A report on Atrial flutter, Arrhythmia and Atrioventricular node

Atrial flutter with varying A-V conduction (5:1 and 4:1)
Ventricular fibrillation (VF) showing disorganized electrical activity producing a spiked tracing on an electrocardiogram (ECG)
Image showing the conduction system of the heart. The AV node is labelled 2.
Type I atrial flutter, counterclockwise rotation with 3:1 and 4:1 AV nodal block.
Broad classification of arrhythmias according to region of heart required to sustain the rhythm
Isolated heart conduction system showing atrioventricular node
Atrial flutter with a two to one block. Note the P waves hiding in the T waves in leads V1 and V2
Normal sinus rhythm, with solid black arrows pointing to normal P waves representative of normal sinus node function, followed by a pause in sinus node activity (resulting in a transient loss of heartbeats). Note that the P wave that disrupts the pause (indicated by the dashed arrow) does not look like the previous (normal) P waves – this last P wave is arising from a different part of the atrium, representing an escape rhythm.

Atrial flutter (AFL) is a common abnormal heart rhythm that starts in the atrial chambers of the heart.

- Atrial flutter

Supraventricular tachycardias include atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.

- Arrhythmia

This also protects the ventricles from excessively fast rate response to atrial arrhythmias (see below).

- Atrioventricular node

This is the property of the AV node that prevents rapid conduction to the ventricle in cases of rapid atrial rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.

- Atrioventricular node

Impulses from the atria are conducted to the ventricles through the atrio-ventricular node (AV node).

- Atrial flutter

The impulse initially causes both atria to contract, then activates the atrioventricular node (AV node), which is normally the only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles (main pumping chambers).

- Arrhythmia
Atrial flutter with varying A-V conduction (5:1 and 4:1)

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Leads aVL and aVF of an electrocardiogram showing atrial fibrillation. There are irregular intervals between heart beats. No P waves are seen and there is an erratic baseline between QRS complexes. The heart rate is about 125 beats per minute.

Atrial fibrillation

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Leads aVL and aVF of an electrocardiogram showing atrial fibrillation. There are irregular intervals between heart beats. No P waves are seen and there is an erratic baseline between QRS complexes. The heart rate is about 125 beats per minute.
Normal rhythm tracing (top) Atrial fibrillation (bottom)
How a stroke can occur during atrial fibrillation
Non-modifiable risk factors (top left box) and modifiable risk factors (bottom left box) for atrial fibrillation. The main outcomes of atrial fibrillation are in the right box. BMI=Body Mass Index.
A 12-lead ECG showing atrial fibrillation at approximately 132 beats per minute
Diagram of normal sinus rhythm as seen on ECG. In atrial fibrillation the P waves, which represent depolarization of the top of the heart, are absent.
ECG of atrial fibrillation (top) and normal sinus rhythm (bottom). The purple arrow indicates a P wave, which is lost in atrial fibrillation.
3D Medical Animation still shot of Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion

Atrial fibrillation (AF or A-fib) is an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the atrial chambers of the heart.

It may also start as other forms of arrhythmia such as atrial flutter that then transform into AF.

These disorganized waves conduct intermittently through the atrioventricular node, leading to irregular activation of the ventricles that generate the heartbeat.