A report on Mughal Empire, Aurangzeb and Old Delhi

The empire at its greatest extent in c. 1700 under Aurangzeb ((r. 1658 – 1707))

Akbar holds a religious assembly of different faiths in the Ibadat Khana in Fatehpur Sikri.

A painting from c. 1637 shows the brothers (left to right) Shah Shuja, Aurangzeb and Murad Baksh in their younger years.

Group portrait of Mughal rulers, from Babur to Aurangzeb, with the Mughal ancestor Timur seated in the middle. On the left: Shah Jahan, Akbar and Babur, with Abu Sa'id of Samarkand and Timur's son, Miran Shah. On the right: Aurangzeb, Jahangir and Humayun, and two of Timur's other offspring Umar Shaykh and Muhammad Sultan. Created c. 1707–12

The Mughal Army under the command of Aurangzeb recaptures Orchha in October 1635.

A painting from Padshahnama depicts Prince Aurangzeb facing a maddened war elephant named Sudhakar.

Busy streets near Jama Masjid, Old Delhi.

Sepoys loyal to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb maintain their positions around the palace, at Aurangabad, in 1658.

View of Old Delhi from Jama Masjid in June 1973.

Coin of Aurangzeb, minted in Kabul, dated 1691/2

Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb in early 18th century

Miniature painting - Portrait of an Old Mughal Courtier Wearing Muslin

Aurangzeb compiled Hanafi law by introducing the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri.

The City of Delhi Before the Siege - The Illustrated London News Jan 16, 1858

Muslim Lady Reclining or An Indian Girl with a Hookah, painted in Dacca, 18th century

Historic map of Delhi (Shahjahanabad), 1863

Ruins of the Great Caravanserai in Dhaka.

Aurangzeb seated on a golden throne holding a Hawk in the Durbar. Standing before him is his son, Azam Shah.

Map of Delhi and New Delhi after the First World War. The descriptions are in Czech.

Ghulam Hamdani Mushafi, the poet first believed to have coined the name "Urdu" around 1780 AD for a language that went by a multiplicity of names before his time.

Aurangzeb Receives Prince Mu'azzam. Chester Beatty Library

The Lahori Gate of Red Fort from Chandni Chowk.

Mir Taqi Mir, an Urdu poet of the 18th century Mughal Empire

Dagger (Khanjar) of Aurangzeb (Badshah Alamgir).

Manuscript of the Quran, parts of which are believed to have been written in Aurangzeb's own hand.

Badshahi Mosque, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

The Birthday of the Grand Mogul Aurangzeb, made 1701–1708 by Johann Melchior Dinglinger.

Buland Darwaza in Fatehpur Sikiri, Agra, India

Josiah Child requests a pardon from Aurangzeb during the Anglo-Mughal War.

Lalbagh Fort aerial view in Dhaka, Bangladesh

By 1690, Aurangzeb was acknowledged as: "emperor of the Mughal Sultanate from Cape Comorin to Kabul".

Shalimar Bagh in Srinagar, Kashmir, India

Aurangzeb spent his reign crushing major and minor rebellions throughout the Mughal Empire.

Illustration by the 17th-century Mughal artist Ustad Mansur

The tomb of Akbar was pillaged by Jat rebels during the reign of Aurangzeb.

"Alexander Visits the Sage Plato in His Mountain Cave"; illustration by the 16th-century Indian artist Basawan, in a folio from a quintet of the 13th-century Indian poet Amir Khusrau Dihlavi

Aurangzeb leads the Mughal Army during the Battle of Satara.

Folio from Farhang-i-Jahangiri, a Persian dictionary compiled during the Mughal era.

Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar

Aurangzeb dispatched his personal imperial guard during the campaign against the Satnami rebels.

Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi is built at the place where Guru Tegh Bahadur was beheaded.

Zafarnama is the name given to the letter sent by the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh in 1705 to Aurangzeb. The letter is written in Persian script.

Aurangzeb in a pavilion with three courtiers below.

Bibi Ka Maqbara, the mausoleum of Aurangzeb's wife Dilras Banu Begum, was commissioned by him

Aurangzeb's tomb in Khuldabad, Maharashtra.

The unmarked grave of Aurangzeb in the mausoleum at Khuldabad, Maharashtra.

Tughra and seal of Aurangzeb, on an imperial firman

In the year 1689, according to Mughal accounts, Sambhaji was put on trial, found guilty of atrocities and executed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=J. L. |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707{{snd}}1813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA50 |access-date=29 September 2012 |date=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=50–}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |author-link=Burton Stein |year=2010 |orig-year=First published 1998 |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=David |editor-link=David Arnold (historian) |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA180 |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |edition=2nd |page=180 |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6}}</ref>

Guru Tegh Bahadur was publicly executed in 1675 on the orders of Aurangzeb in Delhi<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html |title=A Gateway to Sikhism {{!}} Sri Guru Tegh Bhadur Sahib |website=Gateway to Sikhism |access-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327223831/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html#12 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sarmad Kashani, a Jewish convert to Islam and Sufi mystic was accused of heresy and executed.<ref name="David Cook 2007">{{cite book |last=Cook |first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |year=2007 |title=Martyrdom in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=80 |isbn=978-0-521-85040-7}}</ref>

Seventeenth-century Badshahi Masjid built by Aurangzeb in Lahore.

Tomb of Sufi saint, Syed Abdul Rahim Shah Bukhari constructed by Aurangzeb.

Shawls manufactured in the Mughal Empire had highly influenced other cultures around the world.

François Bernier, was a French physician and traveller, who for 12 years was the personal physician of Aurangzeb. He described his experiences in Travels in the Mughal Empire.

Map of the Mughal Empire by Vincenzo Coronelli (1650–1718) of Venice, who served as Royal Geographer to Louis XIV of France.

Aurangzeb leads his final expedition (1705), leading an army of 500,000 troops.

Mughal-era aristocrat armed with a matchlock musket.

Muhi al-Din Muhammad (c. 1618 – 3 March 1707), commonly known as Aurangzeb and by his regnal title Alamgir, was the sixth emperor of the Mughal Empire, ruling from July 1658 until his death in 1707.

- Aurangzeb

It was founded as a walled city named Shahjahanabad in 1639, when Shah Jahan (the Mughal emperor at the time) decided to shift the Mughal capital from Agra.

- Old Delhi

This imperial structure lasted until 1720, until shortly after the death of the last major emperor, Aurangzeb, during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent.

- Mughal Empire

Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib, a sikh Gurudwara built to commemorate the martyrdom site of the ninth Sikh Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur. It marks the site where the ninth Sikh Guru was beheaded on the orders of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb on 11 November 1675 for rebelling against the throne.

- Old Delhi

Having made clear that he wanted Dara to succeed him, Shah Jahan became ill with stranguary in 1657 and was closeted under the care of his favourite son in the newly built city of Shahjahanabad (Old Delhi).

- Aurangzeb

After Aurangzeb, the Mughal capital definitively became the walled city of Shahjahanabad (today Old Delhi).

- Mughal Empire

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The Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani in Sikandra was originally built as a Baradari by Sultan Sikandar Lodi in 1495.

Agra

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City on the banks of the Yamuna river in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, about 210 km south of the national capital New Delhi and 320 km west of the state capital Lucknow.

The Town and Fort of Agra, an engraving.

The sweet dish petha, which is a symbol of Mughal legacy.

Railway Map of Agra (the line to Jaipur has meanwhile been converted to broad gauge)

Inner Ring Road link Yamuna Expressway to Lucknow expessway, Fatehabad Road, Shamshabad Road, NH-3, NH-11 Agra

The most common front view of the Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal and outlying buildings as seen from across the Yamuna River (northern view)

Tombs of Shah Jahan and his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal

The Jahangiri Mahal, the largest residence in the complex

Musamman Burj, an octagonal Tower which was the residence of Shah Jahan's favourite empress, Mumtaz Maḥal

Amar Singh Gate, one of two entrances into Agra's Red Fort

Agra's notable historical period began during Sikandar Lodi's reign, but the golden age of the city began with the Mughals.

Agra was the foremost city of the subcontinent and the capital of the Mughal Empire until 1658, when Aurangzeb shifted the entire court to Delhi.

Shah Jahan later shifted the capital to Shahjahanabad (now known as Delhi) in the year 1648, followed by his son Aurangzeb (reigned 1658–1707 ) moving the entire court to Delhi in 1658.

Red Fort

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The walls of Red Fort (in the background) as seen from the top of Jama Masjid's tower

Every year on India's Independence Day, the Prime Minister hoists the Indian "tricolour flag" at the fort's main gate and delivers a nationally broadcast speech from its ramparts. Pictured is Nehru on 15 August 1947.

View of the Red Fort from the river (by Ghulam Ali Khan, between c. 1852–1854

Inner walls and ceiling of the Diwan-e-Khas

Barrel vault structure located past the Lahore Gate, acts as a market that was built to satisfy the needs of higher ranked Mughal women, who resided in the fort

Map of Red Fort showing major structures

The Delhi Gate, which is almost identical in appearance to the Lahori Gate

Naubat Khana and the courtyard before its demolition by the British, in an 1858 photograph

Diwan-i-Khas in the mid-nineteenth century

Hammam of Red Fort interior in mid-nineteenth century

Red Zafar Mahal and white Sawan/Bhadon pavilion behind it in the Hayat Bakhsh Bagh

The Red Fort or Lal Qila is a historic fort in Old Delhi, Delhi in India that served as the main residence of the Mughal Emperors.

Shah Jahan's successor, Aurangzeb, added the Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) to the emperor's private quarters, constructing barbicans in front of the two main gates to make the entrance to the palace more circuitous.

Two days later, after taking tribute from the Mughals, removed their armies from the fort and the Jats took away the throne of the Mughals, called the pride of the Mughals, and the doors of the Red Fort as a memorial, and this throne is today enhancing the beauty of the palaces of Deeg.

Urdu

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Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia.

The proportion of people with Urdu as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

A trilingual signboard in Arabic, English and Urdu in the UAE. The Urdu sentence is not a direct translation of the English ("Your beautiful city invites you to preserve it.") It says, "apné shahar kī Khūbsūrtīi ko barqarār rakhié, or "Please preserve the beauty of your city."

A multilingual New Delhi railway station board. The Urdu and Hindi texts both read as: naī dillī.

Urdu and Hindi on a road sign in India. The Urdu version is a direct transliteration of the English; the Hindi is a part transliteration ("parcel" and "rail") and part translation "karyalay" and "arakshan kendra"

The phrase zubān-e-Urdū-e-muʿallā ("the language of the exalted camp") written in Nastaʿlīq script

The Urdu Nastaʿliq alphabet, with names in the Devanagari and Latin alphabets

An English-Urdu bilingual sign at the archaeological site of Sirkap, near Taxila. The Urdu says: (right to left) دو سروں والے عقاب کی شبيہ والا مندر, dō sarōñ wālé u'qāb kī shabīh wāla mandir. "The temple with the image of the eagle with two heads."

By the end of the reign of Aurangzeb in the early 18th century, the common language around Delhi began to be referred to as Zaban-e-Urdu, a name derived from the Turkic word ordu (army) or orda and is said to have arisen as the "language of the camp", or "Zaban-i-Ordu" means "Language of High camps" or natively "Lashkari Zaban" means "Language of Army".

The Turko-Afghan Delhi Sultanate established Persian as its official language in India, a policy continued by the Mughal Empire, which extended over most of northern South Asia from the 16th to 18th centuries and cemented Persian influence on Hindustani.

During Shahjahan's time, the Capital was relocated to Delhi and named Shahjahanabad and the Bazar of the town was named Urdu e Muallah.