A report on Majapahit, Bali and Southeast Asia

The greatest extent of Majapahit influence based on the Nagarakretagama in 1365

A maja fruit growing near Trowulan. The bitter-tasting fruit is the origin of the kingdom's name

Nagarakretagama palm-leaf manuscript. Composed by Mpu Prapanca in 1365, it provides a primary historical account of Majapahit court during the reign of King Hayam Wuruk.

Megalithic statue found in Tegurwangi, Sumatra, Indonesia 1500 CE

Painting of a 14th-century Yuan junk. Similar ships were sent by the Yuan in their naval armada.

The Austroasiatic and Austronesian expansions into Maritime Southeast Asia.

King Kertarajasa portrayed as Harihara, amalgamation of Shiva and Vishnu. Originally located at Candi Simping, Blitar, today it is displayed in National Museum.

Mount Agung is the highest point of Bali.

Bronze drum from Sông Đà, northern Vietnam. Mid-1st millennium BC

Golden image of a mounted rider, possibly the Hindu god Surya, within a stylised solar halo. Below is a conch flanked by two nagas. 14th-century Majapahit art, National Museum Jakarta.

Bali myna is found only on Bali and is critically endangered.

Spread of Hinduism from South Asia to Southeast Asia

The statue of Parvati as mortuary deified portrayal of Tribhuwanottunggadewi, queen of Majapahit, mother of Hayam Wuruk.

Borobudur temple in Central Java, Indonesia

Rough estimations of Majapahit's conquest of the Indonesian archipelago (Nusantara) in the 13th century, its decline and its eventual fall in the early 16th century to Demak Sultanate. The existing historical records from several sources only partially describe the years listed and thus are subject to revisions.

The terracotta figure popularly believed by Mohammad Yamin as the portrait of Gajah Mada, collection of Trowulan Museum. His claim, however, is not backed by historical background.

Wapauwe Old Mosque is the oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia, and the second oldest in Southeast Asia, built in 1414

Gajah Mada inscription, dated 1273 Saka (1351 CE), mentioned about a sacred caitya building dedicated by Gajah Mada for the late King Kertanegara of Singhasari.

Bronze cannon, called cetbang, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, from c. 1470–1478 Majapahit. Note the Surya Majapahit emblem on the bronze cannon.

Ogoh-ogoh procession on the eve of Nyepi

The route of the voyages of Zheng He's fleet, including Majapahit ports.

I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport

Fort Cornwallis in George Town marks the spot where the British East India Company first landed in Penang in 1786, thus heralding the British colonisation of Malaya

The mortuary deified portrait statue of Queen Suhita (reign 1429–1447), discovered at Jebuk, Kalangbret, Tulungagung, East Java, National Museum of Indonesia.

One of the major forms of transport is the scooter.

Duit, a coin minted by the VOC, 1646–1667. 2 kas, 2 duit

Demak was the earliest Islamic polity in Java that replaced Majapahit.

Wringin Lawang, the 15.5-meter tall red brick split gate in Trowulan, believed to be the entrance of an important compound.

Southeast Asia map of Köppen climate classification

The king of Java and his 7 vassal kings, as imagined in a 15th century British manuscript contained in Friar Odoric's account.

The Mother Temple of Besakih, one of Bali's most significant Hindu temples.

Komodo dragon in Komodo National Park, Indonesia

The graceful Bidadari Majapahit, golden celestial apsara in Majapahit style perfectly describes Majapahit as "the golden age" of the archipelago.

Gold figure from the Majapahit period representing Sutasoma being borne by the man-eater Kalmasapada.

Wallace's hypothetical line divides Indonesian Archipelago into 2 types of fauna, Australasian and Southeast Asian fauna. The deepwater of the Lombok Strait between the islands of Bali and Lombok formed a water barrier even when lower sea levels linked the now-separated islands and landmasses on either side

Palm leaf manuscript of Kakawin Sutasoma, a 14th-century Javanese poem.

The Port of Singapore is the busiest transshipment and container port in the world, and is an important transportation and shipping hub in Southeast Asia

Bas reliefs of Tegowangi temple, dated from Majapahit period, demonstrate the East Javanese style.

Along with its temples Cambodia has been promoting its coastal resorts. Island off Otres Beach Sihanoukville, Cambodia

Pair of door guardians from a temple, Eastern Java, 14th century, Museum of Asian Art, San Francisco.

Kapten I Wayan Dipta Stadium, the home of Bali United F.C.

Population distribution of the countries of Southeast Asia (with Indonesia split into its major islands).

Jabung temple near Paiton, Probolinggo, East Java, dated from Majapahit period.

The cliff of Nusa Penida with Kelingking beach at the foregound

Ati woman in Aklan – the Negritos were the earliest inhabitants of Southeast Asia.

The 16.5-metre tall Bajang Ratu Paduraksa gate, at Trowulan, echoed the grandeur of Majapahit.

Spirit houses are common in areas of Southeast Asia where Animism is a held belief.

The stepped terraces, pavilions, and split gates of Cetho temple complex on mount Lawu slopes.

Several tourist spot in Bali island, from top left to right: Sunset over Amed beach with Mount Agung in the background, Garuda Wisnu Kencana monument, Tanah Lot temple, view from top of Besakih Temple, scuba diving around Pemuteran, The Rock Bar at Jimbaran Bay, and various traditional Balinese people activities

The Mother Temple of Besakih, one of Bali's most significant Balinese Hindu temples.

Majapahit terracotta piggy bank, 14th or 15th century Trowulan, East Java. (Collection of National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta)

Thai Theravada Buddhists in Chiang Mai, Thailand.

Ancient red-brick canal discovered in Trowulan. Majapahit had a well-developed irrigation infrastructure.

The prayer hall of the Goddess of Mercy Temple, the oldest Taoist temple in Penang, Malaysia.

Majapahit core realm and provinces (Mancanagara) in eastern and central parts of Java, including islands of Madura and Bali.

Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque in Brunei, an Islamic country with Sharia rule.

The extent of Majapahit's influence under Hayam Wuruk in 1365 according to Nagarakretagama.

Roman Catholic Cathedral-Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, the metropolitan see of the Archbishop of Manila, Philippines.

A 1.79 kilogram, 21-karat Majapahit period gold image discovered in Agusan, Philippines, copied Nganjuk bronze images of the early Majapahit period, signify Majapahit cultural influence on southern Philippines.

Melasti, is a Hindu Balinese purification ceremony and ritual

A Protestant church in Indonesia. Indonesia has the largest Protestant population in Southeast Asia.

Rejang, A sacred balinesse dance to greet The Gods that come down to the earth on ceremony day

Jewish Surabaya Synagogue in Indonesia, demolished in 2013.

14th-century gold armlets and rings in East Javanese Majapahit style, found at Fort Canning Hill, Singapore, suggests that Tumasik or Singapura was within Majapahit sphere of influence.

Penataran Lempuyang Temple, Gunung Lempuyang, Bali

Adityawarman, a senior minister of Majapahit depicted as Bhairava. He established the Pagaruyung Kingdom in Central Sumatra.

On centre bottom row (no. 8) is a Yǒng-Lè Tōng-Bǎo (永樂通寶) cash coin cast under the Yǒng-Lè Emperor (永樂帝) of Ming dynasty. These were cast in great quantities and used by Ashikaga, Ryukyu, as well as Majapahit.

The Royal Ballet of Cambodia (Paris, France 2010)

Pura Maospahit ("Majapahit Temple") in Denpasar, Bali, demonstrate the typical Majapahit red brick architecture.

Angklung as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

The Majapahit style minaret of Kudus Mosque.

Thai manuscript from before the 19th-century writing system

Bas relief from Candi Penataran describes the Javanese-style pendopo pavilion, commonly found across Java and Bali.

Sign in Balinese and Latin script at a Hindu temple in Bali

The Kris of Knaud, one of the oldest surviving kris is dated to Majapahit period

The high reliefs of Gajah Mada and Majapahit history depicted in Monas, has become the source of Indonesian national pride of past greatness.

Gajah Mada statue in front of Telecommunication Museum in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Jakarta. Palapa, Indonesia's first telecommunication satellite launched on 9 July 1976 was named after Palapa oath.

Genealogy diagram of Rajasa dynasty, the royal family of Singhasari and Majapahit. Rulers are highlighted with period of reign.

Theatrical performance depicting the Mongol invasion of Java, performed by 150 students of Indonesian Institute of the Arts, Yogyakarta. The history of Majapahit continues to inspire contemporary artists.

Cropped portion of China Sea in the Miller atlas, showing six and three-masted jong.

Armor depicted in a statue from a candi in Singasari.

The UN Statistics Division for Asia are based on convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories:
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
Northern Asia
South-eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia

This Jiaozhi arquebus is similar to Java arquebus.

Map showing the divergent plate boundaries (oceanic spreading ridges) and recent sub-aerial volcanoes (mostly at convergent boundaries), with a high density of volcanoes situated in Indonesia and the Philippines.

Deity holding a cuirass, from earlier, 10-11th century Nganjuk, East Java.

Bái Đính Temple in Ninh Bình Province – the largest complex of Buddhist temples in Vietnam

Majapahit (ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀; ), also known as Wilwatikta (ꦮꦶꦭ꧀ꦮꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦠ; ) was a Javanese Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia that was based on the island of Java (in modern-day Indonesia).

- Majapahit

The Hindu Majapahit Empire (1293–1520 AD) on eastern Java founded a Balinese colony in 1343.

- Bali

Under the initiative of her able and ambitious prime minister, Gajah Mada, Majapahit sent its armada to conquer the neighbouring island of Bali.

- Majapahit

After the departure of the Mongols, Wijaya established the Majapahit Empire in eastern Java in 1293.

- Southeast Asia

Its greatest ruler was Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak when other kingdoms in the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali came under its influence.

- Southeast Asia

He had visited and performed in several Southeast Asian cities early in his career, including Bangkok and Singapore.

- Bali

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A Borobudur ship carved on Borobudur temple, c. 800 CE. Outrigger boats from the archipelago may have made trade voyages to the east coast of Africa as early as the 1st century CE.

The submission of Prince Diponegoro to General De Kock at the end of the Java War in 1830

Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo in East Java. Indonesia's seismic and volcanic activity is among the world's highest.

Rainforest in Mount Palung National Park, West Kalimantan

Köppen-Geiger climate classification map for Indonesia

Major volcanoes in Indonesia. Indonesia is in the Pacific Ring of Fire area.

Low visibility in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, due to deforestation-related haze.

A presidential inauguration by the MPR in the Parliament Complex Jakarta, 2014

Embassy of Indonesia, Canberra, Australia

Vast palm oil plantation in Bogor, West Java. Indonesia is the world's largest producer of palm oil.

A proportional representation of Indonesia exports, 2019

Jatiluhur Dam, Indonesia's first and largest dam.

Borobudur in Central Java, the world's largest Buddhist temple, is the single most visited tourist attraction in Indonesia.

Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua, has the highest recorded level of diversity in marine life, according to Conservation International.

A Hindu shrine dedicated to King Siliwangi in Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta, Bogor. Hinduism has left a legacy on Indonesian art and culture.

Menara Kudus, a mosque with a traditional Indonesian architectural style.

Bandung Institute of Technology in West Java

Riots on the streets of Jakarta on 14 May 1998.

Traditional Balinese painting depicting cockfighting

An avenue of Tongkonan houses in a Torajan village, South Sulawesi

Pandava and Krishna in an act of the Wayang Wong performance

Advertisement for Loetoeng Kasaroeng (1926), the first fiction film produced in the Dutch East Indies

Metro TV at Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, reporting the 2010 AFF Championship

Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesia's most famous novelist. Many considered him to be Southeast Asia's leading candidate for a Nobel Prize in Literature.

Nasi Padang with rendang, gulai and vegetables

A demonstration of Pencak Silat, a form of martial arts

A Hindu prayer ceremony at Besakih Temple in Bali, the only Indonesian province where Hinduism is the predominant religion.

Baiturrahman Grand Mosque in Banda Aceh, Aceh. The spread of Islam in Indonesia began in the region.

Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans.

The Indonesian archipelago has been a valuable region for trade since at least the 7th century when Srivijaya and later Majapahit traded with entities from mainland China and the Indian subcontinent.

A string of volcanoes runs through Sumatra, Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara, and then to the Banda Islands of Maluku to northeastern Sulawesi.