A report on Nagarakretagama, Majapahit and Borneo

Location map of Borneo in Maritime Southeast Asia, the Red River Fault is included in the map.

The extent of Majapahit according to Nagarakretagama.

The greatest extent of Majapahit influence based on the Nagarakretagama in 1365

Mount Kinabalu in Malaysia, the highest summit of the island

A maja fruit growing near Trowulan. The bitter-tasting fruit is the origin of the kingdom's name

Kapuas River in Indonesia; at 1000 km in length, it is the longest river in Borneo.

Nagarakretagama palm-leaf manuscript. Composed by Mpu Prapanca in 1365, it provides a primary historical account of Majapahit court during the reign of King Hayam Wuruk.

The critically endangered Bornean orangutan, a great ape endemic to Borneo

Painting of a 14th-century Yuan junk. Similar ships were sent by the Yuan in their naval armada.

NASA satellite image of Borneo on 19 May 2002

King Kertarajasa portrayed as Harihara, amalgamation of Shiva and Vishnu. Originally located at Candi Simping, Blitar, today it is displayed in National Museum.

Logging road in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Golden image of a mounted rider, possibly the Hindu god Surya, within a stylised solar halo. Below is a conch flanked by two nagas. 14th-century Majapahit art, National Museum Jakarta.

Dayak, the main indigenous people in the island, were feared for their headhunting practices.

The statue of Parvati as mortuary deified portrayal of Tribhuwanottunggadewi, queen of Majapahit, mother of Hayam Wuruk.

Territorial loss of the thalassocracy of the Sultanate of Brunei from 1400 to 1890 due to the beginning of Western imperialism

Rough estimations of Majapahit's conquest of the Indonesian archipelago (Nusantara) in the 13th century, its decline and its eventual fall in the early 16th century to Demak Sultanate. The existing historical records from several sources only partially describe the years listed and thus are subject to revisions.

British flag hoisted for the first time on the island of Labuan on 24 December 1846

The terracotta figure popularly believed by Mohammad Yamin as the portrait of Gajah Mada, collection of Trowulan Museum. His claim, however, is not backed by historical background.

Map of the island divided between the British and the Dutch, 1898. The present boundaries of Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei are largely inherited from the British and Dutch colonial rules.

Gajah Mada inscription, dated 1273 Saka (1351 CE), mentioned about a sacred caitya building dedicated by Gajah Mada for the late King Kertanegara of Singhasari.

The Dayak tribe during an Erau ceremony in Tenggarong

Bronze cannon, called cetbang, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, from c. 1470–1478 Majapahit. Note the Surya Majapahit emblem on the bronze cannon.

The route of the voyages of Zheng He's fleet, including Majapahit ports.

Japanese troops march through the streets of Labuan on 14 January 1942.

The mortuary deified portrait statue of Queen Suhita (reign 1429–1447), discovered at Jebuk, Kalangbret, Tulungagung, East Java, National Museum of Indonesia.

American support craft moving towards Victoria and Brown beach to assist the landing of the members of Australian 24th Infantry Brigade on the island during Operation Oboe Six, 10 June 1945

Demak was the earliest Islamic polity in Java that replaced Majapahit.

Sukarno visiting Pontianak, West Kalimantan in 1963

Wringin Lawang, the 15.5-meter tall red brick split gate in Trowulan, believed to be the entrance of an important compound.

Queen's Own Highlanders 1st Battalion conduct a patrol to search for enemy positions in the jungle of Brunei.

The king of Java and his 7 vassal kings, as imagined in a 15th century British manuscript contained in Friar Odoric's account.

The graceful Bidadari Majapahit, golden celestial apsara in Majapahit style perfectly describes Majapahit as "the golden age" of the archipelago.

Gold figure from the Majapahit period representing Sutasoma being borne by the man-eater Kalmasapada.

Palm leaf manuscript of Kakawin Sutasoma, a 14th-century Javanese poem.

Bas reliefs of Tegowangi temple, dated from Majapahit period, demonstrate the East Javanese style.

Pair of door guardians from a temple, Eastern Java, 14th century, Museum of Asian Art, San Francisco.

Jabung temple near Paiton, Probolinggo, East Java, dated from Majapahit period.

The 16.5-metre tall Bajang Ratu Paduraksa gate, at Trowulan, echoed the grandeur of Majapahit.

The stepped terraces, pavilions, and split gates of Cetho temple complex on mount Lawu slopes.

Majapahit terracotta piggy bank, 14th or 15th century Trowulan, East Java. (Collection of National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta)

Ancient red-brick canal discovered in Trowulan. Majapahit had a well-developed irrigation infrastructure.

Majapahit core realm and provinces (Mancanagara) in eastern and central parts of Java, including islands of Madura and Bali.

The extent of Majapahit's influence under Hayam Wuruk in 1365 according to Nagarakretagama.

A 1.79 kilogram, 21-karat Majapahit period gold image discovered in Agusan, Philippines, copied Nganjuk bronze images of the early Majapahit period, signify Majapahit cultural influence on southern Philippines.

14th-century gold armlets and rings in East Javanese Majapahit style, found at Fort Canning Hill, Singapore, suggests that Tumasik or Singapura was within Majapahit sphere of influence.

Adityawarman, a senior minister of Majapahit depicted as Bhairava. He established the Pagaruyung Kingdom in Central Sumatra.

On centre bottom row (no. 8) is a Yǒng-Lè Tōng-Bǎo (永樂通寶) cash coin cast under the Yǒng-Lè Emperor (永樂帝) of Ming dynasty. These were cast in great quantities and used by Ashikaga, Ryukyu, as well as Majapahit.

Pura Maospahit ("Majapahit Temple") in Denpasar, Bali, demonstrate the typical Majapahit red brick architecture.

The Majapahit style minaret of Kudus Mosque.

Bas relief from Candi Penataran describes the Javanese-style pendopo pavilion, commonly found across Java and Bali.

The Kris of Knaud, one of the oldest surviving kris is dated to Majapahit period

The high reliefs of Gajah Mada and Majapahit history depicted in Monas, has become the source of Indonesian national pride of past greatness.

Gajah Mada statue in front of Telecommunication Museum in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Jakarta. Palapa, Indonesia's first telecommunication satellite launched on 9 July 1976 was named after Palapa oath.

Genealogy diagram of Rajasa dynasty, the royal family of Singhasari and Majapahit. Rulers are highlighted with period of reign.

Theatrical performance depicting the Mongol invasion of Java, performed by 150 students of Indonesian Institute of the Arts, Yogyakarta. The history of Majapahit continues to inspire contemporary artists.

Cropped portion of China Sea in the Miller atlas, showing six and three-masted jong.

Armor depicted in a statue from a candi in Singasari.

This Jiaozhi arquebus is similar to Java arquebus.

Deity holding a cuirass, from earlier, 10-11th century Nganjuk, East Java.

The Nagarakretagama or Nagarakṛtāgama, also known as Desawarnana or Deśavarṇana, is an Old Javanese eulogy to Hayam Wuruk, a Javanese king of the Majapahit Empire.

- Nagarakretagama

The Javanese manuscript Nagarakretagama, written by Majapahit court poet Mpu Prapanca in 1365, mentioned the island as Nusa Tanjungnagara, which means the island of the Tanjungpura Kingdom.

- Borneo

Two primary sources were available to them: the Pararaton "Book of Kings" manuscript was written in the Kawi language c. 1600, and Nagarakretagama (Desawarnaña) was composed in Kawi in 1365.

- Majapahit

Also listed are the states of Tanjungnegara (believed to be on Borneo): Kapuas Katingan, Sampit, Kota Lingga, Kota Waringin, Sambas, and Lawas.

- Nagarakretagama

According to the Nagarakretagama, canto XIII and XIV mentioned several states in Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara islands, Maluku, New Guinea, Mindanao, Sulu Archipelago, Luzon and some parts of the Visayas islands as under the Majapahit realm of power.

- Majapahit

5 related topics with Alpha

Brunei

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Brunei territorial losses from 1400 to 1890

British adventurer James Brooke negotiating with the Sultan of Brunei, which led to the signing of the Treaty of Labuan, 1846

Ahmad Tajuddin, the 27th Sultan of Brunei, with members of his court in April 1941, eight months before the Japanese invaded Brunei

Nagato, Tone, Yamato and Musashi in Brunei Bay in October 1944

Major-General Wootten of the Australian 9th Division with Lieutenant-General Masao Baba (signing) of the Japanese 37th Division at the surrender ceremony at Labuan on 10 September 1945

British soldiers in the British protectorate of Brunei on guard in the Seria oilfield, January 1963

A topographic and geographic limits map of Brunei

Brunei's Sultan and Foreign Minister Hassanal Bolkiah meets with U.S. President Barack Obama, 18 November 2015

Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah with Indonesian President Joko Widodo, 6 October 2017

Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah and Vladimir Putin during APEC 2000

Headscarves called tudong are compulsory for Brunei's Muslim schoolgirls

A proportional representation of Brunei exports, 2019

BIMP-EAGA meeting in the office of Brunei Prime Minister on 25 April 2013. From left: Brunei Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Malaysian Representative and Filipino President Benigno Aquino III. Brunei is part of the BIMP-EAGA, a subregional economic co-operation initiative in Southeast Asia.

Royal Brunei Boeing 787 Dreamliner at London Heathrow Airport.

Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque at night.

Brunei, formally Brunei Darussalam (Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi: , ), is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia.

In the 14th century, the Javanese manuscript Nagarakretagama, written by Prapanca in 1365, mentioned Barune as the constituent state of Hindu Majapahit, which had to make an annual tribute of 40 katis of camphor.

Sarawak

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State of Malaysia.

The rhinoceros hornbill is the state bird of Sarawak.

Territorial expansion of the Raj of Sarawak from 1841 to 1905 played a significant role to the present-day boundaries of the modern state of Sarawak.

Crowds throng a street in Kuching to witness the arrival of Australian Imperial Force (AIF) on 12 September 1945.

Tan Sri Datuk Amar Stephen Kalong Ningkan declaring the formation of the Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963

Timeline of political parties in Sarawak

The State Assembly building is located near the Kuching waterfront.

Julan waterfall (located at Usun Apau Plieran) is the highest waterfall in Sarawak

The Rajang River is the longest river in Malaysia

An orangutan peeling a banana at Semenggoh Wildlife Reserve.

Turbines inside the Bakun Dam power house. The dam is the main source for electric energy in Sarawak.

French Romani Manouche band performing during Rainforest World Music Festival 2006

Bintulu International Container Terminal (BICT) at Bintulu seaport

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) chancellory building

Major ethnic groups in Sarawak. Clockwise from top right: Melanau girls with the traditional Baju Kurung, Sarawakian Chinese woman in her traditional dress of Cheongsam, a Bidayuh girl, and an Iban warrior in his traditional dress.

Ngajat, the Iban warrior dance gazetted as part of Sarawak culture.

alt=Tall, light grey stone columns protruding above a forest|Pinnacles at Gunung Mulu National Park

The vegetations at the summit of Mount Murud

alt=A mudflat receding into the sea in the distance, with a cloud-topped mountain beyond|Parts of the Bako National Park

The distribution of language families of Sarawak shown by colours:
(click image to enlarge)
Malayic
North Borneo and Melanau Kajang languages
Land Dayak
Areas with multiple languages

The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the Malaysian state of Sabah to the northeast, Kalimantan (the Indonesian portion of Borneo) to the south, and Brunei in the north.

Johor

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State of Malaysia in the south of the Malay Peninsula.

The Royal Crown in Istana Bukit Serene, Johor, dubbed the "Jewel"

A painting by John Edmund Taylor showing people in rowboats on the Johor River in the evening seen from Changi in Singapore, July 1879

Johor Bahru town during the British period, c. 1920

Indian troops embark onto boats during an invasion exercise in southern Johore, 13 November 1941.

Three Australian 8th Division members firing on Japanese Type 95 Ha-Gō tanks on the Muar-Parit Sulong road during the Battle of Muar, 18 January 1942

View of the blown up Johor–Singapore Causeway with the gap visible in the middle, which delayed the Japanese conquest of Singapore for over a week to 8 February 1942

Additional Japanese troops advancing through an iron bridge in Labis which had been destroyed by the retreating British forces down the Malayan Peninsula, 22 January 1942

British Brigadier J J McCully inspects men of the 4th Regiment of the Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA) guerrillas at Johor Bahru after the end of war against the Japanese, 1945

MPAJA guerrillas marching through the street of Johor Bahru during their disbandment ceremony in December 1945

Onn Jaafar (left), the Menteri Besar of Johor and founder of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) with Dr. W. Linehan (right), C.M.G. Adviser on Constitutional Affairs during the Federation of Malaya Agreements in 1948

Dato' Jaafar Muhammad Building in Kota Iskandar, which houses the office of the Menteri Besar of Johor

The Sultan Ismail Building houses the Johor State Legislative Assembly in Kota Iskandar, Iskandar Puteri.

A district and land office in Segamat District.

A district council office in Mersing District.

A municipal council office in Kluang District.

Sultan Ibrahim leading the Johor Military Forces (JMF) during the King's Birthday Parade of George V in Singapore, c. 1920

Johor is located in southern Malay Peninsula as seen from NASA satellite image.

Forest trees of Johor in tropical rainforest climate

A female tiger shrike (Lanius tigrinus) in Panti Forest

Shipping container in Tanjung Pelepas Port

Theme park tourism such as the Legoland Malaysia Resort (pictured) has been a major part of the state economy since their opening in 2012.

Palm oil and pineapple plantation in Rengit, Batu Pahat District.

A farmers' market in Pontian Kechil, Pontian District.

A village in Johor with a telephone line

Tebrau Highway leading to the city centre, part of Federal Route 3

Johor Bahru Sentral railway station in Johor Bahru.

Puteri Harbour International Ferry Terminal in Iskandar Puteri.

Sultanah Aminah Hospital, the main government hospital in the state

University of Technology Malaysia (UTM) chancellory building.

Southern University College main gate in Skudai, Iskandar Puteri.

Johor residents with families near the end of the year

Girls from the aboriginal people of Johor

Multilingual sign in Malay, English and Chinese at a workshop in Kota Tinggi.

The Johor Heritage Foundation building in the state capital

Zapin performance in a school in Batu Pahat

Chingay parade celebration in the capital city as part of Chinese New Year festivities in 2018

The Tan Sri Dato' Haji Hassan Yunos Stadium was the home stadium of Johor Darul Ta'zim until 2019.

The new home stadium of Johor Darul Ta'zim since 2020.

After the demise of the kingdom, much of the Malay coast fell under the jurisdiction of Siam and later Majapahit.

Meanwhile, the Old Javanese eulogy of Nagarakretagama called the area Ujong Medini (land's end), as it is the southernmost point of mainland Asia.

Johor became an empire spanning the southern Malay Peninsula, Riau Archipelago (including Singapore), Anambas Islands, Tambelan Archipelago, Natuna Islands, a region around the Sambas River in south-western Borneo and Siak in Sumatra together with allies of Pahang, Aru and Champa, and it aspired to retake Malacca from the Portuguese.

Bajau stilt houses over the sea in Basilan.

Sulu Archipelago

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Chain of islands in the Pacific Ocean, in the southwestern Philippines.

Panguan Island,The last island of the Sulu Archipelago before the Philippine-Malaysia Border.

The pirate ships used by the Moro pirates were known as proa.

The Sultanate of Sulu range in 1636 with the arrival of Spain.

The Sulu areas in 1764 with the arrival of France.

The Sulu Archipelago during the Spanish occupation.

Spanish warships bombarding the Moro pirates of Balanguingui in 1848.

The American occupation steps over the Sulu Archipelago in 1899.

The situation until the end of World War II.

The situation until the independence of the Philippines.

The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) areas in green.

The larger island of Palawan to its north, the coastal regions of the westward-extending Zamboanga Peninsula of Mindanao, and the north-eastern part of the island of Borneo were formerly parts of the thalassocratic Sultanate of Sulu.

The Sulu Archipelago was once part of Majapahit Empire and mentioned in the Old Javanese eulogy of Nagarakretagama by the name "Solot".

Kutai

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A yūpa with inscription in the National Museum of Indonesia in Jakarta

The Lesong Batu stone located in Muara Kaman district, the remnants of the Kutai Martadipura kingdom

The golden crown of Kutai Sultan, part of the regalia of Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate. Collection of the National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta.

Portrait of the Crown Princess of Kutai, wife of the later Sultan Ali Muhammad Alimuddin, in bridal wear

Kutai is a historical region in East Kalimantan, Indonesia on the island of Borneo and is also the name of the native ethnic group of the region (known as Urang Kutai or "the Kutai people"), numbering around 300,000 who have their own language known as the Kutainese language which accompanies their own rich history.

It may be possible that the name Kutai, as in Tuñjung Kute of the 1365 Javanese Majapahit poem Nāgarakṛtāgama is as ancient and reflects the original name used a thousand years earlier.