Minister Alfonso Prat-Gay takes part in meetings with the IMF and the World Bank, shortly after the end of the default.
Mauricio Macri and Martín Palermo, football player of Boca Juniors.
President Néstor Kirchner and Economy Minister Roberto Lavagna, who presented the first debt restructuring offer in 2005
Macri negotiating the loan with Christine Lagarde, Managing Director of the IMF.
Macri in 2007
Macri (center) with President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (left) and Buenos Aires Governor Daniel Scioli (right) in 2008
Macri on a 200 Series train on Line A of the Buenos Aires Underground, January 2013
Macri with President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner during the inauguration of Autopista Illia in 2014
Macri inspecting Metropolitan Police graduates
Macri and Archbishop Jorge Bergoglio (now Pope Francis)
Macri's 2015 presidential campaign logo
Macri campaigning in Cordoba, in August 2015
Macri receives the presidential sash from acting president Federico Pinedo.
Macri at the World Economic Forum, January 2018.
Argentine delegation to the World Economic Forum in Davos, in 2016. It was the return of the country to the conference after 11 years of absence.
Macri with former president Bill Clinton, Italian prime minister Matteo Renzi, economist Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and London mayor Sadiq Khan at the Clinton Global Initiative
Macri negotiating the loan with Christine Lagarde, Managing Director of the IMF.
Macri announcing an investment deal for the Vaca Muerta shale deposit in Patagonia
Mauricio Macri, US president Donald Trump and their respective first ladies, at the White House in the United States
Macri and German chancellor Angela Merkel during the 2017 G20 Summit in Hamburg
Macri acknowledged Juan Guaidó as president of Venezuela during the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis.
Mauricio Macri during the electoral campaign of 2017
Demonstration in support of Maldonado during the Day of Remembrance for Truth and Justice.
Arms of Mauricio Macri as member of the Order of Isabella the Catholic

The remaining 7% of bondholders were later repaid in full, after centre-right and US-aligned leader Mauricio Macri came to power in 2015.

- Argentine debt restructuring

He aligned the country with gradualist neoliberalism and re-opened Argentina to international markets by lifting currency controls (which he reinstated shortly before his term ended), restructuring sovereign debt, and pressing free-market solutions.

- Mauricio Macri

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Néstor Kirchner in 2005

Néstor Kirchner

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Argentine lawyer and politician who served as the President of Argentina from 2003 to 2007, Governor of Santa Cruz Province from 1991 to 2003, Secretary General of UNASUR and the first gentleman during the first tenure of his wife, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.

Argentine lawyer and politician who served as the President of Argentina from 2003 to 2007, Governor of Santa Cruz Province from 1991 to 2003, Secretary General of UNASUR and the first gentleman during the first tenure of his wife, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.

Néstor Kirchner in 2005
Kirchner (second-from-right) during a political rally, after the National Reorganization Process allowed political activity.
Néstor Kirchner in 1992
Presidential ballot of the Néstor Kirchner – Daniel Scioli ticket.
Kirchner and Roberto Lavagna, Minister of Economy during most of his presidency
Kirchner and Presidents Hugo Chávez of Venezuela and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil at a 2006 summit in Brasília
Kirchner oversees the removal of military portraits from the National Reorganization Process at the National Military College.
Kirchner returns to Argentina after the unsuccessful Operation Emmanuel.
Kirchner delivering a speech
The Kirchners' net worth
President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and Hugo Moyano at Kirchner's funeral
The Mausoleum of Néstor Kirchner in Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz was built by Lázaro Báez.

Argentina negotiated a swap of defaulted debt and repaid the International Monetary Fund.

Duhalde also unsuccessfully approached Mauricio Macri, Adolfo Rodríguez Saá, Felipe Solá, and Roberto Lavagna, all of whom refused to run.

Argentina

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Country in the southern half of South America.

Country in the southern half of South America.

The surrender of Beresford to Santiago de Liniers during the British invasions of the Río de la Plata
Portrait of General José de San Martin, Libertador of Argentina, Chile and Peru.
People gathered in front of the Buenos Aires Cabildo during the May Revolution
Julio Argentino Roca was a major figure of the Generation of '80 and is known for directing the "Conquest of the Desert". During his two terms as President many changes occurred, particularly major infrastructure projects of railroads; large-scale immigration from Europe and laicizing legislation strengthening state power.
Official presidential portrait of Juan Perón and his wife Eva Perón, 1948
Admiral Emilio Massera, Lieutenant General Jorge Videla and Brigadier General Orlando Agosti (from left to right) – observing the Independence Day military parade on Avenida del Libertador, 9 July 1978.
Two members of the Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers guarding the Constitution of the Argentine Nation inside the Palace of the Congress.
Aconcagua is the highest mountain outside of Asia, at 6960.8 m, and the highest point in the Southern Hemisphere.
The national animal of Argentina is the Rufous hornero, a small songbird native to South America
Argentina features geographical locations such as this glacier, known as the Perito Moreno Glacier
Casa Rosada, workplace of the President
The National Congress composed of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies.
Provinces of Argentina.
G 20 leaders gathered in Argentina for the 2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit.
Diplomatic missions of Argentina.
Argentine destroyer ARA Almirante Brown (D-10)
A proportional representation of Argentina exports, 2019
The Catalinas Norte is an important business complex composed of nineteen commercial office buildings and occupied by numerous leading Argentine companies.
Atucha Nuclear Power Plant was the first nuclear power plant in Latin America. The electricity comes from 3 operational nuclear reactors: The Embalse Nuclear Power Station, the Atucha I and II.
Buenos Aires Underground is the oldest underground railway in Latin America, the Southern Hemisphere and the Spanish speaking world.
"Estudio País 24, the Program of the Argentines" in Channel 7, the first television station in the country
SAC-D is an Argentine earth science satellite built by INVAP and launched in 2011.
President Macri in the INVAP with the SAOCOM A and B, two planned Earth observation satellite constellation of Argentine Space Agency CONAE. the scheduled launch dates for 1A and 1B were further pushed back to 2018 and 2020.
The cacique Qom Félix Díaz meets with then president Mauricio Macri.
Over 25 million Argentines have at least one Italian immigrant ancestor.
Dialectal variants of the Spanish language in Argentina
Francis, the first pope from the Americas, was born and raised in Argentina.
Argentina has historically been placed high in the global rankings of literacy, with rates similar to those of developed countries.
The University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country's 3,000 medical graduates, annually
El Ateneo Grand Splendid was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world by The Guardian.
Sun of May on the first Argentine coin, 1813
Four of the most influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: Julio Cortázar, Victoria Ocampo, Jorge Luis Borges and Adolfo Bioy Casares
Martha Argerich, widely regarded as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century
Andy Muschietti, director of It, the highest-grossing horror film of all-time.
Las Nereidas Font by Lola Mora
View of Bolívar Street facing the Cabildo and Diagonal Norte, on Buenos Aires' historical centre. The city's characteristic convergence of diverse architectural styles can be seen, including Spanish Colonial, Beaux-Arts, and modernist architecture.
Diego Maradona, one of the FIFA Player of the 20th Century
Lionel Messi, seven times Ballon d'Or winner, is the current captain of the Argentina national football team.
Argentine beef as asado, a traditional dish
The Cave of the Hands in Santa Cruz province, with artwork dating from 13,000 to 9,000 years ago.
Carlos Gardel, the most prominent figure in the history of tango
Juan Perón and his wife Eva Perón, 1947
Argentine Polo Open Championship.
Civilian casualties after the air attack and massacre on Plaza de Mayo, June 1955
Juan Perón and his wife Isabel Perón, 1973
Argentinians soldiers during the Falklands War
Néstor Kirchner and his wife and political successor, Cristina Kirchner
Aconcagua is the highest mountain outside of Asia, at 6960.8 m, and the highest point in the Southern Hemisphere.
Argentina map of Köppen climate classification
Casa Rosada, workplace of the President
The National Congress composed of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies.
Provinces of Argentina
Lockheed Martin A-4AR Fightinghawk operated by the Argentine Air Force
Fiat factory in Córdoba, Argentina
Rosario-Córdoba Highway
Passenger train near Mar del Plata
Argentine provinces by population (2010)
Faculty of Law of the University of Buenos Aires
Argentine beef as asado

Under his administration, Argentina restructured its defaulted debt with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts with the International Monetary Fund, purged the military of officers with dubious human rights records, nullified and voided the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws, ruled them as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Junta's crimes.

On 22 November 2015, after a tie in the first round of presidential elections on 25 October, center-right coalition candidate Mauricio Macri won the first ballotage in Argentina's history, beating Front for Victory candidate Daniel Scioli and becoming president-elect.

Juntos por el Cambio

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Liberal political coalition in Argentina.

Liberal political coalition in Argentina.

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Macri and Carrió prepared a launch photo of their alliance.
Sanz designed an alliance between PRO and UCR
First speech of the president-elect Macri
Macri and the governor-elect, Maria Eugenia Vidal
Macri, Vidal and the new member, Pichetto
Macri and IMF Managing Director, Christine Lagarde.
Macri with the members of Cambiemos Gabriela Michetti, Federico Pinedo and Emilio Monzó at the Argentine Congress.
Macri and U.S President Barack Obama.

These three parties respectively nominated Mauricio Macri, Ernesto Sanz, and Elisa Carrió as their representatives in the August 2015 primary elections, which were held to choose which candidate would run in the 2015 presidential election on 25 October.

He aligned the country with gradualist neoliberalism and re-opened Argentina to international markets by lifting currency controls, restructuring sovereign debt, and pressing free-market solutions.

Fernández (right) with President Néstor Kirchner and Foreign Minister Jorge Taiana in 2007.

Alberto Fernández

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Argentine politician, lawyer and professor, serving as president of Argentina since 2019.

Argentine politician, lawyer and professor, serving as president of Argentina since 2019.

Fernández (right) with President Néstor Kirchner and Foreign Minister Jorge Taiana in 2007.
Fernández (right) took oath as the Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers under President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner on 10 December 2007
President-elect Fernández meets with outgoing President Macri following national elections that took place the previous day.
President Alberto Fernández (left) with his Vice President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (right)
Meeting with Pope Francis on 31 January 2020.
The announcement of the lockdown by Fernández was generally well received, although there were concerns with its economic impact.
Fernández receiving the first dose of the Sputnik V vaccine against COVID-19 on 21 January 2021.
Fernández and Fabiola Yáñez with U.S. President Joe Biden and Jill Biden at the 9th Summit of the Americas in 2022

A member of the center-left, Peronist faction within the Justicialist Party, Fernández was the party's candidate for 2019 Argentine general election and defeated incumbent president Mauricio Macri, with 48% of the votes.

It also gave the president additional powers to renegotiate debt terms – with Argentina seeking to restructure its US$100 billion debt with private bondholders and US$45 billion borrowed by Macri from the International Monetary Fund.

Republican Proposal

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Centre-right

Centre-right

Macri was re-elected Mayor of Buenos Aires together with María Eugenia Vidal as Vice-Chief of the city.
President Macri and Vicepresident Gabriela Michetti, in their Inauguration Ceremony in Argentine Parliament, on 10 December 2015

Macri aligned the country with gradualist neoliberalism and re-opened Argentina to international markets by lifting currency controls, restructuring sovereign debt, and pressing free-market solutions.

PRO began as an alliance between Commitment to Change (CPC) of Mauricio Macri, and Recreate for Growth (Recrear) of Ricardo López Murphy created in 2005.

Fernández de Kirchner in 2021

Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

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Argentine lawyer and politician who has served as the 37th Vice President of Argentina since 2019.

Argentine lawyer and politician who has served as the 37th Vice President of Argentina since 2019.

Fernández de Kirchner in 2021
Cristina Fernández during her youth
First Lady Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (right) campaigning alongside her husband, Néstor Kirchner in 2007.
Fernández de Kirchner with minister of economy Axel Kicillof
Fernández de Kirchner announces the bill to renationalize YPF
Road blockade during the 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector in Villa María, Córdoba
200,000 people took part in a cacerolazo against Fernández de Kirchner
A financial firm located at the Madero Center hotel sparked The Route of the K-Money scandal
President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner with the Mothers and Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo
Kirchner holding a copy of Clarín
President Kirchner after the defeat at the 2009 midterm elections
Fernández de Kirchner with Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff in 2011
Fernández de Kirchner with then-Buenos Aires Mayor and successor Mauricio Macri in 2014
Vice President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (right) alongside President Alberto Fernández (left) in 2021.
President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner in presidential regalia posing with her children, Máximo and Florencia (2011)
Coat of Arms of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner as a member of Order of Isabella the Catholic

One month later, negotiations with hedge funds failed, and American judge Thomas Griesa issued an order that Argentina had to pay to all creditors and not just those who had accepted a reduced payment as outlined in the Argentine debt restructuring plan.

Mayor Mauricio Macri pointed out that the national government had prevented the city from taking out international loans, which would have been used for infrastructure improvements.

Central Bank of Argentina

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Central bank of Argentina, being an autarchic entity.

Central bank of Argentina, being an autarchic entity.

The Central Bank's Reconquista Street entrance, built in 1940 in imitation of its older, opposite entrance.

As part of a wider debt restructuring effort that brought Argentina out of its default three years earlier, in December 2005 President Néstor Kirchner announced the payment of Argentina's IMF debts in a single, anticipated disbursement.

One of the first changes to economic policy from the Macri administration, just seven days after Macri had taken office, was to remove the currency controls that had been in place for four consecutive years.

Buenos Aires Central Business District

Economy of Argentina

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Developing country.

Developing country.

Buenos Aires Central Business District
Historical growth of Argentina from 1961 to 2016
Historical development of GDP per capita
Soy field in Argentina's fertile Pampas. The versatile legume makes up about half the nation's crop production.
Vineyard in Mendoza Province. The country is the fifth largest producer in the world.
The Vaca Muerta tight oil (shale oil) field holds 16.2 e9oilbbl of oil and 308 e12cuft of natural gas. It is estimated to be the third largest in the world.
View of Buenos Aires Central Business District from the Costanera Sur Ecological Reserve
Protestors outside BankBoston branch during the corralito
Tour bus in Buenos Aires
A YPF refinery
Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant under construction
Railway workers laying track on the Belgrano Railway, following state investment
Long-distance passenger train operated by Trenes Argentinos
Aeroparque Jorge Newbery in Buenos Aires
Argentina Export Treemap by Product (2012) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity

Argentine debt restructuring offers in 2005 and 2010 resumed payments on the majority of its almost US$100 billion in defaulted bonds and other debt from 2001.

The government under President Mauricio Macri announced to be seeking a new loan from the International Monetary Fund in order to avoid another economic crash similar to the one in 2001.

Thomas P. Griesa

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United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York from 1972 to 2017 and its Chief Judge from 1993 to 2000.

United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York from 1972 to 2017 and its Chief Judge from 1993 to 2000.

In 2014, Griesa presided over the Argentine debt restructuring, on remand following the U.S. Supreme Court's decision to permit vulture funds, who in the period June 2001 to November 2003 (that is from half a year before the Argentine default on December 26, 2001) bought bonds, which are negotiable instruments and therefore, like bond owners all over the world, never drew any pay from the issuing country, to access potentially an array of bank records to locate financial assets overseas in seeking compensation.

Griesa saw the elevation of Mauricio Macri to the office of President of Argentina as a key development that, in his words, "changes everything" and may lead to a final resolution of the disputes arising from the default.