A report on Ammonia and Climate change mitigation

Ball-and-stick model of the diamminesilver(I) cation, [Ag(NH3)2]+

Coal, oil, and natural gas remain the primary global energy sources even as renewables have begun rapidly increasing.

Ball-and-stick model of the tetraamminediaquacopper(II) cation, [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2](2+)

Multiple pathways exist to limit climate change to 1.5 °C or 2 °C in the context of the temperature goals set forth in the Paris Agreement.

Global greenhouse gas emissions by sector, 2016. For climate change mitigation goals, pathways and mechanisms to effectively transform all sectors have to be developed and implemented at a rapid rate.

This high-pressure reactor was built in 1921 by BASF in Ludwigshafen and was re-erected on the premises of the University of Karlsruhe in Germany.

Global CO2 emissions by region from fossil fuels combustion, 2019 (not accounting for extradomestic production / imports-footprints)

The 150 MW Andasol solar power station is a commercial parabolic trough solar thermal power plant, located in Spain. The Andasol plant uses tanks of molten salt to store solar energy so that it can continue generating electricity for 7.5 hours after the sun has stopped shining.

The Shepherds Flat Wind Farm is an 845 megawatt (MW) nameplate capacity, wind farm in the US state of Oregon, each turbine is a nameplate 2 or 2.5 MW electricity generator.

The 22,500 MW nameplate capacity Three Gorges Dam in the People's Republic of China, the largest hydroelectric power station in the world.

Ammoniacal Gas Engine Streetcar in New Orleans drawn by Alfred Waud in 1871.

A comparison of prices over time for energy from nuclear fission and from other sources. Over the presented time, thousands of wind turbines and similar were built on assembly lines in mass production resulting in an economy of scale.

The X-15 aircraft used ammonia as one component fuel of its rocket engine

Sketch of a possible super grid. The red squares represent the total surfaces needed for solar collectors of Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSP) plants to provide the present electricity demands.

Anti-meth sign on tank of anhydrous ammonia, Otley, Iowa. Anhydrous ammonia is a common farm fertilizer that is also a critical ingredient in making methamphetamine. In 2005, Iowa used grant money to give out thousands of locks to prevent criminals from getting into the tanks.

In the European Investment Bank Climate Survey EU citizens said that in Europe, energy should be the most prioritised area of action against climate change.

The world's longest ammonia pipeline (roughly 2400 km long), running from the TogliattiAzot plant in Russia to Odessa in Ukraine

About 58% of emissions have been absorbed by carbon sinks, including plant growth, soil uptake, and ocean uptake (2020 Global Carbon Budget).

Hydrochloric acid sample releasing HCl fumes, which are reacting with ammonia fumes to produce a white smoke of ammonium chloride.

World protected area map with total percentage of each country under protection, where countries in lighter colors have more protected land

Production trend of ammonia between 1947 and 2007

Transferring land rights to indigenous inhabitants is argued to efficiently conserve forests.

Main symptoms of hyperammonemia (ammonia reaching toxic concentrations).

Helping existing roots and tree stumps regrow even in long deforested areas is argued to be more efficient than planting trees. Lack of legal ownership to trees by locals is the biggest obstacle preventing regrowth.

Ammonia occurs in the atmospheres of the outer giant planets such as Jupiter (0.026% ammonia), Saturn (0.012% ammonia), and in the atmospheres and ices of Uranus and Neptune.

(A) Untrawled seamount and (B) a trawled seamount. Bottom trawling has destroyed many coastal habitats, a significant sink of carbon.

Schematic showing both terrestrial and geological sequestration of carbon dioxide emissions from a large point source, for example burning natural gas

Alstom Citadis (left) and Eurotram (right) trams in Strasbourg on grassed track

Managed grazing methods are argued to be able to restore grasslands, thereby significantly decreasing atmospheric CO2 levels.

A matrix of the progress in the adoption of management practices and approaches

Bicycles have almost no carbon footprint compared to cars, and canal transport may represent a positive option for certain types of freight in the 21st century.

Carbon emission trade - allowance prices from 2008

The European Investment Bank's Investment Survey 2020 found that firms with active climate policies invest more in energy efficiency.

The European Investment Bank's Investment Survey also found that Western and Northern European firms are more likely to invest in climate mitigation.

More firms plan to invest in climate change mitigation, specifically focusing on low-carbon sectors.

Physical risks of climate change top the list of business concerns for US and EU firms.

Since 1950, world population has tripled.

The emissions of the richest 1% of the global population account for more than twice the combined share of the poorest 50%.

A photo of the September 2019 climate strikes

A typology of discourses aimed at delaying climate change mitigation

Emission responsibility allotments by country/region and industry

Historical and future temperature projections showing importance of mitigating short-lived climate pollutants like methane

Potential emissions from large fossil fuel projects 'carbon bombs' per country

Distribution of committed emissions from developed fossil fuel reserves.

Emission trading and carbon taxes around the world (2019)
Carbon emission trading implemented or scheduled
Carbon tax implemented or scheduled
Carbon emission trading or carbon tax under consideration

Hydrogen may be useful for seasonal energy storage. The low efficiency of 30% of the reconversion to electricity must improve dramatically before hydrogen storage can offer the same overall energy efficiency as batteries. Thermal energy in the conversion process can be used for district heating. For the electricity grid a German study estimated high costs of 0.176 €/KWh for reconversion concluding that substituting the electricity grid expansion entirely with hydrogen reconversion systems does not make sense from an economic standpoint. The concept of solar hydrogen is discussed for remote desert projects where grid connections to demand centers are not available. Because it has more energy per unit volume sometimes it may be better to use hydrogen in ammonia.

- Climate change mitigation

If the process of creating it can be scaled up via purely renewable resources, producing green ammonia, it could make a major difference in avoiding climate change.

- Ammonia

1 related topic with Alpha

Natural gas

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Naturally occurring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons consisting primarily of methane in addition to various smaller amounts of other higher alkanes.

Countries by natural gas proven reserves (2014), based on data from The World Factbook

The location of shale gas compared to other types of gas deposits

Natural gas processing plant in Aderklaa, Lower Austria

Schematic flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant

Natural gas extraction by countries in cubic meters per year around 2013

Polyethylene plastic main being placed in a trench

Construction close to high pressure gas transmission pipelines is discouraged, often with standing warning signs.

Peoples Gas Manlove Field natural gas storage area in Newcomb Township, Champaign County, Illinois. In the foreground (left) is one of the numerous wells for the underground storage area, with an LNG plant, and above ground storage tanks are in the background (right).

Manhole for domestic gas supply, London, UK

A Washington, D.C. Metrobus, which runs on natural gas

The warming influence (called radiative forcing) of long-lived greenhouse gases has nearly doubled in 40 years, with carbon dioxide and methane being the dominant drivers of global warming.

Gas network emergency vehicle responding to a major fire in Kyiv, Ukraine

Natural gas prices at the Henry Hub in US dollars per million BTUs

Comparison of natural gas prices in Japan, United Kingdom, and United States, 2007–2011

US Natural Gas Marketed Production 1900 to 2012 (US EIA data)

Trends in the top five natural gas-producing countries (US EIA data)

Natural gas is a major feedstock for the production of ammonia, via the Haber process, for use in fertilizer production.

Targeted efforts to reduce warming quickly by reducing anthropogenic methane emissions is a climate change mitigation strategy supported by the Global Methane Initiative.