A report on Aurangzeb

Aurangzeb holding a hawk in c. 1660
A painting from c. 1637 shows the brothers (left to right) Shah Shuja, Aurangzeb and Murad Baksh in their younger years.
The Mughal Army under the command of Aurangzeb recaptures Orchha in October 1635.
A painting from Padshahnama depicts Prince Aurangzeb facing a maddened war elephant named Sudhakar.
Sepoys loyal to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb maintain their positions around the palace, at Aurangabad, in 1658.
Aurangzeb becomes emperor.
Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb in early 18th century
Aurangzeb compiled Hanafi law by introducing the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri.
Aurangzeb holding a flywhisk
Aurangzeb seated on a golden throne holding a Hawk in the Durbar. Standing before him is his son, Azam Shah.
Aurangzeb Receives Prince Mu'azzam. Chester Beatty Library
Dagger (Khanjar) of Aurangzeb (Badshah Alamgir).
Manuscript of the Quran, parts of which are believed to have been written in Aurangzeb's own hand.
The Birthday of the Grand Mogul Aurangzeb, made 1701–1708 by Johann Melchior Dinglinger.
Josiah Child requests a pardon from Aurangzeb during the Anglo-Mughal War.
By 1690, Aurangzeb was acknowledged as: "emperor of the Mughal Sultanate from Cape Comorin to Kabul".
Aurangzeb spent his reign crushing major and minor rebellions throughout the Mughal Empire.
The tomb of Akbar was pillaged by Jat rebels during the reign of Aurangzeb.
Aurangzeb leads the Mughal Army during the Battle of Satara.
Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar
Aurangzeb reciting the Quran.
Aurangzeb dispatched his personal imperial guard during the campaign against the Satnami rebels.
Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi is built at the place where Guru Tegh Bahadur was beheaded.
Zafarnama is the name given to the letter sent by the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh in 1705 to Aurangzeb. The letter is written in Persian script.
Aurangzeb in a pavilion with three courtiers below.
Bibi Ka Maqbara, the mausoleum of Aurangzeb's wife Dilras Banu Begum, was commissioned by him
Aurangzeb's tomb in Khuldabad, Maharashtra.
Aurangzeb reading the Quran
The unmarked grave of Aurangzeb in the mausoleum at Khuldabad, Maharashtra.
Tughra and seal of Aurangzeb, on an imperial firman
In the year 1689, according to Mughal accounts, Sambhaji was put on trial, found guilty of atrocities and executed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=J. L. |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707{{snd}}1813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA50 |access-date=29 September 2012 |date=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=50–}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |author-link=Burton Stein |year=2010 |orig-year=First published 1998 |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=David |editor-link=David Arnold (historian) |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA180 |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |edition=2nd |page=180 |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6}}</ref>
Guru Tegh Bahadur was publicly executed in 1675 on the orders of Aurangzeb in Delhi<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html |title=A Gateway to Sikhism {{!}} Sri Guru Tegh Bhadur Sahib |website=Gateway to Sikhism |access-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327223831/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html#12 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Sarmad Kashani, a Jewish convert to Islam and Sufi mystic was accused of heresy and executed.<ref name="David Cook 2007">{{cite book |last=Cook |first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |year=2007 |title=Martyrdom in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=80 |isbn=978-0-521-85040-7}}</ref>
Daulatabad cannon
Kalak Bangadi cannon.
One of the Daulatabad cannons
Kilkila cannon
Aurangabad cannon
Seventeenth-century Badshahi Masjid built by Aurangzeb in Lahore.
Bibi ka Maqbara.
Tomb of Sufi saint, Syed Abdul Rahim Shah Bukhari constructed by Aurangzeb.
Shawls manufactured in the Mughal Empire had highly influenced other cultures around the world.
Shawl makers in the Mughal Empire.
Mughal imperial carpet
March of the Great Moghul (Aurangzeb)
François Bernier, was a French physician and traveller, who for 12 years was the personal physician of Aurangzeb. He described his experiences in Travels in the Mughal Empire.
Map of the Mughal Empire by Vincenzo Coronelli (1650–1718) of Venice, who served as Royal Geographer to Louis XIV of France.
French map of the Deccan.
Half rupee
Rupee coin showing full name
Rupee with square area
A copper dam of Aurangzeb
A Mughal trooper in the Deccan.
Aurangzeb leads his final expedition (1705), leading an army of 500,000 troops.
Mughal-era aristocrat armed with a matchlock musket.
Aurangzeb, in later life, hunting with hounds and falconers

The sixth emperor of the Mughal Empire, ruling from July 1658 until his death in 1707.

- Aurangzeb
Aurangzeb holding a hawk in c. 1660

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Shah Abbas II

Abbas II of Persia

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The seventh Shah of Safavid Iran from 1642 to 1666.

The seventh Shah of Safavid Iran from 1642 to 1666.

Shah Abbas II
Shah Abbas II in 1663
Artwork of Abbas II and his court
Abbas II of Persia and the Mughal ambassador. 17th century Persian painting
Portrait pendant depicting Abbas II, likely originally carried by one of Abbas's wives or concubines. Created in Isfahan in the third quarter of the 17th century
The tomb of Abbas II.
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Painting from the Qajar era, perhaps anachronistically depicting the Safavid victory over the Russian forces in 1651–1653
Silver coin of Abbas II, dated 1658/9 and struck at the Ganja mint. As a part of his plan to increase the state's revenue, the grand vizier Mohammad Beg had the gold coins prohibited, therefore flooding the realm with silver coins.
A royal firman of Abbas II regarding granting pension to the Shi'ia scholar Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari.
Abbas II receiving the Uzbek ambassador. The identifying inscription reads: al-Sultan Shah Abbas (and) Akbar ibn Humayun, though the scene does not appear to feature Akbar or any other Indian figure. Painting belonging to Qajar era, circa 1880.
A painting of Abbas II, currently kept in the Brooklyn Museum.

The Mughals did not hesitated to send relief force; the first of which was a counterattack led by Prince Aurangzeb which proved ineffectual.

Thomas Pitt

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English merchant involved in trade with India who served as President of Madras and six times as a Member of Parliament.

English merchant involved in trade with India who served as President of Madras and six times as a Member of Parliament.

Arms of Pitt: Sable, a fesse chequy argent and azure between three bezants
The Regent diamond, now on display in the Louvre
Swallowfield

In August 1698, Pitt arrived at Madras as the President of the East India Company and was entrusted to negotiate an end to the Child's War with the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.

Hyder Ali as a sepoy

Sepoy

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The Persian-derived designation originally given to a professional Indian infantryman, traditionally armed with a musket, in the armies of the Mughal Empire.

The Persian-derived designation originally given to a professional Indian infantryman, traditionally armed with a musket, in the armies of the Mughal Empire.

Hyder Ali as a sepoy
A Mughal sepoy, under the command of Mirza Najaf Khan.
The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb leads his final expedition (1705), (sepoy column visible in the lower right).
Sepoy of the British Indian infantry, circa 1900 CE.
An early 20th century sepoy in the British Indian Army, wearing a kurta.

By the time of Aurangzeb the Mughal armies had advanced significantly and utilized a wider range of weapons to win battles.

Baglana

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Small Mahratta kingdom of India that was situated on the main trade route between Surat and Daulatabad and Golkonda, with Burhanpur nearby.

Small Mahratta kingdom of India that was situated on the main trade route between Surat and Daulatabad and Golkonda, with Burhanpur nearby.

In that year, Shah Jahan, the Mughal Emperor, placed his young son Aurangzeb in command of a force that successfully and easily annexed the lands.

Gingee

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Panchayat town in Viluppuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

Panchayat town in Viluppuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

Gingee Fort Hill
Krishnagiri Fort Hill
Throne in Krishnagiri Fort
Throne in Gingee Fort Hill
Mel Sithamur Jain Math, the residence of Bhattaraka Laxmisena
Gingee Fort, Krishnagiri
Gingee Fort, Rajagiri Hill
Gingee Fort View
Gingee Jain temple
Residence of Bhattaraka Laxmisena at the Mel Sithamur Jain Math

Zulfikar Khan, the son of Asad Khan, the Grand Vizir in the court of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, was in command of the siege operation of Senji and of its governor till he left the Carnatic after about a year from its fall.

Malik Ambar's Tomb 1860s Khuldabad

Khuldabad

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City and a Taluka of Aurangabad district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

City and a Taluka of Aurangabad district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

Malik Ambar's Tomb 1860s Khuldabad
Zainuddin Shirzai Maqbara Khuldabad
Nagarkhana Gate, Khuldabad
Rest house khuldabad 1890s Khuldabad
Tomb of Aurangzeb, Khuldabad, 1850s.
Tomb of Aurangzeb, Khuldabad, 1890s.
Aurangazeb's tomb in Khuldabad, a recent picture
Tomb of Azam Shah and his wife, Khuldabad
Tomb of Sayyid Burhan-ud-din, Khuldabad
Tomb of Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asif Jah I
Banu Begum Garden 1860s Khuldabad
Tomb of Malik Ambar Khuldabad
Tomb of Zar Zari Zar Baksh, Khuldabad, 1890s.

The Bhadra Maruti Temple and Dargah of Zar Zari Zar Baksh, Shaikh Burhan ud-din Gharib Chisti and Shaikh Zain-ud-din Shirazi, along with the tomb of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb and his trusted General Asif Jah I, the first Nizam of Hyderabad, are located in this town.

Chhatrasal Bundela

Chhatrasal

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Indian warrior and ruler from the Bundela clan, who fought against the Mughal Empire, and established his own kingdom in Bundelkhand during the 17th-18th centuries.

Indian warrior and ruler from the Bundela clan, who fought against the Mughal Empire, and established his own kingdom in Bundelkhand during the 17th-18th centuries.

Chhatrasal Bundela
Mastani, the wife of the Peshwa Baji Rao I was Chhatrasal's daughter
Chhatri of Maharaja Chhatrasal, at Dhubela (near Chhatarpur)

Chhatrasal was 12 when his father Champat Rai of Mahoba was killed by the Mughals during the reign of Aurangzeb.

Mughal sieges of Kandahar (1649–1653)

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During the Mughal–Safavid War of 1649–1653, the Mughal Empire laid siege to the city of Kandahar in Afghanistan three times.

During the Mughal–Safavid War of 1649–1653, the Mughal Empire laid siege to the city of Kandahar in Afghanistan three times.

To this end he outfitted an expedition of 50,000 soldiers led by Prince Aurangzeb, Sadullah Khan (an adviser of the Mughal Court), and Jai Singh I of Jaipur.

Battle of Saraighat

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Naval battle fought in 1671 between the Mughal Empire , and the Ahom Kingdom (led by Lachit Borphukan) on the Brahmaputra river at Saraighat, now in Guwahati, Assam, India.

Naval battle fought in 1671 between the Mughal Empire , and the Ahom Kingdom (led by Lachit Borphukan) on the Brahmaputra river at Saraighat, now in Guwahati, Assam, India.

35-feet-high statue of Ahom general Lachit Borphukan and his army in the middle of the Brahmaputra
Victory pillar of Battle of Saraighat
Lachit Barphukan's Statue at Jorhat

Taking advantage of the Mughal war of succession after the fall of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in 1658, Pran Narayan of Koch Bihar tried to occupy Koch Hajo, but the Ahoms under Jayadhwaj Singha took Guwahati and pushed him back beyond Dhubri.

Taj Mahal

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Islamic ivory-white marble mausoleum on the right bank of the river Yamuna in the Indian city of Agra.

Islamic ivory-white marble mausoleum on the right bank of the river Yamuna in the Indian city of Agra.

Walkways beside reflecting pool
The western building, a mosque, faces the tomb.
Protective wartime scaffolding in 1942
Visitors at Taj Mahal
Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, one of the first European writers about the Taj Mahal
Eastern view in the morning
Taj Mahal in cloudy weather and its minaret under restoration
Western view at sunset
Taj Mahal through the fog
A panoramic view looking 360 degrees around the Taj Mahal in 2005

Soon after the Taj Mahal's completion, Shah Jahan was deposed by his son Aurangzeb and put under house arrest at nearby Agra Fort.