Bias (statistics)

biasbiasedstatistical biasunbiased biasedbiasesdetection biasdoes not reflect the populationExclusion biasselective reporting

Statistical bias is a feature of a statistical technique or of its results whereby the expected value of the results differs from the true underlying quantitative parameter being estimated.wikipedia

Statistics

statisticalstatistical analysisstatistician

Statistical bias is a feature of a statistical technique or of its results whereby the expected value of the results differs from the true underlying quantitative parameter being estimated.

Many of these errors are classified as random (noise) or systematic (bias), but other types of errors (e.g., blunder, such as when an analyst reports incorrect units) can also occur.

Survey methodology Statistical population Sample (statistics)Standard deviation Mean

Sampling bias

ascertainment biasbiased samplebias

In statistics, sampling bias is a bias in which a sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population have a lower sampling probability than others.

Selection bias Bias (statistics)Self-selection bias External validity Berkson's paradox

Mathematically, the spectrum bias is a sampling bias and not a traditional statistical bias; this has led some authors to refer to the phenomenon as spectrum effects, whilst others maintain it is a bias if the true performance of the test differs from that which is 'expected'.

Bias (statistics)Sampling bias Biostatistics Medical test Sensitivity and specificity

Observer bias

experimenter's biasexperimenter biasdid not meet their preconceptions

In research, observer bias is a form of detection bias originating at a study's stage of observing or recording information.

Bias (statistics)Blinded experiment Observer-expectancy effect Cognitive bias Outcome measure

Expected value

expectationexpectedmean

Statistical bias is a feature of a statistical technique or of its results whereby the expected value of the results differs from the true underlying quantitative parameter being estimated.

Law of large numbers Random variable Probability distribution Von Neumann–Morgenstern utility theorem Problem of points

Parameter

parametersparametricargument

Statistical bias is a feature of a statistical technique or of its results whereby the expected value of the results differs from the true underlying quantitative parameter being estimated.

Function (mathematics)Parametric equation Estimand Variable (mathematics)Argument of a function

Estimation theory

parameter estimationestimationestimated

Statistical bias is a feature of a statistical technique or of its results whereby the expected value of the results differs from the true underlying quantitative parameter being estimated.

Estimator Statistics Signal Maximum likelihood estimation Bayes estimator

Statistic

sample statisticempiricalmeasure

Statistical parameter Sample (statistics)Estimator Test statistic Sample mean and covariance

Statistical parameter

parametersparameterparametrization

Statistic Degrees of freedom (statistics)Statistical model Concentration parameter Location parameter

Selection bias

selection effectselectionbias

Sampling bias External validity Sampling (statistics)Self-selection bias Survivorship bias

Sensitivity and specificity

sensitivityspecificitysensitive

Binary classification Receiver operating characteristic Precision and recall Medical diagnosis Medical test

Bias of an estimator

unbiasedunbiased estimatorbias

Expected value Estimator Consistent estimator Unbiased estimation of standard deviation Statistics

Omitted-variable bias

omitted variable biasomitted variablesomitted variable

Statistical model specification Gauss–Markov theorem Dependent and independent variables Bias of an estimator Statistics

Statistical hypothesis testing

hypothesis testingstatistical teststatistical tests

Alternative hypothesis Statistical model Null hypothesis P-value Test statistic

Syndemic

directly relatedsyndemism

Epidemiology Coinfection Merrill Singer Comorbidity Epidemic

Obesity

obesemorbidly obeseoverweight

Obesity-associated morbidity Cancer Overweight Bariatric surgery Childhood obesity

Diabetes

diabetes mellitusdiabeticdiabetics

Diabetic ketoacidosis Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state Hyperglycemia Diabetic retinopathy Diabetic foot ulcer

Educational measurement

educational achievementofficial dataTests and Measurement

Intelligence Classical test theory Item response theory Rasch model Equating

Funding bias

Industry Funded Studiesinfluenced the outcome

Passive smoking Publication bias Sugar marketing Conflicts of interest in academic publishing Observer bias

Reporting bias

selective reportingOutcome reporting biasunderestimate

Systematic review Epidemiology Artificial intelligence Empirical research Sampling (statistics)

Recall bias

recall

Epidemiology Observational error Recall (memory)Response bias Reporting bias

Cognitive bias

cognitive biasesbiascognitive

List of cognitive biases Behavioral economics Amos Tversky Illusion of asymmetric insight Neglect of probability

Observational error

systematic errormeasurement errorsystematic bias

Measurement Accuracy and precision Statistics Normal distribution Errors and residuals

Bias

biasesunbiasedbiased

Statistical bias results from an unfair sampling of a population, or from an estimation process that does not give accurate results on average.

Confirmation bias Bowls Justice Evaluation Schema (psychology)

Heckman correction

Heckit modelHeckman selection correctionHeckman selection model

The Heckman correction is a statistical technique to correct bias from non-randomly selected samples or otherwise incidentally truncated dependent variables, a pervasive issue in quantitative social sciences when using observational data.

Truncated regression model Selection bias James Heckman Tobit model Control function (econometrics)

Bias (statistics)

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Statistics

Sampling bias

Spectrum bias

Observer bias

Expected value

Parameter

Estimation theory

Statistic

Statistical parameter

Selection bias

Sensitivity and specificity

Bias of an estimator

Omitted-variable bias

Statistical hypothesis testing

Syndemic

Obesity

Diabetes

Educational measurement

Funding bias

Reporting bias

Recall bias

Cognitive bias

Observational error

Bias

Heckman correction