A report on Baghdad, Iran–Iraq War and Victory Arch

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Top-left to bottom-right: Iranian child soldier on the frontlines Iranian soldier in a trench wearing a gas mask to guard against Iraqi chemical attacks Port quarter view of the USS Stark listing to port after being mistakenly struck by an Iraqi warplane Pro-Iraq MEK forces killed during Iran's Operation Mersad Iraqi prisoners of war after the recapture of Khorramshahr by Iranian forces ZU-23-2 anti-aircraft gun being used by the Iranian Army
The Swords of Qādisiyyah, Baghdad
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Meeting of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Houari Boumédiène and Saddam Hussein (left to right) during the Algiers Agreement in 1975.
The Swords of Qādisiyyah, Baghdad
An 1808 picture of Baghdad from the print collection in Travels in Asia and Africa, etc. (ed. J. P. Berjew, British Library)
Ruhollah Khomeini rose to power after the Iranian Revolution.
Victory Arch (detail) The giant hands appear to be bursting from the ground, with helmets of fallen soldiers scattered on the ground.
An 1468 painting of Floods in Baghdad by Shirwan
Location of Khuzestan Province in Iran which Iraq planned to annex
A US soldier poses inside the hands of the Victory Arch in 2004
The Round city of Baghdad between 767 and 912 AD
Iranian President Abolhassan Banisadr, who was also commander-in-chief, on a Jeep-mounted 106mm recoilless anti-tank gun. Banisadr was impeached in June 1981.
An American soldier poses with the Iranian helmets at the base of the Victory Arch
Baghdad Museum is a local history museum. It features 70 scenes from different periods using lifesize models presenting Baghdad life
The Shatt al-Arab on the Iran–Iraq border
Courtyard of Mustansiriya madrasa, established by Al-Mustansir in 1227
Destroyed Iranian C-47 Skytrain
Khan Murjan, built in the 14th century as a caravanserai
Iranian F-14A Tomcats equipped with AIM-54A, AIM-7 and AIM-9 missiles.
Al Khulafa mosque retains an Abbasid-era minaret
Resistance of the outnumbered and outgunned Iranians in Khorramshahr slowed the Iraqis for a month.
Zumurrud Khatun Tomb in Baghdad (built in 1202 AD)
Iranian president Abulhassan Banisadr on the battlefront
Conquest of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258 CE
Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and Massoud Rajavi, the leader of MEK and the National Resistance Council of Iran (NCRI) in 1988.
Central Asian Turko-Mongol conqueror Timur sacked the city and spared almost no one
The surprise attack on H-3 airbase is considered to be one of the most sophisticated air operations of the war.
The Shabandar Café in Baghdad, 1923
Iranian soldier holding an IV bag during the Iran–Iraq War
Manadotory Iraq, 1921
Iranian Northrop F-5 aircraft during Iran-Iraq war
Three Iraqi Levies, who volunteered in 1946 for service as ground crew with the Royal Air Force, look over the side of the ORBITA as it pulls into the docks at Liverpool. Left to right, they are: Sergeant Macko Shmos, Lance Corporal Adoniyo Odisho and Corporal Yoseph Odisho.
Iraqi T-62 tank wreckage in Khuzestan Province, Iran
Freedom Monument, Tahrir square in Downtown Baghdad
Iraqi soldiers surrendering after the Liberation of Khorramshahr
View of downtown Baghdad, March 2017
Saddam Hussein in 1982
Baghdad as seen from the International Space Station
An admonitory declaration issued from the Iraqi government in order to warn Iranian troops in the Iran–Iraq War. The statement says: "Hey Iranians! No one has been downtrodden in the country where Ali ibn Abi Ṭālib, Husayn ibn Ali and Abbas ibn Ali are buried. Iraq has undoubtedly been an honorable country. All refugees are precious. Anyone who wants to live in exile can choose Iraq freely. We, the Sons of Iraq, have been ambushing foreign aggressors. The enemies who plan to assault Iraq will be disfavoured by God in this world and the hereafter. Be careful of attacking Iraq and Ali ibn Abi Ṭālib! If you surrender, you might be in peace."
Al-Ma'mun's Telecommunication Center in downtown Baghdad
95,000 Iranian child soldiers were made casualties during the Iran–Iraq War, mostly between the ages of 16 and 17, with a few younger.
The Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra performing in July 2007
Furthest ground gains
The National Ballet performing in 2007
Iranian POWs in 1983 near Tikrit, Iraq
Chaldean Catholic Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows
Iranian child soldier
The Baghdad Convention Center
Iraqi POW who was shot by Iranian troops after they conquered the Iraqi Majnoon oil field in October 1984
Qushla Square
Iranian troops fire 152 mm D-20 howitzer
Madina Stadium
Battle of the Marshes Iran front 1983 rest after exchange of fire 152 mm D-20 H
Al-Shaab Stadium
Operation Earnest Will: Tanker convoy No. 12 under US Navy escort (21 October 1987)
Baghdad Eyalet in 1609 CE.
A map indicating the attacks on civilian areas of Iran, Iraq, and Kuwait targeted during the "War of the Cities".
Baghdad Vilayet in 1900 CE.
Iraqi commanders discussing strategy on the battlefront (1986)
Souk in Baghdad, 1876 CE.
Iranian President Ali Khamenei on the battlefront during the Iran–Iraq War
Kadhimiya Mosque
Operation Dawn 8 during which Iran captured the Faw Peninsula.
Armenian Orthodox Church of Baghdad
Iranian soldier killed during the Iran–Iraq War with Rouhollah Khomeini's photo on his uniform
Saray Mosque
The People's Mujahedin of Iran, supported by Saddam, started a ten-day operation after both the Iranian and Iraqi governments accepted UN Resolution 598. Casualty estimates range from 2,000 to 10,000.
Khilani Mosque
Adnan Khairallah, Iraqi Defense Minister, meeting with Iraqi soldiers during the war
Baghdadi Museum
IRGC navy speedboats using swarm tactics
Iraq National Museum
An Iranian soldier wearing a gas mask during the Iran–Iraq War.
Al Zawra'a Park
The Iranian frigate IS Sahand burns after being hit by 20 U.S. air launched missiles and bombs, killing a third of the crew, April 1988
Al Salam Palace
Iranian soldiers captured during Iraq's 1988 offensives
Al Faw Palace
USS Vincennes in 1987 a year before it shot down Iran Air Flight 655
Abu Nawas Street
MEK Soldiers killed in Operation Mersad in 1988
Al-Shaheed Monument in Baghdad was erected to commemorate the fallen Iraqi soldiers during the war.
Iranian Martyr Cemetery in Isfahan
Iranian Martyrs Museum in Tehran
An Iranian soldier's funeral in Mashhad, 2013
An Iraqi Mil Mi-24 on display at the military museum of Sa'dabad Palace in Iran
President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush work in the Oval Office of the White House, 20 July 1984.
USS Stark (FFG-31) listing following two hits by Exocet missiles.
Victims of the 1987 chemical attack on Sardasht, West Azerbaijan, Iran
Damage to a mosque in Khoramshahr, Iran, the city that was invaded by Iraq in September 1980

The Victory Arch (قوس النصر Qaws an-Naṣr), officially known as the Swords of Qādisīyah، and popularly called the Hands of Victory or the Crossed Swords, are a pair of triumphal arches in central Baghdad, Iraq.

- Victory Arch

The two arches mark the two entrances to Grand Festivities Square and the parade ground constructed to commemorate the Iran–Iraq War, started and led by then Iraqi President Saddam Hussein.

- Victory Arch

Iran's new Islamic administration was regarded in Baghdad as an irrational, existential threat to the Ba'ath government, especially because the Ba'ath party, having a secular nature, discriminated against and posed a threat to the fundamentalist Shia movement in Iraq, whose clerics were Iran's allies within Iraq and whom Khomeini saw as oppressed.

- Iran–Iraq War

However, the Iran–Iraq War of the 1980s was a difficult time for the city, as money was diverted by Saddam Hussein to the army and thousands of residents were killed.

- Baghdad

Grand Festivities Square is the main square where public celebrations are held and is also the home to three important monuments commemorating Iraqi's fallen soldiers and victories in war; namely Al-Shaheed Monument, the Victory Arch and the Unknown Soldier's Monument.

- Baghdad

The Iraqi government also commemorated the war with various monuments, including the Hands of Victory and the al-Shaheed Monument, both in Baghdad.

- Iran–Iraq War
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The monument in 2014

Al-Shaheed Monument

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The monument in 2014
A badge that was worn on 1 December of every year, on the Martyr's day. It features the monument with a flower inside of it, and below, is written a quote of Saddam Hussein, "The Martyrs are better than all of us."

Martyr's Monument (نصب الشهيد), also known as the Martyr's Memorial, is a monument designed by Iraqi sculptor Ismail Fatah Al Turk and situated in the Iraqi capital, Baghdad.

It is dedicated to the Iraqi soldiers who died in the Iran–Iraq War.

The first of these structures was The Monument to the Unknown Soldier (1982); followed by Al-Shaheed (1983) and finally the Victory Arch (1989).