A report on Atmosphere of Earth, Particulates and Ammonia

NASA photo showing Earth's atmosphere at sunset, with Earth silhouetted
This diagram shows types, and size distribution in micrometres (μm), of atmospheric particulate matter.
Ball-and-stick model of the diamminesilver(I) cation, [Ag(NH3)2]+
PM2.5 and PM10 compared with a human hair in a graphic from the Environmental Protection Agency
Ball-and-stick model of the tetraamminediaquacopper(II) cation, [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2](2+)
Composition of Earth's atmosphere by molecular count, excluding water vapor. Lower pie represents trace gases that together compose about 0.0434% of the atmosphere (0.0442% at August 2021 concentrations ). Numbers are mainly from 2000, with and methane from 2019, and do not represent any single source.
2005 radiative forcings and uncertainties as estimated by the IPCC.
Jabir ibn Hayyan
Mean atmospheric water vapor
Global aerosol optical thickness. The aerosol scale (yellow to dark reddish-brown) indicates the relative amount of particles that absorb sunlight.
This high-pressure reactor was built in 1921 by BASF in Ludwigshafen and was re-erected on the premises of the University of Karlsruhe in Germany.
The mole fraction of the main constituents of the Earth's atmosphere as a function of height according to the MSIS-E-90 atmospheric model.
Particulates in the air causing shades of grey and pink in Mumbai during sunset
A train carrying Anhydrous Ammonia.
Earth's atmosphere Lower 4 layers of the atmosphere in 3 dimensions as seen diagonally from above the exobase. Layers drawn to scale, objects within the layers are not to scale. Aurorae shown here at the bottom of the thermosphere can actually form at any altitude in this atmospheric layer.
Solar radiation reduction due to volcanic eruptions
Liquid ammonia bottle
orbiting in the thermosphere. Because of the angle of the photo, it appears to straddle the stratosphere and mesosphere that actually lie more than 250 km below. The orange layer is the troposphere, which gives way to the whitish stratosphere and then the blue mesosphere.
Air pollution measurement station in Emden, Germany
Household ammonia
Temperature trends in two thick layers of the atmosphere as measured between January 1979 and December 2005 by microwave sounding units and advanced microwave sounding units on NOAA weather satellites. The instruments record microwaves emitted from oxygen molecules in the atmosphere. Source:
Deaths from air pollution compared to other common causes
Ammoniacal Gas Engine Streetcar in New Orleans drawn by Alfred Waud in 1871.
Temperature and mass density against altitude from the NRLMSISE-00 standard atmosphere model (the eight dotted lines in each "decade" are at the eight cubes 8, 27, 64, ..., 729)
Air quality information on PM10 displayed in Katowice, Poland
The X-15 aircraft used ammonia as one component fuel of its rocket engine
Rough plot of Earth's atmospheric transmittance (or opacity) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light.
Air quality trends in the United States
Anti-meth sign on tank of anhydrous ammonia, Otley, Iowa. Anhydrous ammonia is a common farm fertilizer that is also a critical ingredient in making methamphetamine. In 2005, Iowa used grant money to give out thousands of locks to prevent criminals from getting into the tanks.
Distortive effect of atmospheric refraction upon the shape of the sun at the horizon.
Air quality trends in the western United States
The world's longest ammonia pipeline (roughly 2400 km long), running from the TogliattiAzot plant in Russia to Odessa in Ukraine
An idealised view of three pairs of large circulation cells.
Air quality trends in the southwestern United States
Hydrochloric acid sample releasing HCl fumes, which are reacting with ammonia fumes to produce a white smoke of ammonium chloride.
Oxygen content of the atmosphere over the last billion years
Concentration of PM10 in Europe
Production trend of ammonia between 1947 and 2007
Main symptoms of hyperammonemia (ammonia reaching toxic concentrations).
Ammonia occurs in the atmospheres of the outer giant planets such as Jupiter (0.026% ammonia), Saturn (0.012% ammonia), and in the atmospheres and ices of Uranus and Neptune.

Particulates – also known as atmospheric aerosol particles, atmospheric particulate matter, particulate matter (PM) or suspended particulate matter (SPM) – are microscopic particles of solid or liquid matter suspended in the air.

- Particulates

In the presence of ammonia, secondary aerosols often take the form of ammonium salts; i.e. ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate (both can be dry or in aqueous solution); in the absence of ammonia, secondary compounds take an acidic form as sulfuric acid (liquid aerosol droplets) and nitric acid (atmospheric gas), all of which probably contribute to the health effects of particulates.

- Particulates

It is lighter than air, its density being 0.589 times that of air.

- Ammonia

There were probably simple hydrides such as those now found in the gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn), notably water vapor, methane and ammonia.

- Atmosphere of Earth

is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to organisms.

- Atmosphere of Earth

Atmospheric ammonia plays a key role in the formation of fine particulate matter.

- Ammonia
NASA photo showing Earth's atmosphere at sunset, with Earth silhouetted

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