A report on Chlorine, Bleach and Ammonia

Carl Wilhelm Scheele, discoverer of chlorine

Ball-and-stick model of the diamminesilver(I) cation, [Ag(NH3)2]+

Chlorine, liquefied under a pressure of 7.4 bar at room temperature, displayed in a quartz ampule embedded in acrylic glass.

Early method of bleaching cotton and linen goods on lawns

Ball-and-stick model of the tetraamminediaquacopper(II) cation, [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2](2+)

Structure of solid deuterium chloride, with D···Cl hydrogen bonds

This high-pressure reactor was built in 1921 by BASF in Ludwigshafen and was re-erected on the premises of the University of Karlsruhe in Germany.

Hydrated nickel(II) chloride, NiCl2(H2O)6.

Yellow chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas above a solution containing chlorine dioxide.

Structure of dichlorine heptoxide, Cl2O7, the most stable of the chlorine oxides

Suggested mechanism for the chlorination of a carboxylic acid by phosphorus pentachloride to form an acyl chloride

Ammoniacal Gas Engine Streetcar in New Orleans drawn by Alfred Waud in 1871.

The X-15 aircraft used ammonia as one component fuel of its rocket engine

Membrane cell process for chloralkali production

Anti-meth sign on tank of anhydrous ammonia, Otley, Iowa. Anhydrous ammonia is a common farm fertilizer that is also a critical ingredient in making methamphetamine. In 2005, Iowa used grant money to give out thousands of locks to prevent criminals from getting into the tanks.

The world's longest ammonia pipeline (roughly 2400 km long), running from the TogliattiAzot plant in Russia to Odessa in Ukraine

Hydrochloric acid sample releasing HCl fumes, which are reacting with ammonia fumes to produce a white smoke of ammonium chloride.

$Chlorine "attack" on an acetal resin plumbing joint resulting from a fractured acetal joint in a water supply system which started at an injection molding defect in the joint and slowly grew until the part failed; the fracture surface shows iron and calcium salts that were deposited in the leaking joint from the water supply before failure and are the indirect result of the chlorine attack$

Production trend of ammonia between 1947 and 2007

Main symptoms of hyperammonemia (ammonia reaching toxic concentrations).

Ammonia occurs in the atmospheres of the outer giant planets such as Jupiter (0.026% ammonia), Saturn (0.012% ammonia), and in the atmospheres and ices of Uranus and Neptune.

Chlorine, a powerful oxidizer, is the active agent in many household bleaches.

- Bleach

The high oxidising potential of elemental chlorine led to the development of commercial bleaches and disinfectants, and a reagent for many processes in the chemical industry.

- Chlorine

Combustion: Ammonia does not burn readily or sustain combustion, except under narrow fuel-to-air mixtures of 15–25% air. When mixed with oxygen, it burns with a pale yellowish-green flame. Ignition occurs when chlorine is passed into ammonia, forming nitrogen and hydrogen chloride; if chlorine is present in excess, then the highly explosive nitrogen trichloride (NCl3) is also formed.

- Ammonia

Mixing bleach with ammonia similarly produces toxic chloramine gas, which can burn the lungs.

- Bleach

Mixing with chlorine-containing products or strong oxidants, such as household bleach, can generate chloramines.

- Ammonia

Hypochlorite bleach (a popular laundry additive) combined with ammonia (another popular laundry additive) produces chloramines, another toxic group of chemicals.

- Chlorine

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Claude Louis Berthollet

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Savoyard-French chemist who became vice president of the French Senate in 1804.

Lavoisier and Berthollet, Chimistes Celebres, Liebig's Extract of Meat Company Trading Card, 1929

Claude Louis Berthollet statue in Annecy, France

He also carried out research into dyes and bleaches, being first to introduce the use of chlorine gas as a commercial bleach in 1785.

Berthollet first determined the elemental composition of the gas ammonia, in 1785.