Anatolia

Göbeklitepe were erected as far back as 9600 BC.

Aphrodisias was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site List in 2017

Sanctuary of Commagene Kings on Mount Nemrut (1st century BCE)

Byzantine Anatolia and the Byzantine-Arab frontier zone in the mid-9th century

Mediterranean climate is dominant in Turkish Riviera

Large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent.

- Anatolia

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Anatolian languages

The Hittite Empire at its greatest extent under Suppiluliuma I (c. 1350–1322 BC) and Mursili II (c. 1321–1295 BC)

Area where the 2nd millennium BC Luwian language was spoken

Anatolian languages attested in the mid-1st millennium BC

Inscriptions in Sidetic language, exhibits of the Museum of Side, Turkey

The Anatolian languages are an extinct branch of Indo-European languages that were spoken in Anatolia, part of present-day Turkey.

Greek language

For the Greek language used during particular eras, see Proto-Greek language, Mycenaean Greek, Ancient Greek, Koine Greek, Medieval Greek, and Modern Greek.

Proto-Greek-speaking area according to linguist Vladimir I. Georgiev

Distribution of varieties of Greek in Anatolia, 1910. Demotic in yellow. Pontic in orange. Cappadocian Greek in green, with green dots indicating individual Cappadocian Greek villages.

The distribution of major modern Greek dialect areas

Geographic distribution of Greek language in the Russian Empire (1897 census)

Greek inscription in Cypriot syllabic script

Ancient epichoric variants of the Greek alphabet from Euboea, Ionia, Athens, and Corinth comparing to modern Greek

Greek (Ελληνικά; ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.

Turkish Straits

The Turkish Straits (Türk Boğazları) are two internationally significant waterways in northwestern Turkey.

Satellite image of the Bosphorus, taken from the International Space Station in April 2004. The body of water at the top is the Black Sea, the one at the bottom is the Marmara Sea, and the Bosphorus is the winding vertical waterway that connects the two. The western banks of the Bosphorus constitute the geographic starting point of the European continent, while the banks to the east are the geographic beginnings of the continent of Asia. The city of Istanbul is visible along both banks.

The 1915 Çanakkale Bridge on the Dardanelles strait, connecting Europe and Asia, is the longest suspension bridge in the world.

View of the Dardanelles, taken from the Landsat 7 satellite in September 2006. The body of water at the upper left is the Aegean Sea, while the one on the upper right is the Sea of Marmara. The long, narrow upper peninsula is Gallipoli (Gelibolu), and constitutes the banks of the continent of Europe, while the lower peninsula is Troad (Biga) and constitutes the banks of the continent of Asia. The Dardanelles is the tapered waterway running diagonally between the two peninsulas, from the northeast to the southwest. The city of Çanakkale is visible along the shores of the lower peninsula, centered at the only point where a sharp outcropping juts into the otherwise-linear Dardanelles.

Located in the western part of the landmass of Eurasia, the Straits are conventionally considered the boundary between the continents of Europe and Asia, as well as the dividing line between European Turkey and Asian Turkey.

Galatia

The Dying Gaul, Capitoline Museums, Rome

A Galatian's head as depicted on a gold Thracian objet d'art, 3rd century BC. Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

Galatian bronze horse bit, 3rd century BC, Hidirsihlar tumulus, Bolu. Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

Galatian bracelets and earrings, 3rd century BC, Hidirsihlar tumulus, Bolu. Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

Galatian torcs, 3rd century BC, Hidirsihlar tumulus, Bolu. Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

Galatian plate, 3rd century BC, Hidirsihlar tumulus, Bolu. Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

Galatian object, 3rd century BC, Hidirsihlar tumulus, Bolu. Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

Part of a 15th-century map showing Galatia.

Galatia (, Galatía, "Gaul") was an ancient area in the highlands of central Anatolia, roughly corresponding to the provinces of Ankara and Eskişehir, in modern Turkey.

Mitanni

Cylinder seal and modern impression: nude male, griffins, monkey, lion, goat, c. 15th/14th century BC, Mitanni

Cuneiform tablet containing a letter from Tushratta of Mitanni to Amenhotep III (of 13 letters of King Tushratta). British Museum

Mitanni (Hittite cuneiform KUR URUMi-ta-an-ni; Mittani Mi-it-ta-ni), also called Hanigalbat or Hani-Rabbat (Hanikalbat, Khanigalbat, cuneiform Ḫa-ni-gal-bat, Ḫa-ni-rab-bat) in Assyrian or Naharin in Egyptian texts, was a Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria and southeast Anatolia.

Turkey

Some henges at Göbekli Tepe were erected as far back as 9600 BC, predating those of Stonehenge, England, by over seven millennia.

The Great Seljuk Empire in 1092, upon the death of Malik Shah I

The Second Ottoman Siege of Vienna in 1683 (the First Siege was in 1529) initiated the Great Turkish War (1683–1699) between the Ottomans and a Holy League of European states.

Armenian civilians being deported during the Armenian genocide

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder and first President of the Turkish Republic, with the Liberal Republican Party leader Fethi Okyar (right) and Okyar's daughter in Yalova, 13 August 1930.

Eighteen female deputies joined the Turkish Parliament with the 1935 general elections. Turkish women gained the right to vote and to hold elected office as a mark of the far-reaching social changes initiated by Atatürk.

Roosevelt, İnönü and Churchill at the Second Cairo Conference, 1943.

Anıtkabir, the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Ankara, is visited by large crowds every year during national holidays, such as Republic Day on 29 October.

Istanbul Çağlayan Justice Palace is a courthouse in the Şişli district of Istanbul.

After becoming one of the early members of the Council of Europe in 1950, Turkey became an associate member of the EEC in 1963, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and started full membership negotiations with the European Union in 2005.

The Turkish Armed Forces collectively rank as the second-largest standing military force in NATO, after the US Armed Forces. Turkey joined the alliance in 1952.

The 2015 G20 Summit held in Antalya, Turkey, a founding member of the OECD (1961) and G20 (1999).

TAI Anka and Bayraktar TB2 are the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) used by the Turkish Armed Forces.

TCG Anadolu (L-400) is an amphibious assault ship-aircraft carrier developed for the Turkish Navy

Feminist demonstration in Kadıköy, Istanbul on 29 July 2017

Turkish journalists protesting the imprisonment of their colleagues on Human Rights Day in 2016.

Istanbul Pride organized in 2003 for the first time. Since 2015, parades in Istanbul were denied permission by the government. The denials were based on security concerns, but critics claimed the bans were ideological. Despite the refusal hundreds of people defied the ban each year.

Sumela Monastery in the Pontic Mountains, which form an ecoregion with diverse temperate rainforest types, flora and fauna in northern Anatolia.

A white Turkish Angora cat with odd eyes (heterochromia), which is common among the Angoras.

Istanbul is the largest city and financial centre of Turkey.

A proportional representation of Turkey's exports, 2019

Istanbul Airport main terminal building has an annual passenger capacity of 90 million and making it the world's largest airport terminal building under a single roof.

A TCDD HT80000 high-speed train of the Turkish State Railways

Göktürk-1, Göktürk-2 and Göktürk-3 are the Earth observation satellites of the Turkish Ministry of National Defense, while state-owned Türksat operates the Türksat series of communications satellites.

Total fertility rate in Turkey by province (2021)

CIA map of areas with a Kurdish majority

Sancaklar Mosque is a contemporary mosque in Istanbul

The Church of St. Anthony of Padua on İstiklal Avenue, in the Beyoğlu district of Istanbul. There are 234 active churches in the city.

Istanbul Technical University is the world's third-oldest technical university.

Istanbul University was founded in 1453 as a Darülfünûn. On 1 August 1933 it was reorganised and became the Republic's first university.

Acıbadem Hospital in Altunizade neighborhood of Üsküdar, İstanbul

Ortaköy Mosque is a good example of the Westernisation of Islamic-Ottoman architecture. Many Baroque architecture elements can be seen in it.

Ottoman miniature which can be linked to the Persian miniature tradition, as well as strong Chinese artistic influences.

Namık Kemal's works had a profound influence on Atatürk and other Turkish statesmen who established the Turkish Republic.

Nobel-laureate Turkish novelist Orhan Pamuk and his Turkish Angora cat at his personal writing space

Süreyya Opera House is situated in the Asian side of Istanbul and Atatürk Cultural Center is the main Opera House in the European side of the city.

Referred to as Süperstar by the Turkish media, Ajda Pekkan is a prominent figure of Turkish pop music, with a career spanning decades and a repertoire of diverse musical styles.

Barış Manço was a Turkish rock musician and one of the founders of the Anatolian rock genre.

Turkey won the silver medal at the 2010 FIBA World Championship.

VakıfBank S.K. has won the FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship in 2017 and 2018, and the 2017–18 CEV Women's Champions League for the fourth time in their history.

TRT World is the international news platform of the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation.

The closing ceremony of the annual International Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival takes place at the Aspendos amphitheatre.

Turkey (Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe.

Ottoman Empire

Empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.

The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, depicted in an Ottoman miniature from 1523

Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror's entry into Constantinople; painting by Fausto Zonaro (1854–1929)

An Ottoman miniature of the Battle of Mohács in 1526

Map of Ottoman territorial acquisitions up to 1683

The Second Siege of Vienna in 1683, by Frans Geffels (1624–1694).

Austrian troops led by Prince Eugene of Savoy captured Belgrade in 1717. Austrian control in Serbia lasted until the Turkish victory in the Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739). With the 1739 Treaty of Belgrade, the Ottoman Empire regained northern Bosnia, Habsburg Serbia (including Belgrade), Oltenia and the southern parts of the Banat of Temeswar.

Ottoman troops attempting to halt the advancing Russians during the Siege of Ochakov in 1788

Selim III receiving dignitaries during an audience at the Gate of Felicity, Topkapı Palace. Painting by Konstantin Kapıdağlı.

The siege of the Acropolis in 1826–1827 during the Greek War of Independence

Opening ceremony of the First Ottoman Parliament at the Dolmabahçe Palace in 1876. The First Constitutional Era lasted only two years until 1878. The Ottoman Constitution and Parliament were restored 30 years later with the Young Turk Revolution in 1908.

Ottoman troops storming Fort Shefketil during the Crimean War of 1853–1856

The Empire in 1875 under sultan Abdul-Aziz

Declaration of the Young Turk Revolution by the leaders of the Ottoman millets in 1908

Admiral Wilhelm Souchon, who commanded the Black Sea Raid on 29 October 1914, and his officers in Ottoman naval uniforms

The Armenian genocide was the result of the Ottoman government's deportation and ethnic cleansing policies regarding its Armenian citizens after the Battle of Sarikamish (1914–1915) and the collapse of the Caucasus Front against the Imperial Russian Army and Armenian volunteer units during World War I. An estimated 600,000 to more than 1 million, or up to 1.5 million people were killed.

Mehmed VI, the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, leaving the country after the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate, 17 November 1922

Inside Harem, the private residence of the sultan in Topkapı Palace

Yusuf Ziya Pasha, Ottoman ambassador to the United States, in Washington, 1913

An unhappy wife complains to the Qadi about her husband's impotence as depicted in an Ottoman miniature.

Ottoman sipahis in battle, holding the crescent banner (by Józef Brandt)

Selim III watching the parade of his new army, the Nizam-ı Cedid (New Order) troops, in 1793

A German postcard depicting the Ottoman Navy at the Golden Horn in the early stages of World War I. At top left is a portrait of Sultan Mehmed V.

Administrative divisions in 1899 (year 1317 Hijri)

A European bronze medal from the period of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, 1481

The Ottoman Bank was founded in 1856 in Constantinople. On 26 August 1896, the bank was occupied by members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.

View of Galata (Karaköy) and the Galata Bridge on the Golden Horn, c. 1880–1893

1911 Ottoman calendar shown in several different languages such as: Ottoman Turkish, Greek, Armenian, Hebrew, Bulgarian and French.

Abdülmecid II was the last caliph of Islam and a member of the Ottoman dynasty.

Mehmed the Conqueror and Patriarch Gennadius II

The original Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Istanbul was built in 1725 by the local Italian community of Istanbul.

Depiction of a hookah shop in Lebanon, Ottoman Empire

Beyazıt State Library was founded in 1884.

Ahmet Nedîm Efendi, one of the most celebrated Ottoman poets

Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul, designed by Sinan in the 16th century and a major example of the Classical Ottoman style

Ottoman miniature lost its function with the Westernization of Ottoman culture.

Girl Reciting the Qurān (Kuran Okuyan Kız), an 1880 painting by the Ottoman polymath Osman Hamdi Bey, whose works often showed women engaged in educational activities.

Members of Galatasaray S.K. (football) in 1905

Miniature from Surname-i Vehbi showing the Mehteran, the music band of the Janissaries

The shadow play Karagöz and Hacivat was widespread throughout the Ottoman Empire.

Musicians and dancers entertain the crowds, from Surname-i Hümayun, 1720.

It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt (modern-day Bilecik Province) by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I.

Hittite language

Indo-European language that was spoken by the Hittites, a people of Bronze Age Anatolia who created an empire centred on Hattusa, as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia.

Indo-European family tree in order of first attestation. Hittite belongs to the family of Anatolian languages and is among the oldest written Indo-European languages.

After the collapse of the Hittite New Kingdom during the more general Late Bronze Age collapse, Luwian emerged in the Early Iron Age as the main language of the so-called Syro-Hittite states, in southwestern Anatolia and northern Syria.

Turkification

Turkification, Turkization, or Turkicization (Türkleştirme), describes both a cultural and language shift whereby populations or states were forcefully assimilated or adopted a historical Turkic culture.

Illustration of the registration of Christian boys for the devşirme. Ottoman miniature painting, 1558. )

An early form of Turkification occurred in the time of the Seljuk Empire and Sultanate of Rum in Anatolia, which had been a diverse and largely Greek-speaking region after previously being Hellenized.

Celtic languages

The Celtic languages (usually, but sometimes in the United States) are a group of related languages descended from Proto-Celtic.

Classification of Indo-European languages. (click to enlarge)

The second of the four Botorrita plaques. The third plaque is the longest text discovered in any ancient Celtic language. However, this plaque is inscribed in Latin.

During the 1st millennium BC, Celtic languages were spoken across much of Europe and central Anatolia.