A report on Anesthetic

Leaves of the coca plant (Erythroxylum novogranatense var. Novogranatense), from which cocaine, a naturally occurring local anesthetic, is derived.
Chemical structure of isoflurane, widely used for inhalational anesthesia.

Drug used to induce anesthesia ⁠— ⁠in other words, to result in a temporary loss of sensation or awareness.

- Anesthetic
Leaves of the coca plant (Erythroxylum novogranatense var. Novogranatense), from which cocaine, a naturally occurring local anesthetic, is derived.

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Overall

Opium poppies such as this one provide ingredients for the class of analgesics called opiates

Analgesic

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Analgesic, pain reliever, or painkiller, is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve relief from pain .

Analgesic, pain reliever, or painkiller, is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve relief from pain .

Opium poppies such as this one provide ingredients for the class of analgesics called opiates
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Analgesics are conceptually distinct from anesthetics, which temporarily reduce, and in some instances eliminate, sensation, although analgesia and anesthesia are neurophysiologically overlapping and thus various drugs have both analgesic and anesthetic effects.

Anesthesia

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State of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical purposes.

State of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical purposes.

The anesthetic area of an operating room
A vaporizer holds a liquid anesthetic and converts it to gas for inhalation (in this case sevoflurane)
Syringes prepared with medications that are expected to be used during an operation under general anesthesia maintained by sevoflurane gas:
 – Propofol, a hypnotic
 – Ephedrine, in case of hypotension
 – Fentanyl, for analgesia
 – Atracurium, for neuromuscular blockade
 – Glycopyrronium bromide (here under trade name "Robinul"), reducing secretions
An anesthetic machine with integrated systems for monitoring of several vital parameters.
A patient-controlled analgesia infusion pump, configured for epidural administration of fentanyl and bupivacainefor postoperative analgesia
Anesthesia-related deaths by ASA status
Hua Tuo
Sir Humphry Davy's Researches chemical and philosophical: chiefly concerning nitrous oxide (1800), pp. 556 and 557 (right), outlining potential anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide in relieving pain during surgery.
Contemporary re-enactment of Morton's 16 October 1846, ether operation; daguerrotype by Southworth & Hawes
Morton's ether inhaler

A person under the effects of anesthetic drugs is referred to as being anesthetized.

An illustration of wrist pain

Pain

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Distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli.

Distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli.

An illustration of wrist pain
Portrait of René Descartes by Jan Baptist Weenix, 1647-1649
Regions of the cerebral cortex associated with pain.
Mechanism of nociceptive pain.

Acute pain is usually managed with medications such as analgesics and anesthetics.

Cocaine

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Strong central nervous system (CNS) stimulant obtained from the leaves of two Coca species native to South America, Erythroxylum coca and Erythroxylum novogranatense.

Strong central nervous system (CNS) stimulant obtained from the leaves of two Coca species native to South America, Erythroxylum coca and Erythroxylum novogranatense.

Cocaine hydrochloride
Lines of cocaine prepared for snorting
A 2010 study ranking various illegal and legal drugs based on statements by drug-harm experts. Crack cocaine and cocaine was found to be the third and fifth overall most dangerous drugs respectively.
Side effects of chronic cocaine use
A pile of cocaine hydrochloride
A piece of compressed cocaine powder
A woman smoking crack cocaine
"Rocks" of crack cocaine
Biological source of cocaine molecule in the context of the tropane class of molecules. The biological source of each tropane alkaloid is indicated by species, and below that a phylogenetic map is provided.
Biosynthesis of N-methyl-pyrrolinium cation
Biosynthesis of cocaine
Robinson biosynthesis of tropane
Reduction of tropinone
Coca leaf in Bolivia
"Cocaine toothache drops", 1885 advertisement of cocaine for dental pain in children
Advertisement in the January 1896 issue of McClure's Magazine for Burnett's Cocaine "for the hair".
Pope Leo XIII purportedly carried a hip flask of the coca-treated Vin Mariani with him, and awarded a Vatican gold medal to Angelo Mariani.
In this 1904 advice column from the Tacoma Times, "Madame Falloppe" recommended that cold sores be treated with a solution of borax, cocaine, and morphine.
Women purchase cocaine capsules in Berlin, 1929
D.C. Mayor Marion Barry captured on a surveillance camera smoking crack cocaine during a sting operation by the FBI and D.C. Police.
Drug overdoses killed more than 70,200 Americans in 2017, with cocaine overdoses making up 13,942 of those deaths.
United States CBP police inspect a seized shipment of cocaine
The U.S. Coast Guard in Miami offloading confiscated cocaine
Cocaine smuggled in a charango, 2008
Cocaine adulterated with fruit flavoring
Opioid involvement in cocaine overdose deaths. The green line is cocaine and any opioid (top line in 2017). The gray line is cocaine without any opioids (bottom line in 2017). The yellow line is cocaine and other (middle line in 2017).<ref name=NIDA-deaths>{{cite web | url = https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates | title = Overdose Death Rates | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151128091723/https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates| archive-date=28 November 2015 | work =  By National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) }}</ref>
Delphic analysis regarding 20 popular recreational drugs based on expert opinion. Cocaine was ranked the 2nd in dependence and physical harm and 3rd in social harm.<ref name="Lancet">{{cite journal|vauthors = Nutt D, King LA, Saulsbury W, Blakemore C|title = Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse|journal = Lancet|volume = 369|issue = 9566|pages = 1047–53|date = March 2007|pmid = 17382831|doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4|s2cid = 5903121|author-link4 = Colin Blakemore|author-link1 = David Nutt }}</ref>
Bottle of cocaine solution, Germany, circa 1915

Topical cocaine is sometimes used as a local numbing agent and vasoconstrictor to help control pain and bleeding with surgery of the nose, mouth, throat or lacrimal duct.

Jiffy Toothache Drops bottle (7.75% Benzocaine)

Benzocaine

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Ester local anesthetic commonly used as a topical pain reliever or in cough drops.

Ester local anesthetic commonly used as a topical pain reliever or in cough drops.

Jiffy Toothache Drops bottle (7.75% Benzocaine)

It is the active ingredient in many over-the-counter anesthetic ointments such as products for oral ulcers.

Uncoated aspirin tablets, consisting of about 90% acetylsalicylic acid, along with a minor amount of inert fillers and binders. Aspirin is a pharmaceutical drug often used to treat pain, fever, and inflammation.

Drug

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Any chemical substance that causes a change in an organism's physiology or psychology when consumed.

Any chemical substance that causes a change in an organism's physiology or psychology when consumed.

Uncoated aspirin tablets, consisting of about 90% acetylsalicylic acid, along with a minor amount of inert fillers and binders. Aspirin is a pharmaceutical drug often used to treat pain, fever, and inflammation.
Nexium (Esomeprazole) is a proton-pump inhibitor. It is used to reduce the production of stomach acid.
An Amazonian shaman
San Pedro, a psychoactive cactus.
Cannabis is a commonly used recreational drug.

Some drugs used as entheogens include kava which can act as a stimulant, a sedative, a euphoriant and an anesthetic.

Remifentanil

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Potent, short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug.

Potent, short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug.

It is given to patients during surgery to relieve pain and as an adjunct to an anaesthetic.

Methohexital

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Drug which is a barbiturate derivative.

Drug which is a barbiturate derivative.

It is similar in its effects to sodium thiopental, a drug with which it competed in the market for anaesthetics.

Tubocurarine chloride

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Toxic alkaloid historically known for its use as an arrow poison.

Toxic alkaloid historically known for its use as an arrow poison.

Tubocurarine proposed biosynthesis
Acetylcholine in the synaptic gap

In the mid-1900s, it was used in conjunction with an anesthetic to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation.

Anesthesia awareness

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Rare complication of general anesthesia where patients regain varying levels of consciousness during their surgical procedures.

Rare complication of general anesthesia where patients regain varying levels of consciousness during their surgical procedures.

This is usually caused by the delivery of inadequate anesthetics relative to the patient's requirements.