A report on UrduPakistan and Aurangzeb

Aurangzeb holding a hawk in c. 1660
The proportion of people with Urdu as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census
A painting from c. 1637 shows the brothers (left to right) Shah Shuja, Aurangzeb and Murad Baksh in their younger years.
A trilingual signboard in Arabic, English and Urdu in the UAE. The Urdu sentence is not a direct translation of the English ("Your beautiful city invites you to preserve it.") It says, "apné shahar kī Khūbsūrtīi ko barqarār rakhié, or "Please preserve the beauty of your city."
Indus Priest King Statue from Mohenjo-Daro.
The Mughal Army under the command of Aurangzeb recaptures Orchha in October 1635.
A multilingual New Delhi railway station board. The Urdu and Hindi texts both read as: naī dillī.
A painting from Padshahnama depicts Prince Aurangzeb facing a maddened war elephant named Sudhakar.
Urdu and Hindi on a road sign in India. The Urdu version is a direct transliteration of the English; the Hindi is a part transliteration ("parcel" and "rail") and part translation "karyalay" and "arakshan kendra"
Standing Buddha from Gandhara, Greco-Buddhist art, 1st–2nd century AD.
Sepoys loyal to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb maintain their positions around the palace, at Aurangabad, in 1658.
The phrase zubān-e-Urdū-e-muʿallā ("the language of the exalted camp") written in Nastaʿlīq script
Badshahi Mosque, Lahore
Aurangzeb becomes emperor.
Lashkari Zabān title in Naskh script
Clock Tower, Faisalabad, built by the British government in the 19th century
Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb in early 18th century
The Urdu Nastaʿliq alphabet, with names in the Devanagari and Latin alphabets
Queen Elizabeth II was the last monarch of independent Pakistan, before it became a republic in 1956.
Aurangzeb compiled Hanafi law by introducing the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri.
An English-Urdu bilingual sign at the archaeological site of Sirkap, near Taxila. The Urdu says: (right to left) دو سروں والے عقاب کی شبيہ والا مندر, dō sarōñ wālé u'qāb kī shabīh wāla mandir. "The temple with the image of the eagle with two heads."
Signing of the Tashkent Declaration to end hostilities with India in 1965 in Tashkent, USSR, by President Ayub alongside Bhutto (centre) and Aziz Ahmed (left)
Aurangzeb holding a flywhisk
President George W. Bush meets with President Musharraf in Islamabad during his 2006 visit to Pakistan.
Aurangzeb seated on a golden throne holding a Hawk in the Durbar. Standing before him is his son, Azam Shah.
The Friday Prayers at the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore
Aurangzeb Receives Prince Mu'azzam. Chester Beatty Library
A satellite image showing the topography of Pakistan
Dagger (Khanjar) of Aurangzeb (Badshah Alamgir).
Köppen climate classification of Pakistan
Manuscript of the Quran, parts of which are believed to have been written in Aurangzeb's own hand.
Parliament House
The Birthday of the Grand Mogul Aurangzeb, made 1701–1708 by Johann Melchior Dinglinger.
Prime Minister's Office
Josiah Child requests a pardon from Aurangzeb during the Anglo-Mughal War.
Supreme Court of Pakistan
By 1690, Aurangzeb was acknowledged as: "emperor of the Mughal Sultanate from Cape Comorin to Kabul".
President of Pakistan Ayub Khan with US President John F. Kennedy in 1961
Aurangzeb spent his reign crushing major and minor rebellions throughout the Mughal Empire.
Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan at the 2019 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit
The tomb of Akbar was pillaged by Jat rebels during the reign of Aurangzeb.
Pakistan Prime Minister Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan. Pakistan is host to China's largest embassy.
Aurangzeb leads the Mughal Army during the Battle of Satara.
The areas shown in green are the Pakistani-controlled areas.
Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar
Hunza Valley in the Gilgit-Baltistan region is part of Pakistani-controlled Kashmir.
Aurangzeb reciting the Quran.
Pakistan Air Force's JF-17 Thunder flying in front of the 26660 ft Nanga Parbat
Aurangzeb dispatched his personal imperial guard during the campaign against the Satnami rebels.
Statue of a bull outside the Pakistan Stock Exchange, Islamabad, Pakistan
Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi is built at the place where Guru Tegh Bahadur was beheaded.
Surface mining in Sindh. Pakistan has been termed the 'Saudi Arabia of Coal' by Forbes.
Zafarnama is the name given to the letter sent by the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh in 1705 to Aurangzeb. The letter is written in Persian script.
Television assembly factory in Lahore. Pakistan's industrial sector accounts for about 20.3% of the GDP, and is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises.
Aurangzeb in a pavilion with three courtiers below.
Rising skyline of Karachi with several under construction skyscrapers.
Bibi Ka Maqbara, the mausoleum of Aurangzeb's wife Dilras Banu Begum, was commissioned by him
Lake Saiful Muluk, located at the northern end of the Kaghan Valley, near the town of Naran in the Saiful Muluk National Park.
Aurangzeb's tomb in Khuldabad, Maharashtra.
Badshahi Mosque was commissioned by the Mughals in 1671. It is listed as a World Heritage Site.
Aurangzeb reading the Quran
Tarbela Dam, the largest earth filled dam in the world, was constructed in 1968.
The unmarked grave of Aurangzeb in the mausoleum at Khuldabad, Maharashtra.
Pakistan produced 1,135 megawatts of renewable energy for the month of October 2016. Pakistan expects to produce 3,000 megawatts of renewable energy by the beginning of 2019.
Tughra and seal of Aurangzeb, on an imperial firman
The motorway passes through the Salt Range mountains
In the year 1689, according to Mughal accounts, Sambhaji was put on trial, found guilty of atrocities and executed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=J. L. |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707{{snd}}1813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA50 |access-date=29 September 2012 |date=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=50–}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |author-link=Burton Stein |year=2010 |orig-year=First published 1998 |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=David |editor-link=David Arnold (historian) |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA180 |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |edition=2nd |page=180 |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6}}</ref>
Karachi Cantonment railway station
Guru Tegh Bahadur was publicly executed in 1675 on the orders of Aurangzeb in Delhi<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html |title=A Gateway to Sikhism {{!}} Sri Guru Tegh Bhadur Sahib |website=Gateway to Sikhism |access-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327223831/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html#12 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Port of Karachi is one of South Asia's largest and busiest deep-water seaports, handling about 60% of the nation's cargo (25 million tons per annum)
Sarmad Kashani, a Jewish convert to Islam and Sufi mystic was accused of heresy and executed.<ref name="David Cook 2007">{{cite book |last=Cook |first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |year=2007 |title=Martyrdom in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=80 |isbn=978-0-521-85040-7}}</ref>
Orange Line Metro Train, Lahore
Daulatabad cannon
Track of Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metrobus with adjoining station
Kalak Bangadi cannon.
Nagan Chowrangi Flyover, Karachi
One of the Daulatabad cannons
Central Library of University of Sargodha
Kilkila cannon
Literacy rate in Pakistan 1951–2018
Aurangabad cannon
Malala Yousafzai at the Women of the World festival in 2014.
Seventeenth-century Badshahi Masjid built by Aurangzeb in Lahore.
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Bibi ka Maqbara.
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Tomb of Sufi saint, Syed Abdul Rahim Shah Bukhari constructed by Aurangzeb.
Pakistan hosts the second largest refugee population globally after Turkey. An Afghan refugee girl near Tarbela Dam
Shawls manufactured in the Mughal Empire had highly influenced other cultures around the world.
Kalma Underpass, Lahore
Shawl makers in the Mughal Empire.
Faisal Mosque, built in 1986 by Turkish architect Vedat Dalokay on behalf of King Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz of Saudi Arabia
Mughal imperial carpet
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March of the Great Moghul (Aurangzeb)
Havana at Shri Hinglaj Mata temple shakti peetha, the largest Hindu pilgrimage centre in Pakistan. The annual Hinglaj Yathra is attended by more than 250,000 people.
François Bernier, was a French physician and traveller, who for 12 years was the personal physician of Aurangzeb. He described his experiences in Travels in the Mughal Empire.
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Map of the Mughal Empire by Vincenzo Coronelli (1650–1718) of Venice, who served as Royal Geographer to Louis XIV of France.
Sacred Heart Cathedral, Lahore
French map of the Deccan.
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Half rupee
Truck art is a distinctive feature of Pakistani culture.
Rupee coin showing full name
People in traditional clothing in Neelum District
Rupee with square area
Muhammad Iqbal, Pakistan's national poet who conceived the idea of Pakistan
A copper dam of Aurangzeb
The Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam is part of Pakistan's Sufi heritage.
A Mughal trooper in the Deccan.
Minar-e-Pakistan is a national monument marking Pakistan's independence movement.
Aurangzeb leads his final expedition (1705), leading an army of 500,000 troops.
Located on the bank of Arabian Sea in Karachi, Port Grand is one of the largest food streets of Asia.
Mughal-era aristocrat armed with a matchlock musket.
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore is the 3rd largest cricket stadium in Pakistan with a seating capacity of 27,000 spectators.
Aurangzeb, in later life, hunting with hounds and falconers
President George W. Bush meets with President Musharraf in Islamabad during his 2006 visit to Pakistan.
Minar-e-Pakistan is a national monument marking Pakistan's independence movement.

It is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan.

- Urdu

The name Pakistan literally means "land of the pure" or "land of purity", in Urdu and Persian.

- Pakistan

By the end of the reign of Aurangzeb in the early 18th century, the common language around Delhi began to be referred to as Zaban-e-Urdu, a name derived from the Turkic word ordu (army) or orda and is said to have arisen as the "language of the camp", or "Zaban-i-Ordu" means "Language of High camps" or natively "Lashkari Zaban" means "Language of Army".

- Urdu

200,000. This event was celebrated in Persian and Urdu verses, and Aurangzeb said:

- Aurangzeb

Jinnah had developed a close association with the ulama and upon his death was described by one such alim, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, as the greatest Muslim after Aurangzeb and as someone who desired to unite the Muslims of the world under the banner of Islam.

- Pakistan

In Pakistan, author Haroon Khalid writes that, "Aurangzeb is presented as a hero who fought and expanded the frontiers of the Islamic empire" and "is imagined to be a true believer who removed corrupt practices from religion and the court, and once again purified the empire."

- Aurangzeb

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South Asia

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Southern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms.

Southern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms.

Various definitions of South Asia, including the definition by UNSD which was created for "statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."
United Nations cartographic map of South Asia. However, the United Nations does not endorse any definitions or area boundaries.
While South Asia had never been a coherent geopolitical region, it has a distinct geographical identity
Indus Valley Civilisation during 2600–1900 BCE, the mature phase
The Trimurti is the trinity of supreme divinity in Hinduism, typically Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Shiva the destroyer
Outreach of influence of early medieval Chola dynasty
Timur defeats the Sultan of Delhi, Nasir-u Din Mehmud, in the winter of 1397–1398
Emperor Shah Jahan and his son Prince Aurangzeb in Mughal Court, 1650
British Indian Empire in 1909. British India is shaded pink, the princely states yellow.
South Asia's Köppen climate classification map is based on native vegetation, temperature, precipitation and their seasonality.
Ethno-linguistic distribution map of South Asia
Mumbai is the financial capital of India with GDP of $400 billion
GDP per capita development in South Asia
Durbar High School, oldest secondary school of Nepal, established in 1854 CE
Lower class school in Sri Lanka
College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan
IInstitute of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, Nepal
Child getting vaccine in Bangladesh under the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI)
A weekly child examination performed at a hospital in Farah, Afghanistan

The region consists of the countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.;

Under Aurangzeb's rule, South Asia reached its zenith, becoming the world's largest economy and biggest manufacturing power, estimated over 25% of world GDP, a value higher than China's and entire Western Europe's one.

In the modern era, new syncretic languages developed in the region such as Urdu that are used by the Muslim community of northern South Asia (particularly Pakistan and northern states of India).