 painting The Lord is My Shepherd, of a man reading the Bible

Atlanta's rail yard and roundhouse in ruins shortly after the end of the Civil War

$20 banknote with portrait of Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch

Winslow Homer's 1876 painting A Visit from the Old Mistress

A Republican Form of Government and No Domestic Violence, by Thomas Nast, a political cartoon about the Wheeler Compromise in Louisiana, published in Harper's Weekly, March 6, 1875

White Leaguers attacking the New Orleans integrated police force and state militia, Battle of Liberty Place, 1874

Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States (1877–1881)

A poster for the 1939 epic film Gone with the Wind, which is set during the Civil War and Reconstruction eras

Map of the five Reconstruction military districts
First Military District
Second Military District
Third Military District
Fourth Military District
Fifth Military District

The Reconstruction era was a period in American history following the American Civil War (1861–1865); it lasted from 1865 to 1877 and marked a significant chapter in the history of civil rights in the United States.

Photograph by Mathew Brady of Sherman at Washington, D.C., in May 1865. The black ribbon of mourning on his left arm is for President Abraham Lincoln.

William Tecumseh Sherman

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American soldier, businessman, educator, and author.

California Registered Historic Landmark plaque at the location in Jackson Square, San Francisco, of the branch of the Bank of Lucas, Turner & Co. that Sherman directed from 1853 to 1857

Two cannons on display in front of the Military Science building at Louisiana State University, which were used at the Battle of Fort Sumter and procured by Sherman for the university after the U.S. Civil War.

Portrait by Mathew Brady, c. undefined 1864

Oil portrait of Sherman by George P. A. Healy, 1866

Engraving depicting Admiral Porter's flotilla of gunships and transports arriving below Vicksburg on April 16, 1863. General Sherman is rowing out to the flagship, the USS Benton, in a yawl.

Map of the Battles for Chattanooga, 1863

Map of Sherman's campaigns in Georgia and the Carolinas, 1864–1865

Sherman on horseback at Federal Fort No. 7, after the Atlanta Campaign, September 1864

Green–Meldrim House, which served as Sherman's headquarters after his capture of Savannah in December 1864

The Burning of Columbia, South Carolina (1865) by William Waud for Harper's Weekly

From left to right, Sherman, Grant, Lincoln, and Porter meet on board the River Queen on March 27, 1865, near City Point, Virginia. The 1868 oil painting The Peacemakers by G. P. A. Healy is in the White House collection.

Sherman with Howard, Logan, Hazen, Davis, Slocum, and Mower, photographed by Mathew Brady, May 1865

Portrait by Mathew Brady or Levin C. Handy, between 1865 and 1880

Photograph by G. N. Barnard of Sherman's troops destroying a railroad in Atlanta, 1864

An 1868 engraving by Alexander Hay Ritchie depicting the March to the Sea

Map of Sherman's advance from Atlanta to Goldsboro

Cover of sheet music for a song celebrating the March to the Sea (1865)

Sherman (third from left) and other Indian Peace Commissioners in council with native chiefs and headmen, at the signing of the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868

Portrait of Sherman in the frontispiece of the second edition of his Memoirs (1886). The engraving is based on a photograph taken ca. 1885 by Napoleon Sarony.

Shoulder strap insignia, introduced by Sherman in 1872 for his use as General of the Army

Sherman in his later years, in civilian evening clothes

William Tecumseh Sherman monument by Augustus Saint-Gaudens, 1902, located at Grand Army Plaza in Manhattan, New York, incorporates a statue of Nike titled Victory

He served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861–1865), achieving recognition for his command of military strategy as well as criticism for the harshness of the scorched-earth policies that he implemented against the Confederate States.

Southern United States

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Geographic and cultural region of the United States of America.

Field of yellow wildflowers in Saint Bernard Parish, Louisiana

Misty Bluff along the Buffalo River, Ozark Mountains, Arkansas

Tidal wetlands of the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland

The highlands of Grayson County in Southwest Virginia

1st Maryland Regiment holding the line at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in North Carolina, 1781

The siege of Yorktown prompted Great Britain's surrender in North America during the American Revolutionary War, 1781

Slaves on a South Carolina plantation (The Old Plantation, circa 1790)

Grove Plantation in Tallahassee, Florida. Known officially as the Call/Collins House at the Grove. Built circa 1840.

Horse race meeting at Jacksonville, Alabama, 1841

Historic Southern United States. The states in light red were considered "border states", and gave varying degrees of support to the Southern cause although they remained in the Union. This illustration depicts the original, trans-Allegheny borders of Virginia, and thus does not show West Virginia (which separated from Virginia in 1863) separately. Although members of the Five Tribes in Indian Territory (today part of Oklahoma) aligned themselves with the Confederacy, the region is not shaded because at the time it was a territory, not a state.

Atlanta's railroad roundhouse in ruins shortly after the end of the Civil War

An African American family, photo-graphed by O'Pierre Havens, circa 1868

A Home on the Mississippi, by Currier and Ives, 1871

Child laborers in Bluffton, South Carolina, 1913

An illustration from Houston: Where Seventeen Railroads Meet the Sea, 1913

Photo of sharecropper family in Walker County, Alabama, circa 1937

Street musicians in Maynardville, Tennessee, photographed in 1935

Alabama plays Texas in American football for the 2010 BCS National Championship Game

Houston vs Texas face-off during the 2013 Lone Star Series in the American League West division of Major League Baseball

The start of the 2015 Daytona 500, the biggest race in NASCAR, at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida

A rally against school integration in Little Rock, 1959.

U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson signs the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Bill Clinton, newly elected Governor of Arkansas speaking with Jimmy Carter in 1978. Carter and Clinton were both Southern Democrats and elected to the presidencies in 1976 and 1992.

Racial segregation was required by state laws in the South and other U.S. states until 1964.

Following the American Civil War, these states were subsequently added back to the Union.

Jefferson Davis

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American politician who served as the president of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865.

Wedding photograph (a daguerrotype) of Jefferson Davis and Varina Howell, 1845

Davis was sworn in as provisional president on February 18, 1861, at the entrance to the Alabama State Capitol.

The original Confederate Cabinet. From left: Judah P. Benjamin, Stephen Mallory, Christopher Memminger, Alexander H. Stephens, LeRoy Pope Walker, Jefferson Davis, John H. Reagan and Robert Toombs.

Davis was first depicted on CSA notes issued between April and December 1862.

Capture of Jefferson Davis – Illustration in New York Daily News, May 15, 1865

Illustration of Jefferson Davis in prison

Jefferson Davis's family in Lennoxville, Québec, Canada, 1865. From Bishop's College Yearbook.

House of Representatives vote for a trial of Jefferson Davis, June 11, 1866

The petit jury impaneled for Davis's trial for treason. Contemporary composite image from two glass plate negatives.

Funeral procession of Jefferson Davis in New Orleans

Jefferson Davis burial site at Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia

Postwar portrait of Jefferson Davis by Daniel Huntington

Jefferson Davis in National Statuary Hall

As a member of the Democratic Party, he represented Mississippi in the United States Senate and the House of Representatives before the American Civil War.

Western theater of the American Civil War

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Western Theater map at The Photographic History of the Civil War

From Belmont (November 1861) to Shiloh (April 1862)

From Corinth (May 1862) to Perryville (October 1862)

Operations against Vicksburg and Grant's Bayou Operations

From Vicksburg (December 1862 – July 1863) to Chickamauga (September 1863)

Battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, Chattanooga Campaign

The Western Theater of the American Civil War encompassed major military operations in the states of Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina, Kentucky, South Carolina and Tennessee, as well as Louisiana east of the Mississippi River.

A report on American Civil War

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