A report on Chloralkali process, Mercury (element) and Ammonia

Old drawing of a chloralkali process plant (Edgewood, Maryland)
A pound coin (density ~7.6 g/cm3) floats on mercury due to the combination of the buoyant force and surface tension.
Ball-and-stick model of the diamminesilver(I) cation, [Ag(NH3)2]+
Cell room of a chlor-alkali plant ca. 1920
Mercury-discharge spectral calibration lamp
Ball-and-stick model of the tetraamminediaquacopper(II) cation, [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2](2+)
Basic membrane cell used in the electrolysis of brine. At the anode (A), chloride (Cl−) is oxidized to chlorine. The ion-selective membrane (B) allows the counterion Na+ to freely flow across, but prevents anions such as hydroxide (OH−) and chloride from diffusing across. At the cathode (C), water is reduced to hydroxide and hydrogen gas. The net process is the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of NaCl into industrially useful products sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and chlorine gas.
The symbol for the planet Mercury (☿) has been used since ancient times to represent the element
Jabir ibn Hayyan
Mercury cell for chloralkali process
Native mercury with cinnabar, Socrates mine, Sonoma County, California. Cinnabar sometimes alters to native mercury in the oxidized zone of mercury deposits.
This high-pressure reactor was built in 1921 by BASF in Ludwigshafen and was re-erected on the premises of the University of Karlsruhe in Germany.
The bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer
A train carrying Anhydrous Ammonia.
Amalgam filling
Liquid ammonia bottle
A single-pole, single-throw (SPST) mercury switch
Household ammonia
Mercury manometer to measure pressure
Ammoniacal Gas Engine Streetcar in New Orleans drawn by Alfred Waud in 1871.
Amount of atmospheric mercury deposited at Wyoming's Upper Fremont Glacier over the last 270 years
The X-15 aircraft used ammonia as one component fuel of its rocket engine
EPA workers clean up residential mercury spill in 2004
Anti-meth sign on tank of anhydrous ammonia, Otley, Iowa. Anhydrous ammonia is a common farm fertilizer that is also a critical ingredient in making methamphetamine. In 2005, Iowa used grant money to give out thousands of locks to prevent criminals from getting into the tanks.
The deep violet glow of a mercury vapor discharge in a germicidal lamp, whose spectrum is rich in invisible ultraviolet radiation.
The world's longest ammonia pipeline (roughly 2400 km long), running from the TogliattiAzot plant in Russia to Odessa in Ukraine
Skin tanner containing a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp and two infrared lamps, which act both as light source and electrical ballast
Hydrochloric acid sample releasing HCl fumes, which are reacting with ammonia fumes to produce a white smoke of ammonium chloride.
Assorted types of fluorescent lamps.
Production trend of ammonia between 1947 and 2007
The miniaturized Deep Space Atomic Clock is a linear ion-trap-based mercury ion clock, designed for precise and real-time radio navigation in deep space.
Main symptoms of hyperammonemia (ammonia reaching toxic concentrations).
Ammonia occurs in the atmospheres of the outer giant planets such as Jupiter (0.026% ammonia), Saturn (0.012% ammonia), and in the atmospheres and ices of Uranus and Neptune.

Much of this hydrogen is used to produce hydrochloric acid, ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, or is burned for power and/or steam production.

- Chloralkali process

The diaphragm cell process, and the mercury cell process have been used for over 100 years and are environmentally unfriendly through their use of asbestos and mercury, respectively, but the membrane cell process was only developed in the past 60 years.

- Chloralkali process

Mercury(II) salts form a variety of complex derivatives with ammonia.

- Mercury (element)

Before the availability of natural gas, hydrogen as a precursor to ammonia production was produced via the electrolysis of water or using the chloralkali process.

- Ammonia

By-products of any such chloralkali process are hydrogen (H2) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is commonly called caustic soda or lye.

- Mercury (element)

Experts also warn that prolonged contact of ammonia solutions with silver, mercury or iodide salts can also lead to explosive products: such mixtures are often formed in qualitative inorganic analysis, and that it needs to be lightly acidified but not concentrated (<6% w/v) before disposal once the test is completed.

- Ammonia
Old drawing of a chloralkali process plant (Edgewood, Maryland)

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