A report on British Guiana

Map of British Guiana in 1908
Illustration of the Demerara rebellion of 1823
British Guiana and its boundary lines, 1896
Stamp with a portrait of King George VI, 1938

British colony, part of the mainland British West Indies, which resides on the northern coast of South America.

- British Guiana

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Guyana

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Country on the northern mainland of South America.

Country on the northern mainland of South America.

Kaieteur Falls is the world's largest single-drop waterfall by volume.
Rupununi Savannah
Satellite image of Guyana from 2004
Anomaloglossus beebei (Kaieteur), specific to the Guianas
The hoatzin is the national bird of Guyana.
A tractor in a rice field on Guyana's coastal plain
A proportional representation of Guyana exports, 2019
Thatched roof houses in Guyana
Guyana's population density in 2005 (people per km2)
A graph showing the population of Guyana from 1961 to 2003. The population decline in the 1980s can be clearly seen.
The State House, Guyana's presidential residence
The Supreme Court of Guyana
Guyana's parliament building since 1834
Map of Guyana, showing the Essequibo River and (shaded dark) the river's drainage basin. Venezuela claims territory up to the western bank of the river. The historical claim by the UK included the river basin well into current-day Venezuela.
Cross-border bridge from Guyana to Brazil near Lethem
St George's Cathedral, Georgetown
Providence Stadium as seen from the East Bank Highway

It was governed as British Guiana, with a mostly plantation-style economy until the 1950s.

Map of Berbice around 1720.

Berbice

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Region along the Berbice River in Guyana, which was between 1627 and 1815 a colony of the Dutch Republic.

Region along the Berbice River in Guyana, which was between 1627 and 1815 a colony of the Dutch Republic.

Map of Berbice around 1720.
Berbice around 1780.
Berbice and Suriname around 1767.
Map of Berbice around 1740.
Berbice in 1802.

After having been ceded to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the latter year, it was merged with Essequibo and Demerara to form the colony of British Guiana in 1831.

Striped, the area claimed by Venezuela.

Guayana Esequiba

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Disputed territory of 159500 km2 west of the Essequibo River that is administered and controlled by Guyana but claimed by Venezuela.

Disputed territory of 159500 km2 west of the Essequibo River that is administered and controlled by Guyana but claimed by Venezuela.

Striped, the area claimed by Venezuela.
Guayana Esequiba in light green with the rest of Guyana in dark green; Venezuela shown in orange
A 1625 map by Hessel Gerritsz, showing Dutch territory (in yellow) ranging from the Orinoco River to the Amazon River
Ruins of Fort Kyk-Over-Al, constructed by the Dutch in 1616
A 1775 map of the Americas by Rigobert Bonne.
The map of Dutch colonies of Essequibo and Demerara in 1798.
An 1840 map of Gran Colombia including the Esequibo region.
1896 map detailing British Guiana and the disputes surrounding the Schomburgk Line
Official Map of the United States of Venezuela by L. Robelin 1890, which shows the Venezuelan historical claim to the region.
Punch cartoon after the conclusion of the Tribunal of Arbitration. PEACE AND PLENTY. Lord Salisbury (chuckling). "I like arbitration — In the PROPER PLACE!"
Map of Guyana, showing the Essequibo River and (shaded dark) the river's drainage basin. Venezuela claims territory up to the western bank of the river. The historical claim by the UK included the river basin well into current-day Venezuela.
Map of Venezuela, showing the maritime areas in blue and Guayana Esequiba in gray.

The boundary dispute was inherited from the colonial powers (Spain in the case of Venezuela, and the Netherlands and the United Kingdom in the case of Guyana) and has been complicated by the independence of Guyana from the United Kingdom in 1966.

Essequibo (colony)

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Dutch colony on the Essequibo River in the Guiana region on the north coast of South America from 1616 to 1814.

Dutch colony on the Essequibo River in the Guiana region on the north coast of South America from 1616 to 1814.

Dutch Essequibo in 1800
The ruins of Fort Kyk-Over-Al, which was constructed in 1616
Dutch Essequibo in 1800
Essequibo and Demerara in 1798.
An 1840 map of Gran Colombia, including the Essequibo border.

On 21 July 1831, Demerara-Essequibo was united with Berbice to create British Guiana with the Essequibo River as its west border, although many British settlers lived west of the Essequibo.

Demerara

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Historical region in the Guianas on the north coast of South America which is now part of the country of Guyana.

Historical region in the Guianas on the north coast of South America which is now part of the country of Guyana.

The Demerara colony in 1759
(Note this map has East at its top.)
See here for its exact location (6° 48' N 58° 10' W).
2 Joes (or 44 Dutch Guilders), Colonies of Demerary and Essequebo (1830s), second issue.
The Demerara colony in 1759
(Note this map has East at its top.)
See here for its exact location (6° 48' N 58° 10' W).

It was a Dutch colony until 1815 and a county of British Guiana from 1838 to 1966.

Venezuela

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Country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea.

Country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea.

The German Welser Armada exploring Venezuela.
El Libertador, Simón Bolívar.
Revolution of 19 April 1810, the beginning of Venezuela's independence, by Martín Tovar y Tovar
The signing of Venezuela's independence, by Martín Tovar y Tovar.
Flag of Venezuela between 1954 and 2006.
Rómulo Betancourt (president 1945–1948 / 1959–1964), one of the major democracy leaders of Venezuela.
Table where the Puntofijo Pact was signed on 31 October 1958
Sabana Grande district, Caracas (1973)
President Carlos Andrés Pérez was impeached on corruption charges in 1993.
Chávez with fellow South American presidents Néstor Kirchner of Argentina and Lula da Silva of Brazil
Nicolás Maduro with Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff at the 48th Mercosur Summit in Brazil in 2015.
Maduro was inaugurated for a contested and controversial second term on 10 January 2019.
Topographic map of Venezuela
Venezuela map of Köppen climate classification
The national animal of Venezuela is the troupial (Icterus icterus),
Valencia Lake, formerly praised by Alexander von Humboldt for its beauty, is massively polluted due to the countless sewage systems pouring residuals.
250x250px
Bolívar Peak, the highest mountain in Venezuela
Los Llanos, Apure state
Valle de Mifafí, Mérida State
Médanos de Coro National Park, Falcón State
National Assembly of Venezuela building
Protests in Altamira, Caracas (2014)
The Guayana Esequiba claim area is a territory administered by Guyana and historically claimed by Venezuela.
President Maduro among other Latin American leaders participating in a 2017 ALBA gathering
A Sukhoi Su-30MKV of the Venezuelan Air Force
Map of the Venezuelan federation
A proportional representation of Venezuela exports, 2019
Líder Mall, one of the main shopping centers in Caracas
Ángel falls one of Venezuela's top tourist attractions, the world highest waterfall
Empty shelves in a store in Venezuela due to shortages in 2014
Venezuela's exports of crude oil from January 2018 to December 2019
A map of world oil reserves according to OPEC, 2013. Venezuela has the world's largest oil reserves.
Caracas Metro in Los Jardines Station
The Venezuelan Academy of Language studies the development of the Spanish in the country.
University Hospital, Central University of Venezuela
Illiteracy rate in Venezuela based on data from UNESCO and the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) of Venezuela
The joropo, as depicted in a 1912 drawing by Eloy Palacios
Antonio Herrera Toro, self portrait 1880
The Guanaguanare dance, a popular dance in Portuguesa State
Venezuela national baseball team in 2015
Venezuela national football team, popularly known as the "Vinotinto"
Venezuelan diaspora in the world
Venezuela
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In 1895, a longstanding dispute with Great Britain about the territory of Guayana Esequiba, which Britain claimed as part of British Guiana and Venezuela saw as Venezuelan territory, erupted into the Venezuela Crisis of 1895.

Map showing: * The extreme border claimed by Britain * The current boundary (roughly) and * The extreme border claimed by Venezuela

Venezuelan crisis of 1895

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Map showing: * The extreme border claimed by Britain * The current boundary (roughly) and * The extreme border claimed by Venezuela
Venezuela map (1810) showing the border with the Essequibo river.
Map of Gran Colombia (1819) including the Essequibo border.
Cartoon in El Diablo, 1894, depicting England, Venezuela and President Joaquín Crespo, satirizing Britain's ambition
General Domingo A. Sifontes
President Cleveland twist the tail of the British Lion; cartoon in Puck by J.S. Pughe, 1895
House Resolution 252
Venezuela supported its claim by printing an 1896 postage stamp with a map showing the Guianas up to the east bank of the Essequibo River as "Guayana Venezolana".
An 1896 cartoon from an American newspaper, following Britain's agreement to go to arbitration.
Punch cartoon after the conclusion of the Tribunal of Arbitration. PEACE AND PLENTY. Lord Salisbury (chuckling). "I like arbitration — In the PROPER PLACE!"

The Venezuelan crisis of 1895 occurred over Venezuela's longstanding dispute with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland about the territory of Essequibo and Guayana Esequiba, which Britain claimed as part of British Guiana and Venezuela saw as Venezuelan territory.

Surinam (Dutch colony)

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Dutch plantation colony in the Guianas, neighboured by the equally Dutch colony of Berbice to the west, and the French colony of Cayenne to the east.

Dutch plantation colony in the Guianas, neighboured by the equally Dutch colony of Berbice to the west, and the French colony of Cayenne to the east.

Suriname in 1954
Map of the Guiana's from 1700
Suriname in 1954
Flag of Suriname (1954–1974)
An illustration of a Dutch plantation owner and slave from William Blake's illustrations of the work of John Gabriel Stedman, first published in 1792–1794
Baron Aarnoud van Heemstra, the governor of Suriname in 1923

After the other Dutch colonies in the Guianas, i.e., Berbice, Essequibo, Demerara, and Pomeroon, were lost to the British in 1814, the remaining colony of Surinam was often referred to as Dutch Guiana, especially after 1831, when the British merged Berbice, Essequibo, and Demerara into British Guiana.

British West Indies in 1900

British West Indies

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British West Indies in 1900
A linen market in Dominica in the 1770s
Planting the sugar cane, Antigua, 1823
Rose Hall plantation, Jamaica c. 1820
Harbour Street, Kingston, Jamaica, c. 1820

The British West Indies (BWI) were the British territories in the West Indies: Anguilla, the Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Montserrat, the British Virgin Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, British Guiana (now Guyana) and Trinidad and Tobago.

Inspector Barnes in the Venezuelan station.

Cuyuni River

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South American river and a tributary of the Essequibo River.

South American river and a tributary of the Essequibo River.

Inspector Barnes in the Venezuelan station.

On January 2, 1895, the "Incident of the Cuyuni river", so named by the general Domingo Antonio Sifontes, was an armed confrontation between Venezuelans and British in the region of the river over the territorial dispute between Venezuela and British Guyana, which under Sifontes the Venezuelans left winners.