A report on Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Antwerp and Netherlands

Grote Markt
Scaldis (the Scheldt) and Antverpia, Abraham Janssens, 1609, oil on panel, Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp
The Oude Kerk was consecrated in 1306 AD.
Map of Rotterdam by Willem and Joan Blaeu (1652)
Het Steen Castle
The name of the historic County of Holland is currently used as a pars pro toto for the Netherlands.
Amsterdam citizens celebrating the Peace of Münster, 30 January 1648. Painting by Bartholomeus van der Helst
The Delftsevaart, c. 1890–1905
Osias Beert the Elder, from Antwerp. Dishes with Oysters, Fruit, and Wine, c. 1620/1625
Courtyard of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange by Emanuel de Witte, 1653. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange was the first stock exchange to introduce continuous trade in the early 17th century.
Nieuwe Markt, 1915
Sack of Antwerp in 1576, in which about 7,000 people died.
Oak figurine found in Willemstad (4500 BC)
View of Vijzelstraat looking towards the Muntplein, 1891
Rotterdam centre after the 1940 bombing of Rotterdam. The ruined St. Lawrence' Church has been restored
Map of Antwerp (1624)
Photochrom of Amsterdam's Dam Square at the beginning of the 20th century
Tower blocks in the Kop van Zuid neighbourhood
Antwerp and the river Scheldt, photochrom ca. 1890–1900
The rebuilt Magere Brug, around 1938.
Topographic map image of Rotterdam (city), as of September 2014
Antwerp, Belgium, from the left bank of the Scheldt (c. 1890 – 1900)
The Rhine frontier around 70 AD
People celebrating the liberation of the Netherlands at the end of World War II on 8 May 1945
Satellite image of Rotterdam and its port
"View of Antwerp with the frozen Scheldt" (1590) by Lucas van Valckenborch
Franks, Frisians and Saxons (710s AD) with Traiecturm and Dorestad in the middle
The 17th-century Canals of Amsterdam were listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2010, contributing to Amsterdam's fame as the "Venice of the North". Along with De Wallen, the canals are the focal-point for tourists in the city.
The 24 municipalities of the Rotterdam The Hague Metropolitan Area
The German bombardment of Antwerp, October 1914, by Willy Stöwer
Frankish expansion (481 to 870 AD)
Satellite picture of Amsterdam and North Sea Canal
Gebouw Delftse Poort, one of the tallest office buildings in the Netherlands
Districts of Antwerp
Rorik of Dorestad, Viking ruler of Friesland (romantic 1912 depiction)
Topographic map of Amsterdam
Unmanned vehicles handle containers at Europe Container Terminals (ECT), the largest container terminal operator in Europe.
Het Steen (literally: 'The Stone')
A Medieval Tombe of the Brabantian knight Arnold van der Sluijs
Large-scale map of the city centre of Amsterdam, including sightseeing markers,.
The Waalhaven by night
Population timeline of Antwerp
Map of the Habsburg dominions. From 1556 the dynasty's lands in the Low Countries were retained by the Spanish Habsburgs.
Nieuwendammerdijk en Buiksloterdijk, Amsterdam-Noord, winter 2010
Bronze statue of Erasmus created by Hendrick de Keyser in 1622
Hollandse Synagogue
The Spanish Fury at Maastricht, 1579
The Westerkerk in the Centrum borough, one of Amsterdam's best-known churches
Rotterdam waterfront, with spotlights shining into the air to commemorate the Rotterdam Blitz
Jain temple, Antwerp
Dutch East India Company factory in Hugli-Chuchura, Mughal Bengal by Hendrik van Schuylenburgh, 1665
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City decor for the Eurovision Song Contest 2021
terminal at the Port of Antwerp
Winter landscape with skaters near the city of Kampen by Hendrick Avercamp (1620s)
A 1538 painting by Cornelis Anthonisz showing a bird's-eye view of Amsterdam. The famous Grachtengordel had not yet been established.
Windmill Kralingse Bos
Antwerp Central Station
Amsterdam's Dam Square in 1656
Rokin – November 1977
Dakpark Rotterdam
Antwerp International Airport
Map of the Dutch colonial empire. Light green: territories administered by or originating from territories administered by the Dutch East India Company; dark green: the Dutch West India Company. In yellow are the territories occupied later, during the 19th century.
Herengracht
The Wilhelmina pier at the Kop van Zuid in the distance. A part of Rotterdam with many skyscrapers and high-rises. On the left the Erasmus Bridge can be seen.
One of the many Marian statues which feature on Antwerp street corners
The submission of Diponegoro to General De Kock at the end of the Java War in 1830. Painting by Nicolaas Pieneman
Prinsengracht
The Cube Houses, popularly known as the Blaak-forest in 2014
Official poster of the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp
Rotterdam after German air raids in 1940
The Egelantiersgracht lies west of the Grachtengordel, in the Jordaan neighbourhood.
The Markthal at night as seen from the Binnenrotte, Rotterdam center.
Main building of the Middelheim campus at the University of Antwerp.
Former Prime Ministers Wim Kok, Dries van Agt, Piet de Jong, Ruud Lubbers and Jan Peter Balkenende with Prime Minister Mark Rutte, in 2011
The Scheepvaarthuis, by architects Johan van der Mey, Michel de Klerk, Piet Kramer is characteristic of the architecture of the Amsterdam School.
The Euromast in 2005.
Abraham Ortelius
Relief map of the European Netherlands
The Begijnhof is one of the oldest hofjes in Amsterdam.
The former headquarters of the Holland America Line next to modern residential architecture in 2010
Rodrigo Calderón
The Christmas flood of 1717 was the result of a northwesterly storm that resulted in the death of thousands.
The Openbare Bibliotheek Amsterdam and Conservatorium van Amsterdam, two examples of 21st-century architecture in the centre of the city
Erasmus Bridge in 2011
Anthony van Dyck, self portrait
Map illustrating areas of the Netherlands below sea level
The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in the world
Robin van Persie began his career with SBV Excelsior and broke through in Feyenoord.
Nicolaes Maes, self-portrait
A polder at 5.53 metres below sea level
The Zuidas, the city's main business district
De Kuip, Feyenoord home stadium.
Hendrik Conscience
The Delta Works are located in the provinces of South Holland and Zeeland.
Boats give tours of the city, such as this one in front of the EYE Film Institute Netherlands.
Runners during the marathon in Rotterdam
André Cluytens, 1965
Common seals on Terschelling, a Wadden Sea island
Spiegelgracht
Arthur Ashe at the 1975 ABN World Tennis Tournament
Tia Hellebaut, 2012
Underwater life of Klein Bonaire
De Wallen, Amsterdam's Red-light district, offers activities such as legal prostitution and a number of coffee shops that sell cannabis. It is one of the main tourist attractions.
Bep van Klaveren
Damião de Góis
The Binnenhof, where the lower and upper houses of the States General meet
An Amsterdammer waits for a traffic light to change at the Muntplein in the heart of Amsterdam.
Francisco Elson
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
De Wallen, Amsterdam's red-light district, offers activities such as legal prostitution and a number of coffeeshops that sell marijuana, symbolising the Dutch political culture and tradition of tolerance.
The Rijksmuseum houses Rembrandt's The Night Watch.
Rotterdam's new Central Station reopened in March 2014, designed to handle up to 320,000 passengers daily.
Wenceslas Hollar
The Netherlands has a culture of respectful and friendly debate. From left to right, members of the House of Representatives Sander de Rouwe (CDA), Ineke van Gent (GL), Han ten Broeke (VVD), Kees Verhoeven (D66) and Farshad Bashir (SP), 2010
The Van Gogh Museum houses the world's largest collection of Van Gogh's paintings and letters.
Map of the 2020 Rotterdam Metro
Vincent van Gogh
Provinces and territories of the Netherlands
The Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam is an international museum dedicated to modern and contemporary art and design.
Rotterdam metro
Camille Huysmans, 1966
The Peace Palace (Vredespaleis), in The Hague
Rembrandt monument on Rembrandtplein
A Citadis tram outside the former Rotterdam Centraal, 2008
General Onno Eichelsheim is the current Chief of Defence.
Coldplay performing at the Amsterdam Arena, 2016
Water Taxi in Rotterdam
Zr. Ms. Holland, a Royal Netherlands Navy offshore patrol vessel
The Concertgebouw or Royal Concert Hall houses performances of the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra and other musical events.
Historical GDP per capita development (Our World in Data)
Stadsschouwburg, Amsterdam's best-known theatre
A proportional representation of Netherlands exports, 2019
One of the decorated boats participating in the 2013 Canal Parade of the Amsterdam Gay Pride
The Netherlands is part of a monetary union, the Eurozone (dark blue), and the EU single market.
AFC Ajax player Johan Cruyff, 1967
Natural gas concessions in the Netherlands. Today the Netherlands accounts for more than 25% of all natural gas reserves in the EU.
Femke Halsema has been the Mayor of Amsterdam since 2018.
The Groningen gas field whose discovery in 1959 transformed the Dutch economy, generating €159 billion in revenue since the mid-1970s.
Boroughs of Amsterdam
Cows near the city of Arnhem
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Population of the Netherlands from 1900 to 2000
Police headquarters of Amsterdam
Population pyramid of the Netherlands in 2017
King Willem-Alexander, Princess Beatrix, and Queen Máxima greeting Amsterdammers from the Royal Palace of Amsterdam during Willem-Alexanders inauguration in 2013
In Rotterdam almost half the population has an immigrant background.
A tram crossing the Keizersgracht
Population density in the Netherlands by municipality. The largest urban area, the Randstad is clearly visible along the west coast.
The Amsterdam Metro is a mixed subway and above ground rapid transit system consisting of five lines.
Knowledge of foreign languages in the Netherlands, in per cent of the population over the age of 15, in 2006
Amsterdam Centraal station, the city's main train station
An international primary school in The Hague
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol ranks as Europe's third-busiest airport for passenger traffic.
View on the Utrecht Science Park of Utrecht University. The building in the centre is the library.
Police bicyclist crossing a bridge over the Prinsengracht
Portrait of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723), known as "the father of microbiology"
Bicyclist at Amsterdam
A public hospital in Amersfoort
The Agnietenkapel Gate at the University of Amsterdam, founded in 1632 as the Athenaeum Illustre
A1 motorway, in Gelderland
A regional train operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS)
Bike passage at Rotterdam Centraal station
Some symbols and icons of Dutch culture
Carnival in North Brabant and Limburg
Dutch people in orange celebrating King's Day in Amsterdam, 2017
Pop singer Anouk in 2013
Johan Cruyff Arena, the largest Dutch concert venue
Dutch star football players Arjen Robben and Robin van Persie during a game with the Netherlands against Denmark at Euro 2012
New Amsterdam as it appeared in 1664. Under British rule it became known as New York.
Eustachius De Lannoy of the Dutch East India Company surrenders to Maharaja Marthanda Varma of the Indian Kingdom of Travancore after the Battle of Colachel. (Depiction at Padmanabhapuram Palace)
A Dutch doctor vaccinating Indonesian patients

Amsterdam (, , , lit. The Dam on the River Amstel) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands; with a population of 907,976 within the city proper, 1,558,755 in the urban area and 2,480,394 in the metropolitan area.

- Amsterdam

Rotterdam (, , , lit. The Dam on the River Rotte) is the second largest city and municipality in the Netherlands.

- Rotterdam

It is about 40 km north of Brussels, and about 15 km south of the Dutch border.

- Antwerp

The four largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht.

- Netherlands

Amsterdam replaced Antwerp as the major trading center for the region.

- Antwerp

In practice, this meant that Bruges and Antwerp became quasi-independent republics in their own right and would later develop into some of the most important cities and ports in Europe.

- Netherlands

In contrast to those other metropolises, Amsterdam was also surrounded by large towns such as Leiden (about 67,000), Rotterdam (45,000), Haarlem (38,000) and Utrecht (30,000).

- Amsterdam

There is a healthy competition with Amsterdam, which is often viewed as the cultural capital of the Netherlands.

- Rotterdam

Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 1940

- Antwerp

A16 (Ring East): Rotterdam – Breda (- Antwerp – Paris)

- Rotterdam

In 1920, Amsterdam assisted in hosting some of the sailing events for the Summer Olympics held in neighbouring Antwerp, Belgium by hosting events at Buiten IJ.

- Amsterdam

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Overall

North Sea

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Ocean currents mainly entering via the north entrance exiting along Norwegian coast
• Localization of the tide-gauges listed • Tide times after Bergen (negative = before) • The three amphidromic centers • Coasts: marshes = green mudflats = greenish blue lagoons = bright blue dunes = yellow sea dikes= purple moraines near the coast= light brown rock-based coasts = greyish brown
The German North Sea coast
The Afsluitdijk (Closure-dike) is a major dam in the Netherlands
Zuid-Beveland, North Sea flood of 1953
Pacific oysters, blue mussels and cockles in the Wadden Sea in the Netherlands
European seagull on the coast of North Sea
A female bottlenose dolphin with her young in Moray Firth, Scotland
Phytoplankton bloom in the North Sea
Painting of the Four Days' Battle of 1666 by Willem van de Velde the Younger
German cruiser SMS Blücher sinks in the Battle of Dogger Bank on 25 January 1915.
The exclusive economic zones in the North Sea
Oil platform Statfjord A with the flotel Polymarine
A trawler in Nordstrand, Germany
Unpolished amber stones, in varying hues
The beach in Scheveningen, Netherlands in c. 1900
Rotterdam, Netherlands
Map showing hypothetical extent of Doggerland (c. 8,000 BC), which provided a land bridge between Great Britain and continental Europe
North Sea from De Koog, Texel island
The North Sea between {{ma|34}} and {{ma|28}}, as Central Europe became dry land
thumb|A 1482 recreation of a map from Ptolemy's Geography showing the "Oceanus Germanicus"
thumb|Edmond Halley's solar eclipse 1715 map showing The German Sea

The North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Great Britain, Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France.

Major ports are located along its coasts: Rotterdam, the busiest port in Europe and the fourth busiest port in the world by tonnage, Antwerp (was 16th) and Hamburg (was 27th), Bremen/Bremerhaven and Felixstowe, both in the top 30 busiest container seaports, as well as the Port of Bruges-Zeebrugge, Europe's leading ro-ro port.

The North Sea Canal connects Amsterdam with the North Sea.