A report on British Hong Kong

Possibly the earliest painting of Hong Kong Island, showing the waterfront settlement which became Victoria City
Spring Garden Lane, 1846
Hong Kong in the 1930s
Japanese troops crossing the border from the mainland, 1941
British forces reoccupy Hong Kong under Rear-Admiral Cecil Harcourt, 30 August 1945
Government House, c. 1873
Victoria Harbour in 1988, showing the Bank of China Tower being built
Statue of Bruce Lee on the Avenue of Stars, a tribute to the city's film industry
The Hong Kong Sevens, considered the premier tournament of the World Rugby Sevens Series, is played each spring.
Police confrontation during the 1967 leftist riots

Colony and dependent territory of the British Empire from 1841 to 1997, apart from a period under Japanese occupation from 1941 to 1945.

- British Hong Kong

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The Monument in Commemoration of the Return of Hong Kong to China in 2009

Handover of Hong Kong

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The Monument in Commemoration of the Return of Hong Kong to China in 2009
Britain acquired Hong Kong Island in 1842, the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860, and the lease of the New Territories in 1898.
Hong Kong 1 July march with British Hong Kong flag in 2011

The Hong Kong handover, domestically known as the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, was the formal passing of authority over the territory of the then colony of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China at midnight on 1 July 1997.

Hong Kong

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City and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta in South China.

City and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta in South China.

Hong Kong in 1868, photograph by John Thomson
British Hong Kong flag from 1959 to 1997
Since 2012, the legislature has met in the Tamar Legislative Council Complex.
The Court of Final Appeal Building formerly housed the Supreme Court and the Legislative Council.
2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
Areas of urban development and vegetation are visible in this satellite image.
A residential building in Quarry Bay
2016 population pyramid
Wong Tai Sin Temple is dedicated to the Taoist deity Wong Tai Sin
Hong Kong is one of the world's busiest container ports
A proportional representation of Hong Kong exports, 2019
Former trading floor of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange
Entrance to the Cross-Harbour Tunnel in Hung Hom, Kowloon
MTR train on the Tung Chung line
Statue of Bruce Lee on the Avenue of Stars, a tribute to the city's film industry
The Hong Kong Sevens, considered the premier tournament of the World Rugby Sevens Series, is played each spring.
Old campus of St. Paul's College, the first school established in the colonial era
University of Hong Kong main building
TVB City, headquarters of Hong Kong's first over-the-air television station

Hong Kong was established as a colony of the British Empire after the Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island from Xin'an County at the end of the First Opium War in 1841 then again in 1842.

The Great Hall of the People in Beijing, where the Joint Declaration was signed

Sino-British Joint Declaration

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Treaty between the governments of the United Kingdom and China signed in 1984 setting the conditions in which Hong Kong was transferred to Chinese control and for the governance of the territory after 1 July 1997.

Treaty between the governments of the United Kingdom and China signed in 1984 setting the conditions in which Hong Kong was transferred to Chinese control and for the governance of the territory after 1 July 1997.

The Great Hall of the People in Beijing, where the Joint Declaration was signed
Britain acquired Hong Kong Island in 1842, Kowloon Peninsula in 1860, and leased the New Territories in 1898 for 99 years.
Urban Hong Kong in 1980

Hong Kong had been a colony of the British Empire since 1842 after the First Opium War and its territory was expanded on two occasions; first in 1860 with the addition of Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island, and again in 1898 when Britain obtained a 99-year lease for the New Territories.

Japanese occupation of Hong Kong

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The Hong Kong occupation zone (dark red) within the Empire of Japan (light red) at its furthest extent
Rensuke Isogai
The Hong Kong occupation zone (dark red) within the Empire of Japan (light red) at its furthest extent
Imperial Japanese soldiers arrested European bankers and detained them in a hotel.
Population decrease due to repatriation
A hand-out of a Japanese language learning radio programme
Names of roads were rewritten in Japanese
Celebration of a "New Hong Kong" after Japanese occupation
Dongjiang guerillas fighting in trenches
British Rear Admiral Sir Cecil Halliday Jepson Harcourt watching Japanese Vice Admiral Ruitako Fujita sign the document of surrender on 16 September 1945 in Hong Kong.
Japanese document of surrender
The British cruiser, entering Victoria Harbour through North Point on 30 August 1945
Liberation of Hong Kong in 1945. Picture taken at the Cenotaph in Central, Hong Kong
Japanese war criminals prepare for their transfer to Stanley Prison on 29 September 1945
Indian soldiers march during Hong Kong Victory Celebrations, 9 October 1945.

The Imperial Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began when the Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Mark Young, surrendered the British Crown colony of Hong Kong to the Empire of Japan on 25 December 1941.

China

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Country in East Asia.

Country in East Asia.

China (today's Guangdong), Mangi (inland of Xanton), and Cataio (inland of China and Chequan, and including the capital Cambalu, Xandu, and a marble bridge) are all shown as separate regions on this 1570 map by Abraham Ortelius
10,000 years old pottery, Xianren Cave culture (18000–7000 BCE)
Yinxu, the ruins of the capital of the late Shang dynasty (14th century BCE)
China's first emperor, Qin Shi Huang, is famed for having united the Warring States' walls to form the Great Wall of China. Most of the present structure, however, dates to the Ming dynasty.
Map showing the expansion of Han dynasty in the 2nd century BC
The Tang dynasty at its greatest extent
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The Qing conquest of the Ming and expansion of the empire
The Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China to defeat the anti-foreign Boxers and their Qing backers. The image shows a celebration ceremony inside the Chinese imperial palace, the Forbidden City after the signing of the Boxer Protocol in 1901.
Sun Yat-sen, the founding father of Republic of China, one of the first republics in Asia.
Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong toasting together in 1945 following the end of World War II
Mao Zedong proclaiming the establishment of the PRC in 1949.
The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests was ended by a military-led massacre which brought condemnations and sanctions against the Chinese government from various foreign countries.
Satellite image of China from NASA WorldWind
Köppen-Geiger climate classification map for mainland China.
A giant panda, China's most famous endangered and endemic species, at the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding in Sichuan
The Three Gorges Dam is the largest hydroelectric dam in the world.
Earliest known written formula for gunpowder, from the Wujing Zongyao of 1044 CE
Huawei headquarters in Shenzhen. Huawei is the world's largest telecoms-equipment-maker and the second-largest manufacturer of smartphones in the world.
Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, one of the first Chinese spaceports
Internet penetration rates in China in the context of East Asia and Southeast Asia, 1995–2012
The Duge Bridge is the highest bridge in the world.
The Beijing Daxing International Airport features the world's largest single-building airport terminal.
The Port of Shanghai's deep water harbor on Yangshan Island in the Hangzhou Bay is the world's busiest container port since 2010.
A 2009 population density map of the People's Republic of China and Taiwan. The eastern coastal provinces are much more densely populated than the western interior.
Ethnolinguistic map of China
A trilingual sign in Sibsongbanna, with Tai Lü language on the top
Map of the ten largest cities in China (2010)
Beijing's Peking University, one of the top-ranked universities in China
Chart showing the rise of China's Human Development Index from 1970 to 2010
Geographic distribution of religions in China. Chinese folk religion (including Confucianism, Taoism, and groups of Chinese Buddhism) Buddhism tout court Islam Ethnic minorities' indigenous religions Mongolian folk religion Northeast China folk religion influenced by Tungus and Manchu shamanism; widespread Shanrendao
Fenghuang County, an ancient town that harbors many architectural remains of Ming and Qing styles.
A Moon gate in a Chinese garden.
The stories in Journey to the West are common themes in Peking opera.
Map showing major regional cuisines of China
Go is an abstract strategy board game for two players, in which the aim is to surround more territory than the opponent and was invented in China more than 2,500 years ago.
Long March 2F launching Shenzhou spacecraft. China is one of the only three countries with independent human spaceflight capability.
The Tang dynasty at its greatest extent and Tang's protectorates
Lihaozhai High School in Jianshui, Yunnan. The sign is in Hani (Latin alphabet), Nisu (Yi script), and Chinese.
The Qing conquest of the Ming and expansion of the empire
China topographic map with East Asia countries

British Hong Kong and Portuguese Macau returned to China in 1997 and 1999, respectively, as the Hong Kong and Macau special administrative regions under the principle of One country, two systems.

Governor of Hong Kong

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White tropical dress (colonial service, 1st class) of the Gubernatorial uniform worn by Governor Edward Youde on the day he was sworn in and numerous official ceremonies during his tenure, Hong Kong Museum of History.
The Government House was the official residence of the Governor from 1855 to 1997.
Standard of the Governor of Hong Kong 1910–1955.
Standard of the Governor of Hong Kong 1955–1959.
Standard of the Governor of Hong Kong 1959–1997.

The governor of Hong Kong was the representative of the British Crown in Hong Kong from 1843 to 1997.

Office of the Government of the Hong Kong SAR in Beijing

One country, two systems

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Constitutional principle of the People's Republic of China describing the governance of Hong Kong and Macau after they became Special administrative regions of China in 1997 and 1999, respectively.

Constitutional principle of the People's Republic of China describing the governance of Hong Kong and Macau after they became Special administrative regions of China in 1997 and 1999, respectively.

Office of the Government of the Hong Kong SAR in Beijing
[[Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong SAR]]
Office of the Macau Special Administrative Region in Beijing
Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Macau SAR

Hong Kong was a colony of the United Kingdom, ruled by a governor appointed by the monarch of the United Kingdom, for 156 years from 1841 (except for four years of Japanese occupation during WWII) until 1997, when it was reverted to Chinese sovereignty.

British Overseas Territories

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The British Overseas Territories (BOTs), also known as the United Kingdom Overseas Territories (UKOTs), are fourteen territories with a constitutional and historical link with the United Kingdom.

The British Overseas Territories (BOTs), also known as the United Kingdom Overseas Territories (UKOTs), are fourteen territories with a constitutional and historical link with the United Kingdom.

Flag of the Friends of the British Overseas Territories, a charitable organisation
St. George's town (originally named New London), in the Islands of Bermuda, or "The Somers Isles". The colony was founded by the wrecking of the flagship of the Virginia Company in 1609. The company's charter was extended to include Bermuda in 1612, and it has remained an English (since 1707, British) colony ever since. Since the rebellion of Virginia, it has been the oldest-remaining British colony, and the town of St. George's is the oldest continuously inhabited British settlement in the New World.
Five of the overseas territories are in the Caribbean, as shown on the map.
McKeeva Bush, Premier of the Cayman Islands from 2009 to 2012
Leaders of the Overseas Territories with the Prime Minister, David Cameron, in 2012
Tristan da Cunha on 6 February 2013, as seen from space. The population was temporarily evacuated to the UK in 1961 because of an eruption. Postal code TDCU 1ZZ
Coastline at Little Bay, the site of the new capital of Montserrat replacing Plymouth. The project is funded by the UK's Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (previously the Department for International Development).
British overseas territories at the same geographic scale as the UK
Map showing the portion of Antarctica claimed by the UK as British Antarctic Territory
Gibraltar was the only overseas territory included in the European Union.
Thousands of Gibraltarians dress in their national colours of red and white during the 2013 Gibraltar National Day celebrations. Gibraltarians were the only group of overseas territories residents who could apply for full British citizenship without restrictions before 2002.
RAF Mount Pleasant, Falkland Islands
Colour party of the Royal Bermuda Regiment at Queen's Birthday Parade in 2017
Cliffs at Gough and Inaccessible Islands
Overseas Territories flags in Parliament Square in 2013
A Stoplight Parrotfish in Princess Alexandra Land and Sea National Park, Providenciales, Turks and Caicos Islands
Penguins in South Georgia, 2010
Henderson Island in the Pitcairn Islands
Rothera Research Station

Although the British Government is the national government, much of governance within the territories has been delegated to local government, with all of those that have permanent populations having some degree of representative government (which was not the case for British Hong Kong) which have been delegated responsibility for local legislation (although the inhabitants of the first colony established, Virginia (including Bermuda from 1612), were in 1606 (a century before the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain), irrevocably guaranteed the same rights and representation they would have if born in England, representation in the national Parliament of the United Kingdom has yet to be extended to any overseas territory.

Signing of the treaty on board HMS Cornwallis

Treaty of Nanking

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The peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (1839–1842) between Great Britain and the Qing dynasty of China on 29 August 1842.

The peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (1839–1842) between Great Britain and the Qing dynasty of China on 29 August 1842.

Signing of the treaty on board HMS Cornwallis
Chinese and English Pages, Treaty of Nanking
HMS Cornwallis and the British squadron in Nanking, saluting the conclusion of the treaty

Ratification was exchanged in Hong Kong on 26 June 1843.

The Legislative Council Building (1985–2011)

Legislative Council of Hong Kong

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Unicameral legislature of Hong Kong.

Unicameral legislature of Hong Kong.

The Legislative Council Building (1985–2011)
Central Government Offices, home to Legco from the 1950s to 1985
The French Mission Building housed LegCo in the 1840s
Andrew Leung, the incumbent President of the Legislative Council.
Vote share of the Legislative Council elections by party since 1991.
Seating plan of the Legislative Council.
Composition of political bloc since 1985 election: Pro-Beijing camp Conservative camp (later merged into Pro-Beijing camp) Pro-democracy camp Localist groups Unaffiliated members Ex-officio members

The historical Legislative Council of Hong Kong in the British colonial era was created under the 1843 Charter as an advisory council to the Governor.