A report on Atmosphere of Earth, Ammonia and International Space Station

NASA photo showing Earth's atmosphere at sunset, with Earth silhouetted
Ball-and-stick model of the diamminesilver(I) cation, [Ag(NH3)2]+
ISS crew member storing samples
Ball-and-stick model of the tetraamminediaquacopper(II) cation, [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2](2+)
A comparison between the combustion of a candle on Earth (left) and in a free fall environment, such as that found on the ISS (right)
Composition of Earth's atmosphere by molecular count, excluding water vapor. Lower pie represents trace gases that together compose about 0.0434% of the atmosphere (0.0442% at August 2021 concentrations ). Numbers are mainly from 2000, with and methane from 2019, and do not represent any single source.
Jabir ibn Hayyan
A 3D plan of the Russia-based MARS-500 complex, used for conducting ground-based experiments that complement ISS-based preparations for a human mission to Mars
Mean atmospheric water vapor
This high-pressure reactor was built in 1921 by BASF in Ludwigshafen and was re-erected on the premises of the University of Karlsruhe in Germany.
Original Jules Verne manuscripts displayed by crew inside the Jules Verne ATV
The mole fraction of the main constituents of the Earth's atmosphere as a function of height according to the MSIS-E-90 atmospheric model.
A train carrying Anhydrous Ammonia.
ISS module Node 2 manufacturing and processing in the Space Station Processing Facility
Earth's atmosphere Lower 4 layers of the atmosphere in 3 dimensions as seen diagonally from above the exobase. Layers drawn to scale, objects within the layers are not to scale. Aurorae shown here at the bottom of the thermosphere can actually form at any altitude in this atmospheric layer.
Liquid ammonia bottle
Animation of the assembly of the International Space Station
orbiting in the thermosphere. Because of the angle of the photo, it appears to straddle the stratosphere and mesosphere that actually lie more than 250 km below. The orange layer is the troposphere, which gives way to the whitish stratosphere and then the blue mesosphere.
Household ammonia
The ISS was slowly assembled over more than a decade of spaceflights and crews.
Temperature trends in two thick layers of the atmosphere as measured between January 1979 and December 2005 by microwave sounding units and advanced microwave sounding units on NOAA weather satellites. The instruments record microwaves emitted from oxygen molecules in the atmosphere. Source:
Ammoniacal Gas Engine Streetcar in New Orleans drawn by Alfred Waud in 1871.
An iconic view of the completed station as seen from Shuttle Atlantis during STS-132, 23 May 2010
Temperature and mass density against altitude from the NRLMSISE-00 standard atmosphere model (the eight dotted lines in each "decade" are at the eight cubes 8, 27, 64, ..., 729)
The X-15 aircraft used ammonia as one component fuel of its rocket engine
Zarya as seen by during STS-88
Rough plot of Earth's atmospheric transmittance (or opacity) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light.
Anti-meth sign on tank of anhydrous ammonia, Otley, Iowa. Anhydrous ammonia is a common farm fertilizer that is also a critical ingredient in making methamphetamine. In 2005, Iowa used grant money to give out thousands of locks to prevent criminals from getting into the tanks.
Unity as seen by during STS-88
Distortive effect of atmospheric refraction upon the shape of the sun at the horizon.
The world's longest ammonia pipeline (roughly 2400 km long), running from the TogliattiAzot plant in Russia to Odessa in Ukraine
Zvezda as seen by during STS-97
An idealised view of three pairs of large circulation cells.
Hydrochloric acid sample releasing HCl fumes, which are reacting with ammonia fumes to produce a white smoke of ammonium chloride.
The Destiny module being installed on the ISS
Oxygen content of the atmosphere over the last billion years
Production trend of ammonia between 1947 and 2007
Quest Joint Airlock Module
Main symptoms of hyperammonemia (ammonia reaching toxic concentrations).
Harmony shown connected to Columbus, Kibo, and Destiny. PMA-2 faces. The nadir and zenith locations are open.
Ammonia occurs in the atmospheres of the outer giant planets such as Jupiter (0.026% ammonia), Saturn (0.012% ammonia), and in the atmospheres and ices of Uranus and Neptune.
Tranquility in 2011
The Columbus module on the ISS
Kibō Exposed Facility on the right
The Cupola windows with shutters open
Rassvet module with MLM-outfitting equipment (consisting of experiment airlock, radiators, and ERA workpost) at KSC.
MLM outfittings on Rassvet
A wide-angle view of the new module (behind Rassvet) attached to the ROS as seen from the cupola
Modified passive forward port for experiment airlock near the nadir end of Nauka
Leonardo Permanent Multipurpose Module
Progression of the expansion of BEAM
IDA-1 upright
NanoRacks Bishop airlock module installed on the ISS
1637984492234 Progress MS 17 undocking and Nauka nadir temporary docking adapter Removal
Nauka and Prichal docked to ISS
ISS Truss Components breakdown showing Trusses and all ORUs in situ
Construction of the Integrated Truss Structure over New Zealand.
The cancelled Habitation module under construction at Michoud in 1997
The interactions between the components of the ISS Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS)
ISS External Active Thermal Control System (EATCS) diagram
Dragon and Cygnus cargo vessels were docked at the ISS together for the first time in April 2016.
Japan's Kounotori 4 berthing
Commercial Crew Program vehicles Starliner and Dragon
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The Progress M-14M resupply vehicle approaching the ISS in 2012. More than 50 unpiloted Progress spacecraft have delivered supplies during the lifetime of the station.
, ATV-2, Soyuz TMA-21, and Progress M-10M docked to the ISS, as seen from the departing Soyuz TMA-20
Spare parts are called ORUs; some are externally stored on pallets called ELCs and ESPs.
While anchored on the end of the OBSS during STS-120, astronaut Scott Parazynski performs makeshift repairs to a US solar array that damaged itself when unfolding.
Mike Hopkins during a spacewalk
Engineer Gregory Chamitoff peering out of a window
STS-122 mission specialists working on robotic equipment in the US lab
The crews of Expedition 20 and STS-127 enjoy a meal inside Unity.
Main dining desk in Node 1
Cosmonaut Nikolai Budarin at work inside the Zvezda service module crew quarters
Astronaut Frank De Winne, attached to the TVIS treadmill with bungee cords aboard the ISS
Orbits of the ISS, shown in April 2013
The ISS and HTV photographed from Earth by Ralf Vandebergh
Composite of six photos of the ISS transiting the gibbous Moon
A Commemorative Plaque honouring Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement signed on 28 January 1998
Many ISS resupply spacecraft have already undergone atmospheric re-entry, such as Jules Verne ATV
Technical blueprint of components.
The ISS exterior and steelwork taken on 8 November 2021, from the departing SpaceX Crew-2 capsule.
Diagram structure of International Space Station after installation of solar arrays (as of September 2021).
A 7-gram object (shown in centre) shot at {{convert|7|km/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}, the orbital velocity of the ISS, made this {{convert|15|cm|in|abbr=on}} crater in a solid block of aluminium.
Radar-trackable objects, including debris, with distinct ring of geostationary satellites
Example of risk management: A NASA model showing areas at high risk from impact for the International Space Station.
Skytrack long duration exposure of the ISS
The ISS on its first pass of the night passing nearly overhead shortly after sunset in June 2014
The ISS passing north on its third pass of the night near local midnight in June 2014
The ISS passing west on its fifth pass of the night before sunrise in June 2014

It is lighter than air, its density being 0.589 times that of air.

- Ammonia

The International Space Station orbits in this layer, between 350 and 420 km. It is this layer where many of the satellites orbiting the earth are present.

- Atmosphere of Earth

There were probably simple hydrides such as those now found in the gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn), notably water vapor, methane and ammonia.

- Atmosphere of Earth

Ammonia coolant is also used in the S1 radiator aboard the International Space Station in two loops which are used to regulate the internal temperature and enable temperature dependent experiments.

- Ammonia

The atmosphere on board the ISS is similar to that of Earth.

- International Space Station

The EATCS consists of an internal, non-toxic, water coolant loop used to cool and dehumidify the atmosphere, which transfers collected heat into an external liquid ammonia loop.

- International Space Station
NASA photo showing Earth's atmosphere at sunset, with Earth silhouetted

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