Brazil and Related Topics

São Paulo

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Founding of São Paulo, 1913 painting by Antonio Parreiras

Courtyard of the College, Pátio do Colégio, in the Historic Center of São Paulo. At this location, the city was founded in 1554. The current building is a reconstruction made in the late 20th century, based on the Jesuit college and church that were erected at the site in 1653

The Monument to the Bandeiras commemorates the 17th-century bandeiras

Domingos Jorge Velho, a notable bandeirante

Group of aviators from São Paulo at Campo de Marte Airport during the Constitutionalist Revolution

Heavy rain and lightning in São Paulo, which has the largest number of lightning incidents amongst Brazilian state capitals

Italian immigrants in the Immigrant Inn, c. 1890

Italian restaurant at Bela Vista district

Arab immigrants in the city of São Paulo, 1940s

The Liberdade district is a Japantown of São Paulo

Training of soldiers of the Military Police of São Paulo State at the Military Police Academy of Barro Branco

Slum (favela) of Paraisópolis, in the district of Vila Andrade, with residential buildings in the background

The 18th edition of the São Paulo Gay Pride Parade in 2014

Matarazzo Building, the São Paulo city hall

Bandeirantes Palace, the seat of state government

Octávio Frias de Oliveira Bridge aside of Centro Empresarial Nações Unidas

Martinelli Building was the first skyscraper of Latin America and the tallest until 1947

Changes in urban fabrics in the region of Jardins: side by side, vertical areas and low houses

The city view from Altino Arantes Building

Helicopter taking off from the São Paulo City Hall

Sala São Paulo, the home of the São Paulo State Symphony

Immigration Museum of the State of São Paulo

Globo São Paulo headquarters (left) and the Sede do BankBoston building at Marginal Pinheiros highway

Kimi Räikkönen in the 2015 Brazilian Grand Prix

Monument to Independence in Independence Park, located at the place where then-Prince Pedro proclaimed the independence of Brazil

Formula One São Paulo Grand Prix is held at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace in Interlagos

Cathedral Square of São Paulo in 1880, during the reign of Emperor Pedro II by Marc Ferrez

Jaraguá Peak is the highest point in the city, at 1135 m

Satellite view of Greater São Paulo at night

Ultraje a Rigor band playing at Rio de Janeiro

Headquarters of the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo on the Marginal Tietê

São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is a city in the Southeast Region of Brazil.

Rio de Janeiro

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Founding of Rio de Janeiro on 1 March 1565

Rio de Janeiro, then de facto capital of the Portuguese Empire, as seen from the terrace of the Convento de Santo Antônio (Convent of St. Anthony), c. 1816

Map of the city of Rio de Janeiro in 1820, then capital of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, with the transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil

The Sugarloaf cable car between the 1940s and 1950s

A convoy of tanks along the streets of the city in 1968 during the military rule. At the time, Rio de Janeiro was a city-state, capital of Guanabara.

Satellite view of Greater Rio de Janeiro

View of South Zone with Corcovado in the background

Sugarloaf Cable Car approaching the summit

Aerial view of Downtown Rio with the Rio–Niterói Bridge in the background

Aerial view of Fort Copacabana, with Copacabana (right) and Ipanema (left, background)

Aqueduct built in the 18th century, as was the entire historic complex of the Colônia Juliano Moreira inside Pedra Branca State Park in Taquara

Barra da Tijuca with Pedra da Gávea in background

Portuguese immigrant in Rio de Janeiro, considered the largest "Portuguese city" outside Portugal.

Treemap showing the market share of exports, by product, for the city of Rio de Janeiro in 2014 generated by DataViva

Downtown Rio, in the financial district of the city

Center for Human Science of the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro

Superior institute of Education of Rio de Janeiro (ISERJ)

Tim Maia, the greatest representative of soul music in the country's history, from Rio de Janeiro.

New Year's Eve fireworks at Copacabana Beach

The World Stage at the "Rock in Rio" music festival

Banda de Ipanema, one of the largest carnival blocks of the city

Barra Olympic Park, built for 2016 Summer Olympics

Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport

Rio de Janeiro–Santos Dumont National Airport

Rio de Janeiro Light Rail in Downtown Rio

The Santa Teresa Tramway is the oldest operating tram system in South America.

Bike Rio rental station in Mauá Square, Downtown Rio

Satellite view of Greater Rio de Janeiro at night

Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, literally River of January, is the second-most populous city in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas.

South America

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Continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere.

Map of South America showing physical, political, and population characteristics, as per 2018

A composite relief image of South America

Köppen-Geiger climate classification map for South America

Map of all tropical cyclone tracks from 1945 to 2006

The prehistoric Cueva de las Manos, or "Cave of the Hands", in Argentina

The Inca estate of Machu Picchu, Peru is one of the New Seven Wonders of the World.

Woodcut depicting Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci's first voyage (1497-98) to the New World, from the first known published edition of Vespucci's 1504 letter to Piero Soderini.

The Inca–Spanish confrontation in the Battle of Cajamarca left thousands of natives dead.

The Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral landing in Brazil in 1500

Dutch colonial houses in Paramaribo, Suriname

A painting of the settlement of Pernambuco in colonial Brazil by Frans Post

A map of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas in 1790

Public flogging of a slave in 19th-century Brazil.

The proclamation of the Independence of Brazil by Prince Pedro on 7 September 1822

The Guayaquil conference between José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar

Coronation of Pedro I as 1st Emperor of Brazil

Bernardo O'Higgins swears officially the independence of Chile.

The Thirty-Three Orientals proclaimed the independence of Cisplatine Province.

Battle of Fanfa, battle scene in Southern Brazil during the Ragamuffin War

Imperial Brazilian Navy and army troops during the Siege of Paysandú, 1865

The Uruguayan Army at the Battle of Sauce, 1866

The Imperial Brazilian Army during a procession in Paraguay, 1868

The Chilean Army in the battlefield of the Battle of Chorrillos, 1883

A German submarine under attack by Brazilian Air Force PBY Catalina, 31 July 1943

Argentine soldiers during the Falklands War

The Brazilian Minas Geraes class kindled an Argentine–Brazilian–Chilean naval arms race.

Presidents of UNASUR member states at the Second Brasília Summit on 23 May 2008.

Headquarters of the UNASUR in Quito, Ecuador

Scheme for geographic regions and subregions used by the United Nations Statistics Division.

Satellite view of South America at night from NASA.

Spanish-Venezuelan protesters in Madrid.

A Japanese-Brazilian Miko during a festival in Curitiba

Former president of Brazil Lula and members of the Italian Brazilian community during the Grape Festival at Caxias do Sul

Launch at the Kourou Space Centre in French Guiana

Refinery of Brazilian state-owned Petrobras in Cochabamba, Bolivia

Chuquicamata is the largest open pit mine in the world, near the city of Calama in Chile.

KC-390 is the largest military transport aircraft produced in South America by the Brazilian company Embraer.

Vineyard in Luján de Cuyo, province of Mendoza, Argentina

Sugarcane plantation in São Paulo. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 746 million tonnes. South America produces half of the world's sugarcane.

Soy plantation in Mato Grosso. In 2020, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 130 million tonnes. South America produces half of the world's soybeans.

Coffee in Minas Gerais. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 3.5 million tonnes. South America produces half of the world's coffee.

Orange in São Paulo. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 17 million tonnes. South America produces 25% of the world's orange.

Truck of a meat company in Brazil. South America produces 20% of the world's beef and chicken meat.

EMS, the largest Brazilian pharmaceutical industry

Braskem, the largest Brazilian chemical industry

Cerro Rico, Potosi, Bolivia, still a major silver mine

Amethyst mine in Ametista do Sul. South America is a major producer of gems such as amethyst, topaz, emerald, aquamarine and tourmaline

Iron mine in Minas Gerais. Brazil is the world's second largest iron ore exporter.

Bird (UOB Plaza, Singapore), sculpture of Colombian artist Fernando Botero

“Chromovegetal Maze” by Carlos Cruz Diez, in Caracas.

Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Panorama of the interior of the Maracanã stadium during the closing ceremony of the 2014 FIFA World Cup

Wind farm in the Paraguaná Peninsula, Venezuela

Angra Nuclear Power Plant in Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro

Pirapora Solar Complex, the largest in Brazil and Latin America with a capacity of 321 MW.

Stretch of the Pan-American Highway in Argentina

General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge in Venezuela

The La Paz cable car system in Bolivia is home to both the longest and highest urban cable car network in the world

Grape plantation in Argentina. Argentina and Chile are among the 10 largest grape and wine producers in the world and Brazil among the 20 largest.

Maize in Dourados. Brazil and Argentina are among the 5 largest world producers

Salmon farming in Chile. One third of all salmon sold in the world comes from the country.

Neugebauer Chocolate Factory in Arroio do Meio. South America specializes in food processing

Steel-maker CSN, in Volta Redonda. Brazil is one of the 10 largest steel producers in the world, and Argentina is one of the 30 largest

Klabin industrial complex, in Ortigueira. Brazil is the second largest pulp producer and the eighth largest paper producer in the world

Portico of the Democrata men's shoe factory, in Franca. Brazil is the fourth largest shoe manufacturer in the world.

Hering, in Santa Catarina, Brazil. The country has one of the 5 largest textile industries in the world

Mercedes-Benz plant in São Paulo. Brazil is among the 10 largest vehicle manufacturers in the world and Argentina among the 30 largest.

Copper mine in Chile. Latin America produces more than half of the world's copper

Colombian emerald. The country is the largest producer of emeralds in the world, and Brazil is one of the largest producers

Copacabana Palace, the best hotel in South America, in Rio de Janeiro. Tourism brings important currencies to the continent.

Honey production in Argentina. The country is the third largest producer of honey in the world.

Sunflower plantation in Argentina. The country is the world's third largest producer of sunflower seed.

Chilean cherries. Chile is one of the top 5 producers of sweet cherries in the world.

Chilean kiwi. The country is one of the 10 largest kiwi producers in the world.

Palm plantation in Magdalena. Colombia is one of the top 5 palm oil producers in the world.

Pineapple in Brazil. The country is the 3rd largest producer in the world. South America produces close to 20% of the world's pineapple.

Oil refinery in Amuay. Venezuela is one of the largest oil producers in the world.

The continent generally includes twelve sovereign states: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela; two dependent territories: the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; and one internal territory: French Guiana.

São Paulo (state)

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"Founding of São Vicente", by Benedito Calixto

António Raposo Tavares, a colonial bandeirante

São Paulo in 1880 during the reign of Emperor Pedro II.

Italian immigrants arriving in São Paulo.

Poster MMDC calling the Paulista people to arms during the Constitutionalist Revolution, in 1932.

Altino Arantes Building in São Paulo, opened in 1947.

Satellite image showing the state territory

Tiete River in the dam between the towns of Barra Bonita and Igaraçu do Tietê.

Snow at São Paulo state (Apiaí city) July, 1975.

Population density in the municipalities of São Paulo in 2002.

Liberdade district is a Little Tokyo of São Paulo city.

São Paulo as a divisor of Federal influence

Harvesters in a field of sugar cane in Piracicaba

REPLAN, the largest oil refinery in Brazil, in Paulínia

Headquarters of Mercedes-Benz Brazil in São Bernardo do Campo

Portico of the Democrata men's shoe factory in Franca

Embraer 190, developed by Embraer in São José dos Campos.

A shopping mall in a Swiss-inspired style, in Campos do Jordão.

The Sirius particle accelerator building of Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron in Campinas.

Student Housing complex, central campus of University of São Paulo in São Paulo.

Admission ceremony of Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo.

Classroom in University of Campinas in Campinas.

Teaching laboratory of Universidade Federal do ABC in Santo André.

Toyota headquarters in São Bernardo do Campo

Aerial view of University of São Paulo in São Paulo.

The Basilica of Our Lady of Aparecida is the second largest Catholic church in the world in interior area after the St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City.

Swiss-inspired style town Campos do Jordão.

São Paulo is one of the 26 states of the Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Saint Paul of Tarsus.

Spoken area of Galician-Portuguese (also known as Old Portuguese or Medieval Galician) in the kingdoms of Galicia and León around the 10th century, before the separation of Galician and Portuguese.

Portuguese language

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Western Romance language of the Indo-European language family, originating in the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.

Sign in Japanese, Portuguese, and English in Oizumi, Japan, which has a large lusophone community due to return immigration of Japanese Brazilians.

Countries and regions where Portuguese has official status.

Multilingual signage in Chinese, Portuguese and English at the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge port building in Macau. Portuguese is a co-official language in Macau.

Ethnically diverse East Timor has Portuguese as one of its official languages.

Statue of the Portuguese Poet Luís de Camões at the entrence of the Real Gabinete Português de Leitura in Rio de Janeiro.

Museum of the Portuguese Language in São Paulo.

Percentage of worldwide Portuguese speakers per country.

In Brasília, the Senate committee room during a meeting of the Education, Culture and Sport Committee in 2014. The committee holds a public hearing to discuss the Orthographic Agreement for the Portuguese Language, signed in 1990 and implemented in January 2016. The new rules must apply for the eight countries that have Portuguese as an official language, including Brazil, Portugal, etc.

Library of the Real Gabinete Português de Leitura in Rio de Janeiro.

A sign at Goa Central Library, in Panaji, India, listing three Portuguese-language newspapers

Map showing the historical retreat and expansion of Portuguese (Galician-Portuguese) within the context of its linguistic neighbors between the year 1000 and 2000.

Map showing mostly contemporary West Iberian and Occitano-Romance languages, as well many of their mainland European dialects (areas colored green, gold or pink/purple represent languages deemed endangered by UNESCO, so this may be outdated in less than a few decades). It shows European Portuguese, Galician, Eonavian, Mirandese and the Fala as not only closely related but as dialect continuum, though it excludes dialects spoken in insular Portugal (Azores and Madeira–Canaries is not shown either).

An Old Portuguese Memento mori memorial sign in Malacca City.

Participating countries of the Lusophony Games.

Chart of monophthongs of the Portuguese of Lisbon, with its in central schwa position.

Real Gabinete Português de Leitura in Recife.

The Bissau-Guinean Presidential Palace, with its Portuguese colonial architecture, is a building that has a library, a small theater and was formerly the palace of the colonial governor of Portuguese-Guinea, seen from the PAIGC-building (formerly the seat of the local commercial association Associação Comercial, Industrial e Agrícola de Bissau), located at the Praça dos Heróis Nacionais square (formerly Praça do Império square), in downtown Bissau.

The Natural History Museum of Mozambique (Manueline) in Maputo.

The Fundação Oriente of Fontainhas, India. The Fundação Oriente, along with Instituto Camões, Instituto Menezes Bragança among others, are institutions dedicated to the worldwide promotion of the Portuguese language and culture.

The International Portuguese Language Institute headquarters, in Praia.

It is the sole official language of Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau and São Tomé and Príncipe, while having co-official language status in East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, and Macau.

Empire of Brazil

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Empire of Brazil at its largest territorial extent, 1822–1828, including former Cisplatina province

The City Palace, seat of the Brazilian Imperial government, in 1840

Recife, capital of Pernambuco (Brazilian northeast), two years after the end of the Praieira revolt

A locomotive in Bahia province (Brazilian northeast), c. 1859

A construction site in the docks of Recife, 1862

Brazilian artillery in position during the Paraguayan War, 1866

Brazilian soldiers kneeling before a religious procession during the Paraguayan War, 1868

Slaves on a farm in the province of Minas Gerais, 1876

The Empire of Brazil, c. 1889. Cisplatina had been lost since 1828 and two new provinces had been created since then (Amazonas and Paraná)

A few moments after signing the Golden Law, Princess Isabel is greeted from the central balcony of the City Palace by a huge crowd below in the street

The Brazilian Senate voting on the Golden Law in 1888 as spectators watch from the gallery

Emperor Pedro II surrounded by prominent politicians and national figures c. 1875

A very poor family of caboclos in Ceará province (Brazilian northeast), 1880. In practice, any employed male citizen could qualify to vote, so most electors had low incomes.

Whites and afro-descendants gathered in Rio de Janeiro province (Brazilian southeast), c. 1888. Brazil's 19th-century elections were very democratic for the time, but were plagued by fraud.

The Brazilian ironclad warship Riachuelo, 1885

Shipyard in Rio de Janeiro city, c. 1862

By 1889, most of Brazil's borders had been established by international treaties, with a few contested areas.

A coffee farm in São Paulo province, 1880

Railroad station in São Paulo province (Brazilian southeast), c. 1885

A railroad station in Minas Gerais province (Brazilian southeast), c. 1884

19th-century Brazilians. 1st row: White Brazilians. 2nd row: Brown Brazilians (left to right: two female mulattoes, two female cafuzos and a caboclo girl and man). 3rd row: three Brazilian Indians of different tribes followed by Afro-Brazilians of distinct ethnic background

This map shows where ethnic groups predominated within Brazil: purple—caboclos; brown—whites; green—mulattoes; white—sparsely populated. Note: over 80% of the population lived along the coastline

German and Luxembourger immigrants in Santa Leopoldina colony in Espírito Santo province (southeast region), 1875

A Brazilian family and its female house slaves, c. 1860

Slaves and their free children on a coffee farm in Brazil, c. 1885

A state ceremony in the Old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro; the attendees are wearing court dress.

O descanso do modelo (The model's rest), by Almeida Júnior, 1882

Morro da Viúva (Widow's mount), by França Júnior, c. 1888

A photograph dating from c. 1858, showing three major Brazilian Romantic writers. From left to right: Gonçalves Dias, Manuel de Araújo Porto Alegre and Gonçalves de Magalhães

The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and (until 1828) Uruguay.

Brasília

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The foundation stone of Brasilia, Hill of the Centenary, erected in the year of the celebrations of the 100th anniversary of Brazil's independence in 1922

Urban planner Lúcio Costa was the winner of the competition for the construction project of Brasília and played a key role in the city's landmarking.

Brasília in 1958. Only Asa Sul is already leased, and Ministries Esplanade is also visible.

Construction of the Ministries Esplanade in 1959

Buriti Palace, Seat of Government of the Federal District

Legislative Chamber of the Federal District building

Brazilian Flag and the National Congress in spring

Aerial view of South Wing (Asa Sul) district

Praça dos Três Poderes (Three Powers Plaza)

Institute of Biological Sciences (IB) of the University of Brasilia

Brasília is the federal capital of Brazil and seat of government of the Federal District.

Rio Grande do Sul

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The historic town of São Miguel das Missões

Yacumã Falls in the Turvo State Park are the second widest in the world.

Pico do Monte Negro is the highest mountain in the state.

Rebel Cavalry during the Farroupilha Revolution.

Giuseppe Garibaldi leading the Riograndense navy to Laguna. Painting by Lucílio de Albuquerque, 1916.

Declaration of the Baron of Caxias announcing the end of the Revolution Farroupilha, 1845. National Archives of Brazil

Map Province of São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul, current State of Rio Grande do Sul, 1877. National Archives of Brazil.

Italian Immigrants in Rio Grande do Sul, late 19th century.

A 19th-century house built by Italian immigrants in Caxias do Sul

Kerb by Pedro Weingärtner, 1892. The work portrays a typical German festival in a rural community.

Monument in Porto Alegre to honor the Azorean immigrants

The town of Gramado has occasional snowfalls.

Guardian Angel Cathedral in Santo Ângelo.

Porto Alegre, capital of Rio Grande do Sul

A winery in Bento Gonçalves. Rio Grande do Sul is the biggest wine producer in Brazil.

Neugebauer's headquarters in Arroio do Meio.

Marcopolo S.A. is a global bus and coach manufacturer with headquarters in Caxias do Sul.

The Osório wind farm is the largest wind power park in Latin America.

Sunset at Salgado Filho International Airport.

Typical dance in a CTG (Center of Traditions).

Chimarrão is a traditional drink made by soaking dried leaves of the holly species Ilex paraguariensis in hot water.

A typical meal in Rio Grande do Sul with wine, bread, cheese, pasta with beef and salami.

Municipalities that the Talian is co-official in Rio Grande do Sul, highlighted in red: Bento Gonçalves, Caxias do Sul, Flores da Cunha, Nova Roma do Sul and Serafina Corrêa.

Araucaria in the Mountains Region of Rio Grande do Sul

Canyon Fortaleza at the Aparados da Serra National Park.

A German Protestant school for girls in Novo Hamburgo, 1886.

Rio Grande do Sul (,, ; "Great River of the South") is a state in the southern region of Brazil.

Minas Gerais

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State in Southeastern Brazil.

Town of Bom Jesus de Matosinhos c.1821–1825

Baruch, 18th century Baroque sculpture, by Aleijadinho

Downtown of Uberlândia, largest city in the state after Belo Horizonte.

Indians visiting a farm plantation in Minas Gerais, 1824

This satellite photograph illustrates the diverse agricultural landscape in the western part of Minas Gerais.

Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais

Carlos Drummond de Andrade, considered one of the most talented Brazilian poets. He often wrote about Itabira the interior of the state, the place where he was born and raised and where his parents were from.

Romeu e Julieta (left; queijo Minas with goiabada) and doce de leite (right), two sweets typical of Minas Gerais.

Yayoi Kusama at the Inhotim in Brumadinho

Milton Nascimento, one of the most iconic musicians of Minas Gerais, 17 March 1969.

Palácio Tiradentes, the seat of government of Minas Gerais

The 13 intermediate geographic regions of Minas Gerais, divided by a red line. Inside them, the immediate geographic regions (70 at the total), divided by a black line.

Linguistic map of the state, according to the scientific study Esboço de um Atlas Linguístico de Minas Gerais (EALMG), "Draft of a Linguistic Atlas for Minas Gerais". UFJF, 1977. The three dialects' zones are shown: mineiro, caipira and baiano.

Pão de Queijo is a traditional Brazilian snack originating in Minas Gerais

A few decades after Portuguese colonization, however, they became targets of enslavement, and were, for centuries, captured by Bandeirantes to work on their farms or to be sold; those who revolted were subject to genocide.

Latin America

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Cultural region of the Americas comprising multiple nation-states where Romance languages—languages that derived from Latin, i.e., Spanish, Portuguese, and French–are predominantly spoken.