A report on Ammonia and Ammonium nitrate

Ball-and-stick model of the diamminesilver(I) cation, [Ag(NH3)2]+

Ball-and-stick model of the tetraamminediaquacopper(II) cation, [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2](2+)

This high-pressure reactor was built in 1921 by BASF in Ludwigshafen and was re-erected on the premises of the University of Karlsruhe in Germany.

Ammoniacal Gas Engine Streetcar in New Orleans drawn by Alfred Waud in 1871.

The X-15 aircraft used ammonia as one component fuel of its rocket engine

Anti-meth sign on tank of anhydrous ammonia, Otley, Iowa. Anhydrous ammonia is a common farm fertilizer that is also a critical ingredient in making methamphetamine. In 2005, Iowa used grant money to give out thousands of locks to prevent criminals from getting into the tanks.

The world's longest ammonia pipeline (roughly 2400 km long), running from the TogliattiAzot plant in Russia to Odessa in Ukraine

Hydrochloric acid sample releasing HCl fumes, which are reacting with ammonia fumes to produce a white smoke of ammonium chloride.

Production trend of ammonia between 1947 and 2007

Main symptoms of hyperammonemia (ammonia reaching toxic concentrations).

Ammonia occurs in the atmospheres of the outer giant planets such as Jupiter (0.026% ammonia), Saturn (0.012% ammonia), and in the atmospheres and ices of Uranus and Neptune.

Ca(NO3)2 + 2 NH3 + CO2 + H2O → 2 NH4NO3 + CaCO3

- Ammonium nitrate

It combines with acids to form salts; thus with hydrochloric acid it forms ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac); with nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, etc. Perfectly dry ammonia gas will not combine with perfectly dry hydrogen chloride gas; moisture is necessary to bring about the reaction.

- Ammonia

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A farmer spreading manure to improve soil fertility

Fertilizer

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Any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply plant nutrients.

World population supported with and without synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.

Founded in 1812, Mirat, producer of manures and fertilizers, is claimed to be the oldest industrial business in Salamanca (Spain).

Six tomato plants grown with and without nitrate fertilizer on nutrient-poor sand/clay soil. One of the plants in the nutrient-poor soil has died.

Total nitrogenous fertilizer consumption per region, measured in tonnes of total nutrient per year.

An apatite mine in Siilinjärvi, Finland.

Compost bin for small-scale production of organic fertilizer

Applying superphosphate fertilizer by hand, New Zealand, 1938

N-Butylthiophosphoryltriamide, an enhanced efficiency fertilizer.

Fertilizer use (2018). From FAO's World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2020

The diagram displays the statistics of fertilizer consumption in western and central European counties from data published by The World Bank for 2012.

Runoff of soil and fertilizer during a rain storm

Large pile of phosphogypsum waste near Fort Meade, Florida.

Red circles show the location and size of many dead zones.

Global methane concentrations (surface and atmospheric) for 2005; note distinct plumes

Only some bacteria and their host plants (notably legumes) can fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2) by converting it to ammonia.

Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) is also widely used.

Haber process

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Artificial nitrogen fixation process and is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia today.

A historical (1921) high-pressure steel reactor for production of ammonia via the Haber process is displayed at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany

First reactor at the Oppau plant in 1913

Modern ammonia reactor with heat exchanger modules: The cold gas mixture is preheated to reaction temperature in heat exchangers by the reaction heat and cools in turn the produced ammonia.

The process converts atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) by a reaction with hydrogen (H2) using a metal catalyst under high temperatures and pressures:

The ammonia is used mainly as a nitrogen fertilizer as ammonia itself, in the form of ammonium nitrate, and as urea.

Nitric acid

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Inorganic compound with the formula HNO3.

Two major resonance representations of HNO3

Upon adding a base such as ammonia, the color turns orange.

Nitric acid is neutralized with ammonia to give ammonium nitrate.

Ammonium

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Positively charged polyatomic ion with the chemical formula [NH4]+.

It is formed by the protonation of ammonia (NH3).

Ammonium cation is found in a variety of salts such as ammonium carbonate, ammonium chloride and ammonium nitrate.

Urea

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Organic compound with chemical formula CO2.

Urea plant using ammonium carbamate briquettes, Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory, ca. 1930

The liver forms it by combining two ammonia molecules (NH3) with a carbon dioxide (CO2) molecule in the urea cycle.

Originally, because it was not economic to recompress the ammonia and carbon dioxide for recycle, the ammonia at least would be used for the manufacture of other products, for example ammonium nitrate or sulfate.

Nitrate

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Polyatomic ion with the chemical formula.

Canonical resonance structures for the nitrate ion

Sea surface nitrate from the World Ocean Atlas

Nitrates are produced by a number of species of nitrifying bacteria in the natural environment using ammonia or urea as a source of nitrogen and source of free energy.

The main nitrate fertilizers are ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium salts.

Ammonium sulfate

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Inorganic salt with a number of commercial uses.

The main disadvantage to the use of ammonium sulfate is its low nitrogen content relative to ammonium nitrate, which elevates transportation costs.

Heating at higher temperatures results in decomposition into ammonia, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and water.