A report on Buddhism, Gautama Buddha, Ficus religiosa and Nepal

Ancient kingdoms and cities of India during the time of the Buddha (circa 500 BCE) – modern-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan

Statue of Gautama Buddha, preaching his first sermon at Sarnath; B(b) 181, Archaeological Museum Sarnath, Gupta period, ca. 475 CE.

The gilded "Emaciated Buddha statue" in an Ubosoth in Bangkok representing the stage of his asceticism

Seated Buddha from Tapa Shotor monastery in Hadda, Afghanistan, 2nd century CE

Nature printed leaf, showing shape and venation

Enlightenment of Buddha, Kushan dynasty, late 2nd to early 3rd century CE, Gandhara.

Ancient kingdoms and cities of India during the time of the Buddha (c. 500 BCE)

Flooded Ficus religiosa trunk in the muddy water of the Mekong, in Laos.

The Buddha teaching the Four Noble Truths. Sanskrit manuscript. Nalanda, Bihar, India.

Inscription "The illumination of the Blessed Sakamuni" (Brahmi script: 𑀪𑀕𑀯𑀢𑁄 𑀲𑀓𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀺𑀦𑁄 𑀩𑁄𑀥𑁄, Bhagavato Sakamunino Bodho) on a relief showing the "empty" Illumination Throne of the Buddha in the early Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya. Bharhut, c. 100 BCE.

A young tree growing on a concrete wall in Delhi. It is tolerant to wide variety of soils, and hence it even thrives on concrete walls having little moisture.

Mount Everest, the highest peak on earth, lies on the Nepal–China border.

Traditional Tibetan Buddhist Thangka depicting the Wheel of Life with its six realms

One of the earliest anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha, here surrounded by Brahma (left) and Śakra (right). Bimaran Casket, mid-1st century CE, British Museum.

Painted goblet, with peepal leaf motif, from Mundigak (Afghanistan), period IV, c. 2700 BC. Musée Guimet.

Ramabhar Stupa in Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India is regionally believed to be Buddha's cremation site.

Māyā miraculously giving birth to Siddhārtha. Sanskrit, palm-leaf manuscript. Nālandā, Bihar, India. Pāla period

The Bodhi Tree at the Mahabodhi Temple was propagated from the Sri Maha Bodhi, which in turn was propagated from the original Bodhi Tree at this location.

This land cover map of Nepal using Landsat 30 m (2010) data shows forest cover as the dominant type of land cover in Nepal.

An aniconic depiction of the Buddha's spiritual liberation (moksha) or awakening (bodhi), at Sanchi. The Buddha is not depicted, only symbolized by the Bodhi tree and the empty seat.

The legendary Jataka collections depict the Buddha-to-be in a previous life prostrating before the past Buddha Dipankara, making a resolve to be a Buddha, and receiving a prediction of future Buddhahood.

The greater one-horned rhinoceros roams the sub-tropical grasslands of the Terai plains.

Dharma Wheel and triratna symbols from Sanchi Stupa number 2.

Map showing Lumbini and other major Buddhist sites in India. Lumbini (present-day Nepal), is the birthplace of the Buddha, and is a holy place also for many non-Buddhists.

The Himalayan monal (Danphe), the national bird of Nepal, nests high in the Himalayas.

Buddhist monks and nuns praying in the Buddha Tooth Relic Temple of Singapore

The Lumbini pillar contains an inscription stating that this is the Buddha's birthplace

B.P. Koirala led the 1951 revolution, became the first democratically elected Prime Minister, and after being deposed and imprisoned in 1961, spent the rest of his life fighting for democracy.

A depiction of Siddhartha Gautama in a previous life prostrating before the past Buddha Dipankara. After making a resolve to be a Buddha, and receiving a prediction of future Buddhahood, he becomes a "bodhisattva".

The "Great Departure" of Siddhartha Gautama, surrounded by a halo, he is accompanied by numerous guards and devata who have come to pay homage; Gandhara, Kushan period

Nepal has made progress with regard to minority rights in recent years.

Bodhisattva Maitreya, Gandhara (3rd century), Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Prince Siddhartha shaves his hair and becomes a sramana. Borobudur, 8th century

Traffic Police personnel manually direct traffic at the busiest roads and junctions.

Sermon in the Deer Park depicted at Wat Chedi Liam, near Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand.

The gilded "Emaciated Buddha statue" in Wat Suthat in Bangkok representing the stage of his asceticism

Buddhist monks collect alms in Si Phan Don, Laos. Giving is a key virtue in Buddhism.

The Mahabodhi Tree at the Sri Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya

Nepal is one of the major contributors to UN peacekeeping missions.

An ordination ceremony at Wat Yannawa in Bangkok. The Vinaya codes regulate the various sangha acts, including ordination.

The Enlightenment Throne of the Buddha at Bodh Gaya, as recreated by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE.

The multipurpose Kukri knife (top) is the signature weapon of the Nepali armed forces, and is used by the Gurkhas, Nepal Army, Police and even security guards.

Living at the root of a tree (trukkhamulik'anga) is one of the dhutaṅgas, a series of optional ascetic practices for Buddhist monastics.

Miracle of the Buddha walking on the River Nairañjanā. The Buddha is not visible (aniconism), only represented by a path on the water, and his empty throne bottom right. Sanchi.

A proportional representation of Nepal exports, 2019

Kōdō Sawaki practicing Zazen ("sitting dhyana")

Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath, India, site of the first teaching of the Buddha in which he taught the Four Noble Truths to his first five disciples

Real GPD per capita development of Nepal

Seated Buddha, Gal Viharaya, Polonnawura, Sri Lanka.

The chief disciples of the Buddha, Mogallana (chief in psychic power) and Sariputta (chief in wisdom).

Tourists view a greater one-horned rhinoceros from an elephant in Chitwan National Park.

Kamakura Daibutsu, Kōtoku-in, Kamakura, Japan.

The remains of a section of Jetavana Monastery, just outside of ancient Savatthi, in Uttar Pradesh.

While adults are employed in slavery-like conditions abroad, hundreds of thousands of children in the country are employed as child labour (not including the agricultural sector).

Statue of Buddha in Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat, Phitsanulok, Thailand

Mahāprajāpatī, the first bhikkuni and Buddha's stepmother, ordains

Middle Marsyangdi Hydroelectric Dam. Nepal has significant potential to generate hydropower, which it plans to export across South Asia.

An 18th century Mongolian miniature which depicts the generation of the Vairocana Mandala

This East Javanese relief depicts the Buddha in his final days, and Ānanda, his chief attendant.

A section of the Northern wall mural at the Lukhang Temple depicting tummo, the three channels (nadis) and phowa

Mahaparinirvana, Gandhara, 3rd or 4th century CE, gray schist

Historical development of life expectancy in Nepal

Mahaparinibbana scene, from the Ajanta caves

Tibetan Buddhist prostration practice at Jokhang, Tibet.

Buddha's cremation stupa, Kushinagar (Kushinara).

Bhanubhakta Acharya, Nepali writer who translated the ancient Hindu epic Ramayana in the Nepali language

Vegetarian meal at Buddhist temple. East Asian Buddhism tends to promote vegetarianism.

Piprahwa vase with relics of the Buddha. The inscription reads: ...salilanidhane Budhasa Bhagavate... (Brahmi script: ...𑀲𑀮𑀺𑀮𑀦𑀺𑀥𑀸𑀦𑁂 𑀩𑀼𑀥𑀲 𑀪𑀕𑀯𑀢𑁂...) "Relics of the Buddha Lord".

A Nepali man in Daura-Suruwal, coat and Dhaka topi, displays the bhoto during the Bhoto Jatra festival.

A depiction of the supposed First Buddhist council at Rajgir. Communal recitation was one of the original ways of transmitting and preserving Early Buddhist texts.

The Bodhisattva meets with Alara Kalama, Borobudur relief.

A dal-bhat thali with boiled rice, lentil soup, fried leafy greens, vegetable curry, yoghurt, papad and vegetable salad

Gandhara birchbark scroll fragments (c. 1st century) from British Library Collection

Gandharan Buddhist birchbark scroll fragments

The Tripiṭaka Koreana in South Korea, an edition of the Chinese Buddhist canon carved and preserved in over 81,000 wood printing blocks

Buddha meets a Brahmin, at the Indian Museum, Kolkata

Buddhist monk Geshe Konchog Wangdu reads Mahayana sutras from an old woodblock copy of the Tibetan Kanjur.

Schist Buddha statue with the famed Ye Dharma Hetu dhāraṇī around the head, which was used as a common summary of Dependent Origination. It states: "Of those experiences that arise from a cause, The Tathāgata has said: 'this is their cause, And this is their cessation': This is what the Great Śramaṇa teaches."

Nepali children playing a variant of knucklebones, with pebbles

Mahākāśyapa meets an Ājīvika ascetic, one of the common Śramaṇa groups in ancient India

Gandharan sculpture depicting the Buddha in the full lotus seated meditation posture, 2nd-3rd century CE

Nepali cricket fans are renowned for an exceptionally enthusiastic support of their national team.

Ajanta Caves, Cave 10, a first period type chaitya worship hall with stupa but no idols.

Buddha Statues from Gal Vihara. The Early Buddhist texts also mention meditation practice while standing and lying down.

"Nēpāla" in the late Brahmi script, in the Allahabad Pillar inscription of Samudragupta (350-375 CE).

Sanchi Stupa No. 3, near Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh, India.

The Buddha on a coin of Kushan ruler Kanishka I, c. 130 CE.

Map of the Buddhist missions during the reign of Ashoka according to the Edicts of Ashoka.

Buddhist monks from Nepal. According to the earliest sources, the Buddha looked like a typical shaved man from northeast India.

Extent of Buddhism and trade routes in the 1st century CE.

A Buddhist triad depicting, left to right, a Kushan, the future buddha Maitreya, Gautama Buddha, the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara, and a monk. Second–third century. Guimet Museum

A Royal Couple Visits the Buddha, from railing of the Bharhut Stupa, Shunga dynasty, early 2nd century BC.

Site of Nalanda University, a great center of Mahāyāna thought

Adoration of the Diamond Throne and the Bodhi Tree, Bharhut.

Vajrayana adopted deities such as Bhairava, known as Yamantaka in Tibetan Buddhism.

Descent of the Buddha from the Trayastrimsa Heaven, Sanchi Stupa No. 1.

Angkor Thom build by Khmer King Jayavarman VII (c. 1120–1218).

The Buddha's Miracle at Kapilavastu, Sanchi Stupa 1.

Distribution of major Buddhist traditions

Bimbisara visiting the Buddha (represented as empty throne) at the Bamboo garden in Rajagriha

Buddhists of various traditions, Yeunten Ling Tibetan Institute

The great departure with riderless horse, Amaravati, 2nd century CE.

Monastics and white clad laypersons celebrate Vesak, Vipassakna Dhaurak, Cambodia

The Assault of Mara, Amaravati, 2nd century CE.

Chinese Buddhist monks performing a formal ceremony in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.

Isapur Buddha, one of the earliest physical depictions of the Buddha, c. 15 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE – 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |pages=199–206, 204 for the exact date |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA204}}</ref> Art of Mathura

Tibetan Buddhists practicing Chöd with various ritual implements, such as the Damaru drum, hand-bell, and Kangling (thighbone trumpet).

The Buddha attended by Indra at Indrasala Cave, Mathura 50-100 CE.

Ruins of a temple at the Erdene Zuu Monastery complex in Mongolia.

Buddha Preaching in Tushita Heaven. Amaravati, Satavahana period, 2d century CE. Indian Museum, Calcutta.

1893 World Parliament of Religions in Chicago

Gandharan Buddha with Vajrapani-Herakles.

Interior of the Thai Buddhist wat in Nukari, Nurmijärvi, Finland

Percentage of Buddhists by country, according to the Pew Research Center, as of 2010

A painting by G. B. Hooijer (c. 1916–1919) reconstructing a scene of Borobudur, the largest Buddhist temple in the world.

Birth of the Buddha, Kushan dynasty, late 2nd to early 3rd century CE.

Frontispiece of the Chinese Diamond Sūtra, the oldest known dated printed book in the world

The Infant Buddha Taking A Bath, Gandhara 2nd century CE.

The Dharmachakra, a sacred symbol which represents Buddhism and its traditions.

An image of a lantern used in the Vesak Festival, which celebrates the birth, enlightenment and Parinirvana of Gautama Buddha.

Sarnath standing Buddha, 5th century CE.

Chinese Stele with Sakyamuni and Bodhisattvas, Wei period, 536 CE.

The Shakyamuni Daibutsu Bronze, c. 609, Nara, Japan.

Amaravati style Buddha of Srivijaya period, Palembang, Indonesia, 7th century.

Korean Seokguram Cave Buddha, c. 774 CE.

Seated Buddha Vairocana flanked by Avalokiteshvara and Vajrapani of Mendut temple, Central Java, Indonesia, early 9th century.

Buddha in the exposed stupa of Borobudur mandala, Central Java, Indonesia, c. 825.

Vairocana Buddha of Srivijaya style, Southern Thailand, 9th century.

Seated Buddha, Japan, Heian period, 9th－10th century.

Cambodian Buddha with Mucalinda Nāga, c. 1100 CE, Banteay Chhmar, Cambodia

Sakyamuni, Lao Tzu, and Confucius, c. from 1368 until 1644.

Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes, Tibetan, 19th century

Gautama statue, Shanyuan Temple, Liaoning Province, China.

Burmese style Buddha, Shwedagon pagoda, Yangon.

Large Gautama Buddha statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla.

Buddhism, also known as Dharmavinaya — "doctrines and disciplines" — and Buddha Dharma, is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on a series of original teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha.

- Buddhism

He was the founder of Buddhism and is revered by Buddhists as a fully enlightened being who taught a path to Nirvana (lit.

- Gautama Buddha

The sacred fig is considered to have a religious significance in three major religions that originated on the Indian subcontinent, Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.

- Ficus religiosa

According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha was born in Lumbini in what is now Nepal, to highborn parents of the Shakya clan, but abandoned his family to live as a wandering ascetic.

- Gautama Buddha

This is the tree under which Gautama Buddha is believed to have attained enlightenment.

- Ficus religiosa

In the middle of the first millennium BC, Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, was born in Lumbini in southern Nepal.

- Nepal

Ficus religiosa is native to most of the Indian subcontinent – Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan and India including the Assam region, Eastern Himalaya and the Nicobar Islands, as well as part of Indochina – the Andaman Islands, Thailand, Myanmar and Peninsular Malaysia.

- Ficus religiosa

The evidence of the early texts suggests that Siddhartha Gautama was born in Lumbini, present-day Nepal and grew up in Kapilavastu, a town in the Ganges Plain, near the modern Nepal–India border, and that he spent his life in what is now modern Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

- Buddhism

He famously sat in meditation under a Ficus religiosa tree — now called the Bodhi Tree — in the town of Bodh Gaya and attained "Awakening" (Bodhi).

- Buddhism

This event was said to have occurred under a pipal tree—known as "the Bodhi tree"—in Bodh Gaya, Bihar.

- Gautama Buddha

Among the notable trees, are the astringent Azadirachta indica, or neem, which is widely used in traditional herbal medicine, and the luxuriant Ficus religiosa, or peepal, which is displayed on the ancient seals of Mohenjo-daro, and under which Gautam Buddha is recorded in the Pali canon to have sought enlightenment.

- Nepal

A report on Buddhism, Gautama Buddha, Ficus religiosa and Nepal

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