A report on Lima, Köppen climate classification, Buenos Aires, Bogotá and Madrid

"The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Peru" created in 1590 by Guamán Poma and Martín de Murúa. (J. Paul Getty Museum).

Our Lady of Buen Aire in front of the National Migration Department

A section of the Muslim Walls of Madrid. For a list of all the walls, see: Walls of Madrid.

The colonial Lima's coat of arms official since 7 December 1537.

Juan de Garay founding Buenos Aires in 1580. The initial settlement, founded by Pedro de Mendoza, had been abandoned since 1542.

The Bogotá savanna is the high plateau in the Andes where Bogotá is located. The flatlands are clearly visible in the topography and the result of a Pleistocene lake; Lake Humboldt, that existed until around 30,000 years BP

View of Madrid from the west, facing the Puerta de la Vega. Drawing by Anton van den Wyngaerde, 1562

Pachacámac, built 3,000 years ago, was one of the most important pre-Columbian centres of pilgrimage on the Peruvian Coast.

Aldus verthoont hem de stadt Buenos Ayrros geleegen in Rio de la Plata, painting by a Dutch sailor who anchored at the port around 1628.

The Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, founder of the city

Baths in the Manzanares in the place of Molino Quemado (detail), by Félix Castello (c. 1634–1637)

"The City of the Kings of Lima, royal high court, principal city of the kingdom of the Indies, residence of the viceroy, and archbishopric of the church", painting of 1615 by the Inca painter Guamán Poma. Royal Library, Denmark.

Emeric Essex Vidal, General view of Buenos Ayres from the Plaza de Toros, 1820. In this area now lies the Plaza San Martín.

Iglesia de San Francisco is the oldest church standing in Bogotá, built between 1557-1566, located in La Candelaria (the city Oldest part)

View of Calle de Alcalá in 1750 by Antonio Joli

Renaissance Lima Metropolitan Cathedral, built between 1602 and 1797.

Impression of the Buenos Aires Cathedral by Carlos Pellegrini, 1829.

The Second of May 1808 by Francisco de Goya

Baroque Basilica of San Francisco, built between 1657 and 1672.

The Plateresque Colonial Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé, built between 1604-1622.

José de San Martín during the Declaration of Independence of Peru in the Plaza Mayor de Lima, on July 28, 1821.

Construction of the Obelisk of Buenos Aires on the 9 de Julio Avenue, 1936.

The Royal Street (in 1869), today known as Seventh Avenue (Carrera Séptima)

People seeking refuge in the metro during the unsuccessful Francoist bombings (1936–1937) over Madrid during the Spanish Civil War

Lima as seen from the International Space Station

Catalinas Norte is an important business complex composed of nineteen commercial office buildings and occupied by numerous leading Argentine companies, foreign subsidiaries, and diplomatic offices. It is located in the Retiro and San Nicolás neighborhoods.

2011 Anti-austerity protests in the Puerta del Sol

Satellite view of the Greater Buenos Aires area, and the Río de la Plata.

Bogotá is the third largest city within city limits in South America by population, after São Paulo and Lima

Madrid as seen by the Sentinel-2 satellite in October 2020

International Business Center, Bogotá, D.C.

Heavy rain and thunderstorm in Plaza San Martin. Thunderstorms are usual during the summer.

Municipal police agents from the 2018 promotion

The Buenos Aires City Hall in the right corner of the entrance to the Avenida de Mayo

Metropolitan Police of Buenos Aires City

Royal Palace of Madrid built in the 18th century.

Market in the Plaza of the Inquisition (Lima) by Johann Moritz Rugendas, ca. 1843.

The Immigrants' Hotel, constructed in 1906, received and assisted the thousands of immigrants arriving to the city. The hotel is now a National Museum.

Street arrangement of Bogotá based on the Cartesian coordinate system: North is to the right. (Typical maps for the city place the north on the left.)

Pueblos jóvenes on the outskirts of Lima in 2015. Today, many of them are consolidated.

Villa 31, a villa miseria in Buenos Aires

View of Bogotá from the mountain Monserrate

The Metropolitan Cathedral is the main Catholic church in the city.

Bogotá Future Population (Medium Variant)

The Buenos Aires Stock Exchange, the main stock exchange and financial center of Argentina.

The Temple of Debod, an ancient Egyptian temple dismantled and rebuilt in the Parque del Oeste.

The Catacombs of the Basilica of San Francisco was the Old cemetery of the city during all the colonial times, until 1810. It contain bones of some 70,000 colonial people.

Headquarters of the National Bank of Argentina, the national bank and the largest in the country's banking sector.

Huaca Pucllana, pre-Columbian archaeological site located in the district of Miraflores.

Buenos Aires Bus, the city's tourist bus service. The official estimate is that the bus carries between 700 and 800 passengers per day, and has carried half a million passengers since its opening.

An old house in the Teusaquillo locality, near downtown Bogotá (Estrato 4)

The Campo del Moro gardens near the Royal Palace

The Rococo Casa de Osambela completed in 1805.

Monument to the Carta Magna and Four Regions of Argentina in the neighborhood of Palermo

The Manzanares flowing through the Monte de El Pardo.

Balconies were a common colonial architectural feature in the historic center. In the image the Palacio de Torre Tagle completed in 1735.

The Centro Cultural Kirchner (Kirchner Cultural Center), located at the former Central Post Office, is the largest of Latin America.

Mount of El Pardo and Soto de Viñuelas inside the city of Madrid

Homage to Buenos Aires, a mural located at the Carlos Gardel station of the Buenos Aires Underground. It represents a typical scene from the city and several of its icons, such as singer Carlos Gardel, the Obelisco, the port, tango dancing and the Abasto market.

Rococo Basilica of Santo Domingo, built between 1678 and 1766. It holds the tombs of the saints Rose of Lima, Martín de Porres and John Macias.

BD Bacatá, under construction, will be the city's tallest building.

Northern Lima
Southern Lima
Eastern Lima

Colonial Casona and Chapel of the National University of San Marcos, it is the second oldest university in the Americas.

The interior of El Ateneo Grand Splendid, a celebrated bookstore located in the barrio of Recoleta.

Edificio Ministerio de Educación (Ministry of Education), San Borja.

Tango dancers during the World tango dance tournament.

Teatro de Cristóbal Colón (Christopher Columbus Theater)

Mercamadrid facilities in South-Eastern Madrid

Monserrate Sanctuary at top of the mount

Building works of Caleido in August 2018

Sistema Integrado de Transporte Bus System in Arequipa Avenue (Route 301)

A screening at Parque Centenario, as part of the 2011 edition of BAFICI

Atlantis Plaza Mall, featuring the Hard Rock Cafe

Madrid de los Austrias. It is the part of Madrid with the most buildings of the Habsburg-period.

A fashion show at the Planetarium in 2013, as part of BAFWEEK.

La Candelaria, the historical district of the city

Set of La 1's newscast services, Telediario.

View of Bolívar Street facing the Cabildo and Diagonal Norte, on Buenos Aires' historical center. The city's characteristic convergence of diverse architectural styles can be seen, including Spanish Colonial, Beaux-Arts and modernist architecture.

Las Meninas, by Diego de Velázquez, 1656 (Prado Museum)

Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires, a public high school in Buenos Aires, and it is one of the most prestigious in Argentina and Latin America.

Urban (SITP) bus, part of the integrated public transport system

The Lady of Elche, an iconic item exhibited at the National Archaeological Museum

Francisco Pizarro and Diego Almagro portrayed in 1615 by the Inca painter Guamán Poma. Royal Library, Denmark. <ref>{{cite book|url=http://www5.kb.dk/permalink/2006/poma/44/en/text/?open=idm46287306358272|title=Nueva corónica y buen gobierno|page=17|year=1615|author=Guamán Poma|website=Royal Library, Denmark website}}</ref>

University of Buenos Aires' Law School in Recoleta

Facsimile of the Madrid Codex exhibited at the Museum of the Americas

Captain Luis de Ávalos de Ayala kills Manco Inca Yupanqui in the conquest of Lima. Chronicle made in 1615 by the Inca painter Guamán Poma. Royal Library, Denmark. <ref>{{cite book|url=http://www5.kb.dk/permalink/2006/poma/394/en/text/?open=idm46287306144304|title=Nueva corónica y buen gobierno|page=157|author=Guamán Poma|year=1615|website=Royal Library, Denmark website}}</ref>

Traffic on the Northern Highway (Autopista Norte)

Chalcography for an edition of Francisco de Quevedo's El Parnaso Español (1648)

View of Lima and the Tapada limeña (a colonial women fashion) in a painting of 1842 by d'Orbigny and Benoît. Museum of the Americas, Spain. <ref>{{cite book|url=https://bvpb.mcu.es/es/consulta/registro.do?id=469709|website=Virtual Library of Bibliographic Heritage (Spain) site|title=Viaje pintoresco a las dos Américas, Asia y África : resúmen jeneral de todos los viajes y descubrimientos de... (1842)|series=Viaje pintoresco alrededor del mundo, a las dos Américas, Asia y Africa,4-6|year=1842|publisher=Imprenta y libreria de Juan Oliveres}}</ref>

"El Claustro" at the Del Rosario University

Portrait of Benito Pérez Galdós, by Joaquín Sorolla, 1894

Lima as seem from the Rímac District, painting of 1850 by Batta Molinelli.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/juanluisorrego/2010/04/09/la-flora-de-lima-introduccion/|title=La flora de Lima: introducción|date=9 April 2010|author=Juan Luis Orrego Penagos|publisher=Pontifical Catholic University of Peru}}</ref>

A Mitre Line Trenes Argentinos train in Retiro railway station

Luis Carlos Sarmiento Building of Science and Technology at the National University of Colombia

Interior of the National Library of Spain

Colonial Calle de los Judíos (Jewish quarter) (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co. University of Chicago Library.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhpEAQAAMAAJ&dq=Lima+or+Sketches+of+the+Capital+of+Peru%2C+Historical%2C+Statistical%2C+Administrative%2C+Commercial+and+Moral+Paris%3A+Firmin+Didot%2C+Brothers%2C+Son&pg=PP13|title=Lima or Sketches of the Capital of Peru, Historical, Statistical, Administrative, Commercial and Moral|author1=Manuel A. Fuentes|author2=Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co.|year=1866|location=University of Chicago Library}}</ref>

Map of the Greater Buenos Aires Commuter Rail Network

Centro Ático at Pontifical Xavierian University

Colonial Calles de la Oca and de Bodegones (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co. University of Chicago Library.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhpEAQAAMAAJ&dq=Lima+or+Sketches+of+the+Capital+of+Peru%2C+Historical%2C+Statistical%2C+Administrative%2C+Commercial+and+Moral+Paris%3A+Firmin+Didot%2C+Brothers%2C+Son&pg=PP13|title=Lima or Sketches of the Capital of Peru, Historical, Statistical, Administrative, Commercial and Moral|author1=Manuel A. Fuentes|author2=Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co.|year=1866|location=University of Chicago Library}}</ref>

Mario Laserna Building at the University of the Andes

Puente de Piedra Bridge, the former Arco del Puente Gate and the Walls of Lima in 1878 by El Viajero Ilustrado. Old Fund of the University of Seville.<ref>{{cite web|title=Puente De Piedra, Lima|website=Old Fund of the University of Seville|url=https://www.flickr.com/people/37667416@N04}}</ref>

200 Series rolling stock at San José de Flores station, Buenos Aires Underground.

Liberators Building at El Bosque University

Festivities of San Isidro Labrador in the pradera, 2007.

The Museo de la Nación houses thousands of artifacts spanning the entire span of human occupation in Peru.

High heels race in WorldPride Madrid 2017

Museum of Italian Art It's the only European arts museum in Peru, under the administration of the National Culture Institute.

Main Cloister at Saint Thomas Aquinas University

People in costumes during the proclamation (pregón) of the 2013 Carnival

Larco Museum is a privately owned museum of pre-Columbian art that is housed in an 18th-century vice-royal building built over a 7th-century pre-Columbian pyramid.

Buquebus high-speed ferries connect Buenos Aires to Uruguay

National Museum of the Archaeology, Anthropology, and History of Peru is the largest and oldest museum in Peru.

Campo Argentino de Polo, home of the Argentine Open Polo Championship, the most important global event of this discipline

The Madrid Derby at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium

Plaza de toros de Acho, the plaza is classified as a national historic monument. It is the oldest bullring in the Americas.

La Bombonera during a night game of Copa Libertadores between Boca Juniors v. Colo Colo.

2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup Final at the Palacio de Deportes

Estadio Nacional of Peru Its current capacity is 40,000 seats as stated by the Peruvian Football Federation.

2009 Madrid Open Women's Final at the Caja Mágica

Estadio Monumental "U" It is the highest capacity soccer stadium in South America and one of the largest in the world.

The rectorate of the Complutense University of Madrid

Julio Mario Santo Domingo Public Library

School of Mines, Technical University of Madrid

Campo de Marte is one of the largest parks in the metropolitan area of Lima.

The M-607 meets the M-30 north of the municipality.

The network of high capacity roads in Spain features its most important node in Madrid.

AVE rolling stock at the Madrid Atocha station

Interior of the terminal 4 (T4) of the Madrid–Barajas Airport.

Ajiaco is one of the city's most representative dishes

"Chocolate santafereño" (Santafe hot chocolate), almojábana, cheese and pandebono

Santa Clara Church Museum built between 1629 and 1647. It has a large collection of colonial Colombian paintings.

During most of the 17th century, Spanish ships were menaced by pirates, so they developed a complex system where ships with military protection were dispatched to Central America in a convoy from Seville (the only port allowed to trade with the colonies) to Lima, Peru, and from it to the inner cities of the viceroyalty.

- Buenos Aires

The 1687 earthquake marked a turning point in the history of Lima, since it coincided with a recession in trade due to economic competition with other cities such as Buenos Aires.

- Lima

Lima's proximity to the waters of the Pacific Ocean leads to intense maritime moderation of the temperatures, thereby making the climate much milder than those to be expected for a tropical desert, and thus Lima can be classified as a desert climate (Köppen: BWh) with subtropical temperature ranges.

- Lima

Madrid has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa) with continental influences in the western half of the city transitioning to a semi-arid climate (BSk) in the eastern half.

- Madrid

Under the Köppen climate classification, Buenos Aires has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with four distinct seasons.

- Buenos Aires

Bogotá has an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) bordering on a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb).

- Bogotá

Lima, Peru (BWh)

- Köppen climate classification

Madrid, Spain (Csa, bordering on BSk)

- Köppen climate classification

Buenos Aires architecture is characterized by its eclectic nature, with elements resembling Paris and Madrid.

- Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires, Argentina (Cfa)

- Köppen climate classification

Bogotá, Colombia

- Lima

🇦🇷 Buenos Aires, Argentina

- Bogotá

Bogotá, Colombia (Cfb)

- Köppen climate classification

🇵🇪 Lima, Peru

- Bogotá

🇪🇸 Madrid, Spain

- Bogotá

Madrid, Spain

- Lima

🇨🇴 Bogotá, Colombia

- Buenos Aires

Bogotá, Colombia

- Madrid

Buenos Aires, Argentina

- Madrid

Lima, Peru

- Madrid

A report on Lima, Köppen climate classification, Buenos Aires, Bogotá and Madrid

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