Borneo and Related Topics

Sabah

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Left: The first concession treaty was signed by Sultan Abdul Momin of Brunei on 29 December 1877.
Right: The second concession treaty was signed by Sultan Jamal ul-Azam of Sulu on 22 January 1878.

Japanese civilians and soldiers prior to their embarkation to Jesselton after their surrender to the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) in Tawau on 21 October 1945.

Donald Stephens (left) declaring the forming of the Federation of Malaysia at Merdeka Square, Jesselton on 16 September 1963. Together with him was the then Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia Tun Abdul Razak (right) and Mustapha Harun (second right).

The State Administrative Building (right), behind the Wisma Innoprise (left).

The Sabah State Legislative Assembly Building in Kota Kinabalu.

A Malaysian Army soldier armed with Colt M4 standing guard in Sabah east coast as part of the Eastern Sabah Security Command (ESSCOM).

Map of the British North Borneo with the yellow area covered the Philippine claim to eastern Sabah, presented by the Philippine Government to ICJ on 25 June 2001.

Sabah is located south of the typhoon belt, making it insusceptible to the devastating effects of the typhoons which frequently batter the neighbouring Philippines, such as the Typhoon Haiyan in 2013.

Blue-eared kingfisher in the lower Kinabatangan River area, which is endemic to the island of Borneo. Kingfisher is also once a state bird of Sabah and featured in one of its coat of arms.

A walkout through the Sepilok Orang Utan Rehabilitation Centre.

A lorry carrying timber in Tawau. Logging has contributed over 50% of the state revenue.

Aerial view of Mamut Mine with water that has filled the mine. Its water is reported to be dangerous for consumption due to the high presence of heavy metals.

Container ship passing through the Likas Bay in the South China Sea.

Fishery activities in the harbour of Sandakan.

High voltage electricity pylon located near the Kimanis Power Plant.

Babagon Dam, the biggest water catchment in the state.

Telecommunication towers atop Mount Silam facing Darvel Bay of Lahad Datu.

The advertisement of Peninsular-based radio stations: Era FM, My FM and Hitz FM in a building, showing the radios had set up their offices in the capital city of Sabah.

The building of Sabah Broadcasting Complex in Donggongon.

Eight-lane highway in the capital city of Kota Kinabalu, part of the Pan-Borneo Highway.

Sabah State Railway train passing through a tunnel of the Western Line in Pengalat Besar, Papar District.

Boats and ferries at the Kota Kinabalu marina.

Kota Kinabalu International Airport (Terminal 1).

Gleneagles Kota Kinabalu, one of the main private hospitals in Sabah.

Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) chancellory building.

Sabahan secondary school students in their uniform.

The branch building of National Department for Culture and Arts in Kota Kinabalu.

The Sumazau dance performance of Papar Kadazan at the Monsopiad Cultural Village.

The roundabout in Tambunan with the sculpture of Sompoton, the main musical instrument of Sabah.

A swordfish hinava served with sandwich bread

Extract from the title page of the British North Borneo Official Gazette (the British North Borneo Herald) of 16 April 1902.

Three Came Home, a 1950 Hollywood film based on the memoir of Agnes Newton Keith life in Sandakan, North Borneo (present-day Sabah) during World War II.

The Borneo Bug Fest in 2016, featuring Volkswagen Beetle.

The Borneo International Marathon in 2015.

Likas Stadium which is the home stadium for Sabah FA.

Smile Islands of Manukan, Mamutik and Sulug

The northern tip of Borneo at Tanjung Simpang Mengayau facing both the South China Sea and Sulu Sea.

Crocker Range, the main mountain ranges in Sabah, part of the Crocker Range National Park.

alt=The wooden frame of a house under construction, with the floor raised off the ground|A traditional house under construction

Sabah is a state of Malaysia located on the northern portion of Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia.

Sarawak

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State of Malaysia.

The rhinoceros hornbill is the state bird of Sarawak.

Territorial expansion of the Raj of Sarawak from 1841 to 1905 played a significant role to the present-day boundaries of the modern state of Sarawak.

Crowds throng a street in Kuching to witness the arrival of Australian Imperial Force (AIF) on 12 September 1945.

Tan Sri Datuk Amar Stephen Kalong Ningkan declaring the formation of the Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963

Timeline of political parties in Sarawak

The State Assembly building is located near the Kuching waterfront.

Julan waterfall (located at Usun Apau Plieran) is the highest waterfall in Sarawak

The Rajang River is the longest river in Malaysia

An orangutan peeling a banana at Semenggoh Wildlife Reserve.

Turbines inside the Bakun Dam power house. The dam is the main source for electric energy in Sarawak.

French Romani Manouche band performing during Rainforest World Music Festival 2006

Bintulu International Container Terminal (BICT) at Bintulu seaport

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) chancellory building

Major ethnic groups in Sarawak. Clockwise from top right: Melanau girls with the traditional Baju Kurung, Sarawakian Chinese woman in her traditional dress of Cheongsam, a Bidayuh girl, and an Iban warrior in his traditional dress.

Ngajat, the Iban warrior dance gazetted as part of Sarawak culture.

alt=Tall, light grey stone columns protruding above a forest|Pinnacles at Gunung Mulu National Park

The vegetations at the summit of Mount Murud

alt=A mudflat receding into the sea in the distance, with a cloud-topped mountain beyond|Parts of the Bako National Park

The distribution of language families of Sarawak shown by colours:
(click image to enlarge)
Malayic
North Borneo and Melanau Kajang languages
Land Dayak
Areas with multiple languages

The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the Malaysian state of Sabah to the northeast, Kalimantan (the Indonesian portion of Borneo) to the south, and Brunei in the north.

Indonesia

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Country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans.

A Borobudur ship carved on Borobudur temple, c. 800 CE. Outrigger boats from the archipelago may have made trade voyages to the east coast of Africa as early as the 1st century CE.

The submission of Prince Diponegoro to General De Kock at the end of the Java War in 1830

Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo in East Java. Indonesia's seismic and volcanic activity is among the world's highest.

Rainforest in Mount Palung National Park, West Kalimantan

Köppen-Geiger climate classification map for Indonesia

Major volcanoes in Indonesia. Indonesia is in the Pacific Ring of Fire area.

Low visibility in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, due to deforestation-related haze.

A presidential inauguration by the MPR in the Parliament Complex Jakarta, 2014

Embassy of Indonesia, Canberra, Australia

Vast palm oil plantation in Bogor, West Java. Indonesia is the world's largest producer of palm oil.

A proportional representation of Indonesia exports, 2019

Jatiluhur Dam, Indonesia's first and largest dam.

Borobudur in Central Java, the world's largest Buddhist temple, is the single most visited tourist attraction in Indonesia.

Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua, has the highest recorded level of diversity in marine life, according to Conservation International.

A Hindu shrine dedicated to King Siliwangi in Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta, Bogor. Hinduism has left a legacy on Indonesian art and culture.

Menara Kudus, a mosque with a traditional Indonesian architectural style.

Bandung Institute of Technology in West Java

Riots on the streets of Jakarta on 14 May 1998.

Traditional Balinese painting depicting cockfighting

An avenue of Tongkonan houses in a Torajan village, South Sulawesi

Pandava and Krishna in an act of the Wayang Wong performance

Advertisement for Loetoeng Kasaroeng (1926), the first fiction film produced in the Dutch East Indies

Metro TV at Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, reporting the 2010 AFF Championship

Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesia's most famous novelist. Many considered him to be Southeast Asia's leading candidate for a Nobel Prize in Literature.

Nasi Padang with rendang, gulai and vegetables

A demonstration of Pencak Silat, a form of martial arts

A Hindu prayer ceremony at Besakih Temple in Bali, the only Indonesian province where Hinduism is the predominant religion.

Baiturrahman Grand Mosque in Banda Aceh, Aceh. The spread of Islam in Indonesia began in the region.

It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea.

Brunei

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Brunei territorial losses from 1400 to 1890

British adventurer James Brooke negotiating with the Sultan of Brunei, which led to the signing of the Treaty of Labuan, 1846

Ahmad Tajuddin, the 27th Sultan of Brunei, with members of his court in April 1941, eight months before the Japanese invaded Brunei

Nagato, Tone, Yamato and Musashi in Brunei Bay in October 1944

Major-General Wootten of the Australian 9th Division with Lieutenant-General Masao Baba (signing) of the Japanese 37th Division at the surrender ceremony at Labuan on 10 September 1945

British soldiers in the British protectorate of Brunei on guard in the Seria oilfield, January 1963

A topographic and geographic limits map of Brunei

Brunei's Sultan and Foreign Minister Hassanal Bolkiah meets with U.S. President Barack Obama, 18 November 2015

Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah with Indonesian President Joko Widodo, 6 October 2017

Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah and Vladimir Putin during APEC 2000

Headscarves called tudong are compulsory for Brunei's Muslim schoolgirls

A proportional representation of Brunei exports, 2019

BIMP-EAGA meeting in the office of Brunei Prime Minister on 25 April 2013. From left: Brunei Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Malaysian Representative and Filipino President Benigno Aquino III. Brunei is part of the BIMP-EAGA, a subregional economic co-operation initiative in Southeast Asia.

Royal Brunei Boeing 787 Dreamliner at London Heathrow Airport.

Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque at night.

Brunei, formally Brunei Darussalam (Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi: , ), is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia.

Malaysia

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Country in Southeast Asia.

"Malaysia" used as a label for the Malay Archipelago on a 1914 map from a United States atlas

The Malacca Sultanate played a major role in spreading Islam throughout the Malay Archipelago.

The Dutch fleet battling with the Portuguese armada as part of the Dutch–Portuguese War in 1606 to gain control of Malacca

Statue of Francis Light in the Fort Cornwallis of Penang, the first British colony in what was to become Malaysia

The Parliament of Malaysia, the building that houses the members of the Dewan Rakyat

The Perdana Putra houses the office of the Prime Minister.

Former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad meeting with US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo at the Prime Minister's Office in Putrajaya, 2018

Examples of the Malaysian Armed Forces weaponry assets. Clockwise from top right:, PT-91M MBT tank, Malaysian Army paratrooper with M4, and Su-30MKM fighter aircraft.

Malaysia is within the equatorial region, where a tropical rainforest climate is apparent all year round.

Mount Kinabalu, the highest summit in the country

Native species in Malaysia, clockwise from top-right: oriental pied hornbills, hawksbill sea turtle, proboscis monkey, Malayan tiger.

Some species of Rafflesia can grow up to 1 m in diameter, making them the largest flowers in the world.

Development of real GDP per capita, 1870 to 2018

A proportional representation of Malaysia exports, 2019

The Proton company is a Malaysian car manufacturer.

The percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group based on 2010 census

Population density (person per km2) in 2010

The percentage distribution of Malaysian population by religion based on 2010 census

A traditional house being built in Sabah

A craftsman making batik. Malaysian batik is usually patterned with floral motifs with light colouring.

Malaysia's largest Buddhist temple—Kek Lok Si in Penang—illuminated in preparation for the Lunar New Year

Traditional sports such as the martial art style Silat Melayu persist alongside modern sports.

Topographic map of Malaysia; Mount Kinabalu is the highest summit in the country.

Köppen climate classification of Malaysia. The country is within the equatorial region, where a tropical rainforest climate is apparent all year round.

Kuala Lumpur, the financial centre of Malaysia

The distribution of language families of Malaysia shown by colours:
(click image to enlarge)
Malayic
Bornean
Aslian
Land Dayak
Sama–Bajaw
Philippine
Chinese
Areas with multiple languages

The federal constitutional monarchy consists of thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo's East Malaysia.

Majapahit

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Javanese Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia that was based on the island of Java (in modern-day Indonesia).

The greatest extent of Majapahit influence based on the Nagarakretagama in 1365

A maja fruit growing near Trowulan. The bitter-tasting fruit is the origin of the kingdom's name

Nagarakretagama palm-leaf manuscript. Composed by Mpu Prapanca in 1365, it provides a primary historical account of Majapahit court during the reign of King Hayam Wuruk.

Painting of a 14th-century Yuan junk. Similar ships were sent by the Yuan in their naval armada.

King Kertarajasa portrayed as Harihara, amalgamation of Shiva and Vishnu. Originally located at Candi Simping, Blitar, today it is displayed in National Museum.

Golden image of a mounted rider, possibly the Hindu god Surya, within a stylised solar halo. Below is a conch flanked by two nagas. 14th-century Majapahit art, National Museum Jakarta.

The statue of Parvati as mortuary deified portrayal of Tribhuwanottunggadewi, queen of Majapahit, mother of Hayam Wuruk.

Rough estimations of Majapahit's conquest of the Indonesian archipelago (Nusantara) in the 13th century, its decline and its eventual fall in the early 16th century to Demak Sultanate. The existing historical records from several sources only partially describe the years listed and thus are subject to revisions.

The terracotta figure popularly believed by Mohammad Yamin as the portrait of Gajah Mada, collection of Trowulan Museum. His claim, however, is not backed by historical background.

Gajah Mada inscription, dated 1273 Saka (1351 CE), mentioned about a sacred caitya building dedicated by Gajah Mada for the late King Kertanegara of Singhasari.

Bronze cannon, called cetbang, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, from c. 1470–1478 Majapahit. Note the Surya Majapahit emblem on the bronze cannon.

The route of the voyages of Zheng He's fleet, including Majapahit ports.

The mortuary deified portrait statue of Queen Suhita (reign 1429–1447), discovered at Jebuk, Kalangbret, Tulungagung, East Java, National Museum of Indonesia.

Demak was the earliest Islamic polity in Java that replaced Majapahit.

Wringin Lawang, the 15.5-meter tall red brick split gate in Trowulan, believed to be the entrance of an important compound.

The king of Java and his 7 vassal kings, as imagined in a 15th century British manuscript contained in Friar Odoric's account.

The graceful Bidadari Majapahit, golden celestial apsara in Majapahit style perfectly describes Majapahit as "the golden age" of the archipelago.

Gold figure from the Majapahit period representing Sutasoma being borne by the man-eater Kalmasapada.

Palm leaf manuscript of Kakawin Sutasoma, a 14th-century Javanese poem.

Bas reliefs of Tegowangi temple, dated from Majapahit period, demonstrate the East Javanese style.

Pair of door guardians from a temple, Eastern Java, 14th century, Museum of Asian Art, San Francisco.

Jabung temple near Paiton, Probolinggo, East Java, dated from Majapahit period.

The 16.5-metre tall Bajang Ratu Paduraksa gate, at Trowulan, echoed the grandeur of Majapahit.

The stepped terraces, pavilions, and split gates of Cetho temple complex on mount Lawu slopes.

Majapahit terracotta piggy bank, 14th or 15th century Trowulan, East Java. (Collection of National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta)

Ancient red-brick canal discovered in Trowulan. Majapahit had a well-developed irrigation infrastructure.

Majapahit core realm and provinces (Mancanagara) in eastern and central parts of Java, including islands of Madura and Bali.

The extent of Majapahit's influence under Hayam Wuruk in 1365 according to Nagarakretagama.

A 1.79 kilogram, 21-karat Majapahit period gold image discovered in Agusan, Philippines, copied Nganjuk bronze images of the early Majapahit period, signify Majapahit cultural influence on southern Philippines.

14th-century gold armlets and rings in East Javanese Majapahit style, found at Fort Canning Hill, Singapore, suggests that Tumasik or Singapura was within Majapahit sphere of influence.

Adityawarman, a senior minister of Majapahit depicted as Bhairava. He established the Pagaruyung Kingdom in Central Sumatra.

On centre bottom row (no. 8) is a Yǒng-Lè Tōng-Bǎo (永樂通寶) cash coin cast under the Yǒng-Lè Emperor (永樂帝) of Ming dynasty. These were cast in great quantities and used by Ashikaga, Ryukyu, as well as Majapahit.

Pura Maospahit ("Majapahit Temple") in Denpasar, Bali, demonstrate the typical Majapahit red brick architecture.

The Majapahit style minaret of Kudus Mosque.

Bas relief from Candi Penataran describes the Javanese-style pendopo pavilion, commonly found across Java and Bali.

The Kris of Knaud, one of the oldest surviving kris is dated to Majapahit period

The high reliefs of Gajah Mada and Majapahit history depicted in Monas, has become the source of Indonesian national pride of past greatness.

Gajah Mada statue in front of Telecommunication Museum in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Jakarta. Palapa, Indonesia's first telecommunication satellite launched on 9 July 1976 was named after Palapa oath.

Genealogy diagram of Rajasa dynasty, the royal family of Singhasari and Majapahit. Rulers are highlighted with period of reign.

Theatrical performance depicting the Mongol invasion of Java, performed by 150 students of Indonesian Institute of the Arts, Yogyakarta. The history of Majapahit continues to inspire contemporary artists.

Cropped portion of China Sea in the Miller atlas, showing six and three-masted jong.

Armor depicted in a statue from a candi in Singasari.

This Jiaozhi arquebus is similar to Java arquebus.

Deity holding a cuirass, from earlier, 10-11th century Nganjuk, East Java.

According to the Nagarakretagama, canto XIII and XIV mentioned several states in Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara islands, Maluku, New Guinea, Mindanao, Sulu Archipelago, Luzon and some parts of the Visayas islands as under the Majapahit realm of power.

East Kalimantan

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Province of Indonesia.

One of the oldest known figurative paintings, a depiction of a bull, was discovered in the Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave dated as over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old.

The ancient Yūpa inscription of Mulavarman, king of Kutai Martadipura dating back to the 4th century CE discovered in present Muara Kaman area, Kutai Kartanegara Regency

Logging road in East Kalimantan: logged forest on the left, primary forest on the right

Economy of East Kalimantan is very dependent on Petroleum and Mining, especially in Coal.

Its territory comprises the eastern portion of Borneo.

West Kalimantan

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Province of Indonesia.

Dayak people were feared for their headhunting practices

Danau Sentarum National Park is a wetland of international importance located in the north of the province

The "Dayak-Malay" brotherhood monument in West Kalimantan Provincial Museum, Pontianak, Indonesia. Forming 34.93% and 33.84% respectively, the Dayak and the Malays are the two largest native indigenous communities in the province.

Masjid Jami' Pontianak, originally built in 1771 on the banks of Kapuas River. It was the first structure built to commemorate the foundation of Pontianak Sultanate (the area would later become the capital city of West Kalimantan Province). A prime example of the local Malay-Muslim architecture, the religious monument has also received influence by Middle Eastern, European and Javanese architecture.

It is one of five Indonesian provinces comprising Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo.

South China Sea

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Marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean.

Sunset on the South China Sea off Mũi Né village on the south-east coast of Vietnam

Millions of barrels of crude oil are traded through the South China Sea each day

Map of various countries occupying the Spratly Islands

It is bounded in the north by the shores of South China (hence the name), in the west by the Indochinese Peninsula, in the east by the islands of Taiwan and northwestern Philippines (mainly Luzon, Mindoro and Palawan), and in the south by Borneo, eastern Sumatra and the Bangka Belitung Islands, encompassing an area of around 3500000 km2.