A report on South Asia, Pakistan and Aurangzeb

Various definitions of South Asia, including the definition by UNSD which was created for "statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."

A painting from c. 1637 shows the brothers (left to right) Shah Shuja, Aurangzeb and Murad Baksh in their younger years.

United Nations cartographic map of South Asia. However, the United Nations does not endorse any definitions or area boundaries.

Indus Priest King Statue from Mohenjo-Daro.

The Mughal Army under the command of Aurangzeb recaptures Orchha in October 1635.

While South Asia had never been a coherent geopolitical region, it has a distinct geographical identity

A painting from Padshahnama depicts Prince Aurangzeb facing a maddened war elephant named Sudhakar.

Indus Valley Civilisation during 2600–1900 BCE, the mature phase

Standing Buddha from Gandhara, Greco-Buddhist art, 1st–2nd century AD.

Sepoys loyal to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb maintain their positions around the palace, at Aurangabad, in 1658.

The Trimurti is the trinity of supreme divinity in Hinduism, typically Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Shiva the destroyer

Outreach of influence of early medieval Chola dynasty

Clock Tower, Faisalabad, built by the British government in the 19th century

Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb in early 18th century

Timur defeats the Sultan of Delhi, Nasir-u Din Mehmud, in the winter of 1397–1398

Queen Elizabeth II was the last monarch of independent Pakistan, before it became a republic in 1956.

Aurangzeb compiled Hanafi law by introducing the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri.

Emperor Shah Jahan and his son Prince Aurangzeb in Mughal Court, 1650

Signing of the Tashkent Declaration to end hostilities with India in 1965 in Tashkent, USSR, by President Ayub alongside Bhutto (centre) and Aziz Ahmed (left)

British Indian Empire in 1909. British India is shaded pink, the princely states yellow.

President George W. Bush meets with President Musharraf in Islamabad during his 2006 visit to Pakistan.

Aurangzeb seated on a golden throne holding a Hawk in the Durbar. Standing before him is his son, Azam Shah.

South Asia's Köppen climate classification map is based on native vegetation, temperature, precipitation and their seasonality.

The Friday Prayers at the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore

Aurangzeb Receives Prince Mu'azzam. Chester Beatty Library

Ethno-linguistic distribution map of South Asia

A satellite image showing the topography of Pakistan

Dagger (Khanjar) of Aurangzeb (Badshah Alamgir).

Mumbai is the financial capital of India with GDP of $400 billion

Köppen climate classification of Pakistan

Manuscript of the Quran, parts of which are believed to have been written in Aurangzeb's own hand.

GDP per capita development in South Asia

The Birthday of the Grand Mogul Aurangzeb, made 1701–1708 by Johann Melchior Dinglinger.

Durbar High School, oldest secondary school of Nepal, established in 1854 CE

Josiah Child requests a pardon from Aurangzeb during the Anglo-Mughal War.

By 1690, Aurangzeb was acknowledged as: "emperor of the Mughal Sultanate from Cape Comorin to Kabul".

College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan

President of Pakistan Ayub Khan with US President John F. Kennedy in 1961

Aurangzeb spent his reign crushing major and minor rebellions throughout the Mughal Empire.

IInstitute of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, Nepal

Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan at the 2019 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit

The tomb of Akbar was pillaged by Jat rebels during the reign of Aurangzeb.

Child getting vaccine in Bangladesh under the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI)

Pakistan Prime Minister Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan. Pakistan is host to China's largest embassy.

Aurangzeb leads the Mughal Army during the Battle of Satara.

A weekly child examination performed at a hospital in Farah, Afghanistan

The areas shown in green are the Pakistani-controlled areas.

Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar

Hunza Valley in the Gilgit-Baltistan region is part of Pakistani-controlled Kashmir.

Pakistan Air Force's JF-17 Thunder flying in front of the 26660 ft Nanga Parbat

Aurangzeb dispatched his personal imperial guard during the campaign against the Satnami rebels.

Statue of a bull outside the Pakistan Stock Exchange, Islamabad, Pakistan

Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi is built at the place where Guru Tegh Bahadur was beheaded.

Surface mining in Sindh. Pakistan has been termed the 'Saudi Arabia of Coal' by Forbes.

Zafarnama is the name given to the letter sent by the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh in 1705 to Aurangzeb. The letter is written in Persian script.

Television assembly factory in Lahore. Pakistan's industrial sector accounts for about 20.3% of the GDP, and is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises.

Aurangzeb in a pavilion with three courtiers below.

Rising skyline of Karachi with several under construction skyscrapers.

Bibi Ka Maqbara, the mausoleum of Aurangzeb's wife Dilras Banu Begum, was commissioned by him

Lake Saiful Muluk, located at the northern end of the Kaghan Valley, near the town of Naran in the Saiful Muluk National Park.

Aurangzeb's tomb in Khuldabad, Maharashtra.

Badshahi Mosque was commissioned by the Mughals in 1671. It is listed as a World Heritage Site.

Tarbela Dam, the largest earth filled dam in the world, was constructed in 1968.

The unmarked grave of Aurangzeb in the mausoleum at Khuldabad, Maharashtra.

Pakistan produced 1,135 megawatts of renewable energy for the month of October 2016. Pakistan expects to produce 3,000 megawatts of renewable energy by the beginning of 2019.

Tughra and seal of Aurangzeb, on an imperial firman

The motorway passes through the Salt Range mountains

In the year 1689, according to Mughal accounts, Sambhaji was put on trial, found guilty of atrocities and executed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=J. L. |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707{{snd}}1813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA50 |access-date=29 September 2012 |date=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=50–}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |author-link=Burton Stein |year=2010 |orig-year=First published 1998 |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=David |editor-link=David Arnold (historian) |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA180 |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |edition=2nd |page=180 |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6}}</ref>

Guru Tegh Bahadur was publicly executed in 1675 on the orders of Aurangzeb in Delhi<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html |title=A Gateway to Sikhism {{!}} Sri Guru Tegh Bhadur Sahib |website=Gateway to Sikhism |access-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327223831/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html#12 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Port of Karachi is one of South Asia's largest and busiest deep-water seaports, handling about 60% of the nation's cargo (25 million tons per annum)

Sarmad Kashani, a Jewish convert to Islam and Sufi mystic was accused of heresy and executed.<ref name="David Cook 2007">{{cite book |last=Cook |first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |year=2007 |title=Martyrdom in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=80 |isbn=978-0-521-85040-7}}</ref>

Track of Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metrobus with adjoining station

Central Library of University of Sargodha

Malala Yousafzai at the Women of the World festival in 2014.

Seventeenth-century Badshahi Masjid built by Aurangzeb in Lahore.

Tomb of Sufi saint, Syed Abdul Rahim Shah Bukhari constructed by Aurangzeb.

Pakistan hosts the second largest refugee population globally after Turkey. An Afghan refugee girl near Tarbela Dam

Shawls manufactured in the Mughal Empire had highly influenced other cultures around the world.

Faisal Mosque, built in 1986 by Turkish architect Vedat Dalokay on behalf of King Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz of Saudi Arabia

Havana at Shri Hinglaj Mata temple shakti peetha, the largest Hindu pilgrimage centre in Pakistan. The annual Hinglaj Yathra is attended by more than 250,000 people.

François Bernier, was a French physician and traveller, who for 12 years was the personal physician of Aurangzeb. He described his experiences in Travels in the Mughal Empire.

Map of the Mughal Empire by Vincenzo Coronelli (1650–1718) of Venice, who served as Royal Geographer to Louis XIV of France.

Truck art is a distinctive feature of Pakistani culture.

People in traditional clothing in Neelum District

Muhammad Iqbal, Pakistan's national poet who conceived the idea of Pakistan

The Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam is part of Pakistan's Sufi heritage.

Minar-e-Pakistan is a national monument marking Pakistan's independence movement.

Aurangzeb leads his final expedition (1705), leading an army of 500,000 troops.

Located on the bank of Arabian Sea in Karachi, Port Grand is one of the largest food streets of Asia.

Mughal-era aristocrat armed with a matchlock musket.

Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore is the 3rd largest cricket stadium in Pakistan with a seating capacity of 27,000 spectators.

Aurangzeb, in later life, hunting with hounds and falconers

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.

- Pakistan

The region consists of the countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.;

- South Asia

Under his emperorship, the Mughals reached their greatest extent with their territory spanning nearly the entire South Asia.

- Aurangzeb

Under Aurangzeb's rule, South Asia reached its zenith, becoming the world's largest economy and biggest manufacturing power, estimated over 25% of world GDP, a value higher than China's and entire Western Europe's one.

- South Asia

Jinnah had developed a close association with the ulama and upon his death was described by one such alim, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, as the greatest Muslim after Aurangzeb and as someone who desired to unite the Muslims of the world under the banner of Islam.

- Pakistan

In Pakistan, author Haroon Khalid writes that, "Aurangzeb is presented as a hero who fought and expanded the frontiers of the Islamic empire" and "is imagined to be a true believer who removed corrupt practices from religion and the court, and once again purified the empire."

- Aurangzeb

3 related topics with Alpha

Sindh

1 links

The Priest-King from Mohenjo-daro, 4000 years old, in the National Museum of Pakistan

Extent and major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization in pre-modern Pakistan and India 3000 BC

Makli Hill is one of the largest necropolises in the world.

Sindh became part of the Bombay Presidency in 1909.

Devotee at Panchmukhi Hanuman Temple in Karachi

Sindhri is among top 10 mango varieties in the world

A view of Karachi downtown, the capital of Sindh province

Sukkur skyline along the shores of the River Indus

Dayaram Jethmal College (D.J. College), Karachi in the 19th century

National Academy of Performing Arts, Karachi

Archaeological ruins at Moenjodaro, Sindh, Pakistan

The ruins of an ancient mosque at Bhambore

Sindhi women collecting water from a reservoir on the way to Mubarak Village

Caravan of merchants in the Indus River Valley

Ranikot Fort, one of the largest forts in the world

Remains of 9th century Jain temple in Bhodesar near Nagarparkar.

alt=Karoonjhar Mountains, Tharparkar|Karoonjhar Mountains, Tharparkar

Sindh (سنڌ;, ; historically romanized as Sind) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan.

In 712, Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the Sindh and Indus Valley, bringing South Asian societies into contact with Islam.

In the year 1701, the Kalhora Nawabs were authorized in a firman by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to administer subah Sindh.

Punjab

1 links

Taxila in Pakistan is a World Heritage Site

Menander I Soter (165/155 – 130 BCE), conqueror of the Punjab, carved out a Greek kingdom in the Punjab and ruled the Punjab until his death in 130BC.

A section of the Lahore Fort built by the Mughal emperor Akbar

Dominant Mother Tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ; ; ; also romanised as Panjāb or Panj-Āb) is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northwestern India.

1658–1707: Mohiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir

Urdu

0 links

The proportion of people with Urdu as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

A trilingual signboard in Arabic, English and Urdu in the UAE. The Urdu sentence is not a direct translation of the English ("Your beautiful city invites you to preserve it.") It says, "apné shahar kī Khūbsūrtīi ko barqarār rakhié, or "Please preserve the beauty of your city."

A multilingual New Delhi railway station board. The Urdu and Hindi texts both read as: naī dillī.

Urdu and Hindi on a road sign in India. The Urdu version is a direct transliteration of the English; the Hindi is a part transliteration ("parcel" and "rail") and part translation "karyalay" and "arakshan kendra"

The phrase zubān-e-Urdū-e-muʿallā ("the language of the exalted camp") written in Nastaʿlīq script

The Urdu Nastaʿliq alphabet, with names in the Devanagari and Latin alphabets

An English-Urdu bilingual sign at the archaeological site of Sirkap, near Taxila. The Urdu says: (right to left) دو سروں والے عقاب کی شبيہ والا مندر, dō sarōñ wālé u'qāb kī shabīh wāla mandir. "The temple with the image of the eagle with two heads."

Urdu (, ALA-LC: ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia.

It is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan.

By the end of the reign of Aurangzeb in the early 18th century, the common language around Delhi began to be referred to as Zaban-e-Urdu, a name derived from the Turkic word ordu (army) or orda and is said to have arisen as the "language of the camp", or "Zaban-i-Ordu" means "Language of High camps" or natively "Lashkari Zaban" means "Language of Army".