A report on Animation and Traditional animation

Nr. 10 in the reworked second series of Stampfer's stroboscopic discs published by Trentsensky & Vieweg in 1833.
Painting with acrylic paint on the reverse side of an already inked cel, here placed on the original animation drawing
A projecting praxinoscope, from 1882, here shown superimposing an animated figure on a separately projected background scene
Sketch of an animation peg bar, and measurements of three types, Acme being the most common.
Fantasmagorie (1908) by Émile Cohl
A camera used for shooting traditional animation. See also Aerial image.
Italian-Argentine cartoonist Quirino Cristiani showing the cut and articulated figure of his satirical character El Peludo (based on President Yrigoyen) patented in 1916 for the realization of his films, including the world's first animated feature film El Apóstol.
This image shows how two transparent cels, each with a different character drawn on them, and an opaque background are photographed together to form the composite image.
An example of traditional animation, a horse animated by rotoscoping from Eadweard Muybridge's 19th-century photos.
A horse animated by rotoscoping from Eadweard Muybridge's 19th-century photos. The animation consists of 8 drawings which are "looped", i.e. repeated over and over. This example is also "shot on twos", i.e. shown at 12 drawings per second.
A clay animation scene from a Finnish television commercial
A 2D animation of two circles joined by a chain
World of Color hydrotechnics at Disney California Adventure creates the illusion of motion using 1,200 fountains with high-definition projections on mist screens.

Traditional animation (or classical animation, cel animation, hand-drawn animation, or 2D animation) is an animation technique in which each frame is drawn by hand.

- Traditional animation

In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film.

- Animation
Nr. 10 in the reworked second series of Stampfer's stroboscopic discs published by Trentsensky & Vieweg in 1833.

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An example of computer animation which is produced from the "motion capture" technique

Computer animation

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Process used for digitally generating animated images.

Process used for digitally generating animated images.

An example of computer animation which is produced from the "motion capture" technique
3D game character animated using skeletal animation.
In this .gif of a 2D Flash animation, each 'stick' of the figure is keyframed over time to create motion.
A ray-traced 3-D model of a jack inside a cube, and the jack alone below.

The more general term computer-generated imagery (CGI) encompasses both static scenes and dynamic images, while computer animation only refers to moving images.

Computer animation is essentially a digital successor to stop motion techniques, but using 3D models, and traditional animation techniques using frame-by-frame animation of 2D illustrations.

A frame from Namakura Gatana (1917), the oldest surviving Japanese animated short film made for cinemas

Anime

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A frame from Namakura Gatana (1917), the oldest surviving Japanese animated short film made for cinemas
Frame from the opening sequence of Tezuka's 1963 TV series Astro Boy
Anime artists employ many distinct visual styles. Clockwise from the top left: Dead Leaves, FLAG, Serial Experiments Lain, M⊙NS†ER, Mind Game, Lucky☆Star, Cat Soup, and Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann.
Same character portrayed in different anime styles.
Akihabara district of Tokyo is popular with anime and manga fans as well as otaku subculture in Japan
Cosplay of Madoka Kaname and Kyubey from Puella Magi Madoka Magica during Tracon 2013 event at the Tampere Hall in Tampere, Finland.
Anime character design is diverse, but often incorporates common elements depending on the target demographic and era. These are representative samples. Clockwise from the top left: Ashita no Joe (1970), Macross: Do You Remember Love? (1984), Ghost in the Shell (1995), K-On! (2009), Your Name (2016), The Hidden Dungeon Only I Can Enter (2021), Fruits Basket (2001), and Rurouni Kenshin (1996).

Anime (アニメ) is a Japanese term for animation.

It suffered competition from foreign producers, such as Disney, and many animators, including Noburō Ōfuji and Yasuji Murata, continued to work with cheaper cutout animation rather than cel animation.

Pixar

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American computer animation studio known for its critically and commercially successful computer animated feature films.

American computer animation studio known for its critically and commercially successful computer animated feature films.

A Pixar computer at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View with the 1986–95 logo on it
A Luxo Jr. figure display in Hong Kong
John Lasseter appears with characters from Up at the 2009 Venice Film Festival.
The Steve Jobs Building at the Pixar campus in Emeryville
The atrium of the Pixar campus

Some of Pixar's first animators were former cel animators including John Lasseter, and others came from computer animation or were fresh college graduates.

They are divided into eight sections, each demonstrating a step in the filmmaking process: Modeling, Rigging, Surfaces, Sets & Cameras, Animation, Simulation, Lighting, and Rendering.

A GIF-based example of limited animation in the Japanese style: the mouth, eyes, arms and shadow are moving in a looping manner.

Limited animation

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A GIF-based example of limited animation in the Japanese style: the mouth, eyes, arms and shadow are moving in a looping manner.

Limited animation is a process in the overall technique of traditional animation of creating animations that does not redraw entire frames but variably reuses common parts between frames.

The Walt Disney Company

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American multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios complex in Burbank, California.

American multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios complex in Burbank, California.

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The original animation building at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California, which they fully moved into in 1940
Walt (right) dressed as a gaucho next to Donald Duck on the companies' goodwill trip to South America in Argentina
Walt (center) showing the plans of Disneyland to officials from Orange County in December 1954
Walt Disney at the grand opening of Disneyland on July 17, 1955
The Sherman Brothers, who composed many of the Disney songs throughout the 1960s, in 2002
Walt, then Florida Governor Hayden Burns, and Roy announcing the plans for Disney World
A view of downtown Celebration, Florida, a community that was planned by the Walt Disney Company.
The Disney Magic of the Disney Cruise Line at Cabo San Lucas, Mexico.
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Team Disney Burbank, which houses the offices of Disney's CEO and several other senior corporate officials
The entrance to the Fox Studios lot.
Parade route in Tokyo Disneyland during COVID-19 pandemic in Japan.
20th Century Studios, a subsidiary of Disney
Michael Eisner replaced Ron Miller as CEO and made Disney into a major film studio again.
Searchlight Pictures, a subsidiary of Disney
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Disney's video streaming subscription service Disney+ was launched in 2019, which has a total of over 135 million subscriptions as of June 2022.
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Early on, the company established itself as a leader in the American animation industry, with the creation of the widely popular character Mickey Mouse, the company's mascot, and the start of animated films.

The following year, Disney released their last traditionally animated film Winnie the Pooh to theaters.

Scottish Canadian animator Norman McLaren drawing on film, 1944

Animator

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Scottish Canadian animator Norman McLaren drawing on film, 1944
Stop-motion animated character from 20 Million Miles to Earth (1957).

An animator is an artist who creates multiple images, known as frames, which give an illusion of movement called animation when displayed in rapid sequence.

As a result of the ongoing transition from traditional 2D to 3D computer animation, the animator's traditional task of redrawing and repainting the same character 24 times a second (for each second of finished animation) has now been superseded by the modern task of developing dozens (or hundreds) of movements of different parts of a character in a virtual scene.

Theatrical release poster

The Rescuers Down Under

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Theatrical release poster

The Rescuers Down Under is a 1990 American animated adventure film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures.

The software allowed for artists to digitally ink-and-paint the animators' drawings, and then composite the digital cels over the scanned background art.

A storyboard for The Radio Adventures of Dr. Floyd episode #408

Storyboard

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A storyboard for The Radio Adventures of Dr. Floyd episode #408
A storyboard for an animated cartoon, showing the number of drawings (~70) needed for an 8-minute film.
A storyboard template.

A storyboard is a graphic organizer that consists of illustrations or images displayed in sequence for the purpose of pre-visualizing a motion picture, animation, motion graphic or interactive media sequence.

A few minutes of screen time in traditional animation usually equates to months of work for a team of traditional animators, who must painstakingly draw and paint countless frames, meaning that all that labor (and salaries already paid) will have to be written off if the final scene simply does not work in the film's final cut.

Hanna-Barbera

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The former Hanna-Barbera building at 3400 Cahuenga Boulevard West in Hollywood, seen in a 2007 photograph: The small yellow structure (lower right) was originally the "guard shack" for the property entrance to the east of the building.
Sherman Oaks Galleria in 2002. The building where Hanna-Barbera and Warner Bros. Animation were located from 1998 to 2001 is visible on the right.
Logo used on Warner Bros.-branded HB material since 2001

Hanna-Barbera Cartoons, Inc. was an American animation studio and production company that produced animated and live-action programming until 2001.

Likewise, Hanna-Barbera was perhaps the first proponent of digital ink and paint, a process wherein animators' drawings were scanned into computers and colored using software.

Gertie driven to tears by her master

Gertie the Dinosaur

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Gertie driven to tears by her master
Winsor McCay was a pioneer in comic strips and animation (1906 photo).
McCay used registration marks in the corners of the drawings to reduce jittering.
Preparing the thousands of drawings for the film, from the film's introduction
Advertisements educated audiences about dinosaurs.
McCay sketches Gertie for his colleagues in a live-action sequence made for the film's theatrical release, at the American Museum of Natural History.
The Sinking of the Lusitania (1918) required 25,000 drawings to be made over two years, and was McCay's first film to use acetate cels.
A Gertie-like dinosaur appeared in In the Land of Wonderful Dreams on [[:File:Winsor McCay - Little Nemo - In the Land of Wonderful Dreams - 1913-09-21 - Flip in the Land of the Antediluvians.jpeg|September 21, 1913]].
Gertie's ice cream stand at Disney's Hollywood Studios

Gertie the Dinosaur is a 1914 animated short film by American cartoonist and animator Winsor McCay.

Gertie was the first film to use animation techniques such as keyframes, registration marks, tracing paper, the Mutoscope action viewer, and animation loops.