A report on Gautama Buddha, Buddhism, Pāli Canon and Nepal

Statue of Gautama Buddha, preaching his first sermon at Sarnath; B(b) 181, Archaeological Museum Sarnath, Gupta period, ca. 475 CE.

Ancient kingdoms and cities of India during the time of the Buddha (circa 500 BCE) – modern-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan

Seated Buddha from Tapa Shotor monastery in Hadda, Afghanistan, 2nd century CE

The gilded "Emaciated Buddha statue" in an Ubosoth in Bangkok representing the stage of his asceticism

In pre-modern times the Pali Canon was not published in book form, but written on thin slices of wood (Palm-leaf manuscript or Bamboo). The leaves are kept on top of each other by thin sticks and the scripture is covered in cloth and kept in a box.

Ancient kingdoms and cities of India during the time of the Buddha (c. 500 BCE)

Enlightenment of Buddha, Kushan dynasty, late 2nd to early 3rd century CE, Gandhara.

Burmese-Pali manuscript copy of the Buddhist text Mahaniddesa, showing three different types of Burmese script, (top) medium square, (centre) round and (bottom) outline round in red lacquer from the inside of one of the gilded covers

Inscription "The illumination of the Blessed Sakamuni" (Brahmi script: 𑀪𑀕𑀯𑀢𑁄 𑀲𑀓𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀺𑀦𑁄 𑀩𑁄𑀥𑁄, Bhagavato Sakamunino Bodho) on a relief showing the "empty" Illumination Throne of the Buddha in the early Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya. Bharhut, c. 100 BCE.

The Buddha teaching the Four Noble Truths. Sanskrit manuscript. Nalanda, Bihar, India.

Mount Everest, the highest peak on earth, lies on the Nepal–China border.

One of the earliest anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha, here surrounded by Brahma (left) and Śakra (right). Bimaran Casket, mid-1st century CE, British Museum.

Traditional Tibetan Buddhist Thangka depicting the Wheel of Life with its six realms

Māyā miraculously giving birth to Siddhārtha. Sanskrit, palm-leaf manuscript. Nālandā, Bihar, India. Pāla period

Ramabhar Stupa in Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India is regionally believed to be Buddha's cremation site.

This land cover map of Nepal using Landsat 30 m (2010) data shows forest cover as the dominant type of land cover in Nepal.

The legendary Jataka collections depict the Buddha-to-be in a previous life prostrating before the past Buddha Dipankara, making a resolve to be a Buddha, and receiving a prediction of future Buddhahood.

An aniconic depiction of the Buddha's spiritual liberation (moksha) or awakening (bodhi), at Sanchi. The Buddha is not depicted, only symbolized by the Bodhi tree and the empty seat.

The greater one-horned rhinoceros roams the sub-tropical grasslands of the Terai plains.

Map showing Lumbini and other major Buddhist sites in India. Lumbini (present-day Nepal), is the birthplace of the Buddha, and is a holy place also for many non-Buddhists.

Dharma Wheel and triratna symbols from Sanchi Stupa number 2.

The Himalayan monal (Danphe), the national bird of Nepal, nests high in the Himalayas.

The Lumbini pillar contains an inscription stating that this is the Buddha's birthplace

Buddhist monks and nuns praying in the Buddha Tooth Relic Temple of Singapore

B.P. Koirala led the 1951 revolution, became the first democratically elected Prime Minister, and after being deposed and imprisoned in 1961, spent the rest of his life fighting for democracy.

The "Great Departure" of Siddhartha Gautama, surrounded by a halo, he is accompanied by numerous guards and devata who have come to pay homage; Gandhara, Kushan period

A depiction of Siddhartha Gautama in a previous life prostrating before the past Buddha Dipankara. After making a resolve to be a Buddha, and receiving a prediction of future Buddhahood, he becomes a "bodhisattva".

Nepal has made progress with regard to minority rights in recent years.

Prince Siddhartha shaves his hair and becomes a sramana. Borobudur, 8th century

Bodhisattva Maitreya, Gandhara (3rd century), Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Traffic Police personnel manually direct traffic at the busiest roads and junctions.

The gilded "Emaciated Buddha statue" in Wat Suthat in Bangkok representing the stage of his asceticism

Sermon in the Deer Park depicted at Wat Chedi Liam, near Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand.

The Mahabodhi Tree at the Sri Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya

Buddhist monks collect alms in Si Phan Don, Laos. Giving is a key virtue in Buddhism.

Nepal is one of the major contributors to UN peacekeeping missions.

The Enlightenment Throne of the Buddha at Bodh Gaya, as recreated by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE.

An ordination ceremony at Wat Yannawa in Bangkok. The Vinaya codes regulate the various sangha acts, including ordination.

The multipurpose Kukri knife (top) is the signature weapon of the Nepali armed forces, and is used by the Gurkhas, Nepal Army, Police and even security guards.

Miracle of the Buddha walking on the River Nairañjanā. The Buddha is not visible (aniconism), only represented by a path on the water, and his empty throne bottom right. Sanchi.

Living at the root of a tree (trukkhamulik'anga) is one of the dhutaṅgas, a series of optional ascetic practices for Buddhist monastics.

A proportional representation of Nepal exports, 2019

Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath, India, site of the first teaching of the Buddha in which he taught the Four Noble Truths to his first five disciples

Kōdō Sawaki practicing Zazen ("sitting dhyana")

Real GPD per capita development of Nepal

The chief disciples of the Buddha, Mogallana (chief in psychic power) and Sariputta (chief in wisdom).

Seated Buddha, Gal Viharaya, Polonnawura, Sri Lanka.

Tourists view a greater one-horned rhinoceros from an elephant in Chitwan National Park.

The remains of a section of Jetavana Monastery, just outside of ancient Savatthi, in Uttar Pradesh.

Kamakura Daibutsu, Kōtoku-in, Kamakura, Japan.

While adults are employed in slavery-like conditions abroad, hundreds of thousands of children in the country are employed as child labour (not including the agricultural sector).

Mahāprajāpatī, the first bhikkuni and Buddha's stepmother, ordains

Statue of Buddha in Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat, Phitsanulok, Thailand

Middle Marsyangdi Hydroelectric Dam. Nepal has significant potential to generate hydropower, which it plans to export across South Asia.

This East Javanese relief depicts the Buddha in his final days, and Ānanda, his chief attendant.

An 18th century Mongolian miniature which depicts the generation of the Vairocana Mandala

Mahaparinirvana, Gandhara, 3rd or 4th century CE, gray schist

A section of the Northern wall mural at the Lukhang Temple depicting tummo, the three channels (nadis) and phowa

Historical development of life expectancy in Nepal

Mahaparinibbana scene, from the Ajanta caves

Buddha's cremation stupa, Kushinagar (Kushinara).

Tibetan Buddhist prostration practice at Jokhang, Tibet.

Bhanubhakta Acharya, Nepali writer who translated the ancient Hindu epic Ramayana in the Nepali language

Piprahwa vase with relics of the Buddha. The inscription reads: ...salilanidhane Budhasa Bhagavate... (Brahmi script: ...𑀲𑀮𑀺𑀮𑀦𑀺𑀥𑀸𑀦𑁂 𑀩𑀼𑀥𑀲 𑀪𑀕𑀯𑀢𑁂...) "Relics of the Buddha Lord".

Vegetarian meal at Buddhist temple. East Asian Buddhism tends to promote vegetarianism.

A Nepali man in Daura-Suruwal, coat and Dhaka topi, displays the bhoto during the Bhoto Jatra festival.

The Bodhisattva meets with Alara Kalama, Borobudur relief.

A depiction of the supposed First Buddhist council at Rajgir. Communal recitation was one of the original ways of transmitting and preserving Early Buddhist texts.

A dal-bhat thali with boiled rice, lentil soup, fried leafy greens, vegetable curry, yoghurt, papad and vegetable salad

Gandharan Buddhist birchbark scroll fragments

Gandhara birchbark scroll fragments (c. 1st century) from British Library Collection

Buddha meets a Brahmin, at the Indian Museum, Kolkata

The Tripiṭaka Koreana in South Korea, an edition of the Chinese Buddhist canon carved and preserved in over 81,000 wood printing blocks

Schist Buddha statue with the famed Ye Dharma Hetu dhāraṇī around the head, which was used as a common summary of Dependent Origination. It states: "Of those experiences that arise from a cause, The Tathāgata has said: 'this is their cause, And this is their cessation': This is what the Great Śramaṇa teaches."

Buddhist monk Geshe Konchog Wangdu reads Mahayana sutras from an old woodblock copy of the Tibetan Kanjur.

Nepali children playing a variant of knucklebones, with pebbles

Gandharan sculpture depicting the Buddha in the full lotus seated meditation posture, 2nd-3rd century CE

Mahākāśyapa meets an Ājīvika ascetic, one of the common Śramaṇa groups in ancient India

Nepali cricket fans are renowned for an exceptionally enthusiastic support of their national team.

Buddha Statues from Gal Vihara. The Early Buddhist texts also mention meditation practice while standing and lying down.

Ajanta Caves, Cave 10, a first period type chaitya worship hall with stupa but no idols.

"Nēpāla" in the late Brahmi script, in the Allahabad Pillar inscription of Samudragupta (350-375 CE).

The Buddha on a coin of Kushan ruler Kanishka I, c. 130 CE.

Sanchi Stupa No. 3, near Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Buddhist monks from Nepal. According to the earliest sources, the Buddha looked like a typical shaved man from northeast India.

Map of the Buddhist missions during the reign of Ashoka according to the Edicts of Ashoka.

Extent of Buddhism and trade routes in the 1st century CE.

A Royal Couple Visits the Buddha, from railing of the Bharhut Stupa, Shunga dynasty, early 2nd century BC.

A Buddhist triad depicting, left to right, a Kushan, the future buddha Maitreya, Gautama Buddha, the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara, and a monk. Second–third century. Guimet Museum

Adoration of the Diamond Throne and the Bodhi Tree, Bharhut.

Site of Nalanda University, a great center of Mahāyāna thought

Descent of the Buddha from the Trayastrimsa Heaven, Sanchi Stupa No. 1.

Vajrayana adopted deities such as Bhairava, known as Yamantaka in Tibetan Buddhism.

The Buddha's Miracle at Kapilavastu, Sanchi Stupa 1.

Angkor Thom build by Khmer King Jayavarman VII (c. 1120–1218).

Bimbisara visiting the Buddha (represented as empty throne) at the Bamboo garden in Rajagriha

Distribution of major Buddhist traditions

The great departure with riderless horse, Amaravati, 2nd century CE.

Buddhists of various traditions, Yeunten Ling Tibetan Institute

The Assault of Mara, Amaravati, 2nd century CE.

Monastics and white clad laypersons celebrate Vesak, Vipassakna Dhaurak, Cambodia

Isapur Buddha, one of the earliest physical depictions of the Buddha, c. 15 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE – 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |pages=199–206, 204 for the exact date |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA204}}</ref> Art of Mathura

Chinese Buddhist monks performing a formal ceremony in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.

The Buddha attended by Indra at Indrasala Cave, Mathura 50-100 CE.

Tibetan Buddhists practicing Chöd with various ritual implements, such as the Damaru drum, hand-bell, and Kangling (thighbone trumpet).

Buddha Preaching in Tushita Heaven. Amaravati, Satavahana period, 2d century CE. Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Ruins of a temple at the Erdene Zuu Monastery complex in Mongolia.

Gandharan Buddha with Vajrapani-Herakles.

1893 World Parliament of Religions in Chicago

Interior of the Thai Buddhist wat in Nukari, Nurmijärvi, Finland

Percentage of Buddhists by country, according to the Pew Research Center, as of 2010

Birth of the Buddha, Kushan dynasty, late 2nd to early 3rd century CE.

A painting by G. B. Hooijer (c. 1916–1919) reconstructing a scene of Borobudur, the largest Buddhist temple in the world.

The Infant Buddha Taking A Bath, Gandhara 2nd century CE.

Frontispiece of the Chinese Diamond Sūtra, the oldest known dated printed book in the world

The Dharmachakra, a sacred symbol which represents Buddhism and its traditions.

An image of a lantern used in the Vesak Festival, which celebrates the birth, enlightenment and Parinirvana of Gautama Buddha.

Sarnath standing Buddha, 5th century CE.

Chinese Stele with Sakyamuni and Bodhisattvas, Wei period, 536 CE.

The Shakyamuni Daibutsu Bronze, c. 609, Nara, Japan.

Amaravati style Buddha of Srivijaya period, Palembang, Indonesia, 7th century.

Korean Seokguram Cave Buddha, c. 774 CE.

Seated Buddha Vairocana flanked by Avalokiteshvara and Vajrapani of Mendut temple, Central Java, Indonesia, early 9th century.

Buddha in the exposed stupa of Borobudur mandala, Central Java, Indonesia, c. 825.

Vairocana Buddha of Srivijaya style, Southern Thailand, 9th century.

Seated Buddha, Japan, Heian period, 9th－10th century.

Cambodian Buddha with Mucalinda Nāga, c. 1100 CE, Banteay Chhmar, Cambodia

Sakyamuni, Lao Tzu, and Confucius, c. from 1368 until 1644.

Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes, Tibetan, 19th century

Gautama statue, Shanyuan Temple, Liaoning Province, China.

Burmese style Buddha, Shwedagon pagoda, Yangon.

Large Gautama Buddha statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla.

Buddhism, also known as Dharmavinaya — "doctrines and disciplines" — and Buddha Dharma, is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on a series of original teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha.

- Buddhism

The Pāli Canon is the standard collection of scriptures in the Theravada Buddhist tradition, as preserved in the Pāli language.

- Pāli Canon

He was the founder of Buddhism and is revered by Buddhists as a fully enlightened being who taught a path to Nirvana (lit.

- Gautama Buddha

According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha was born in Lumbini in what is now Nepal, to highborn parents of the Shakya clan, but abandoned his family to live as a wandering ascetic.

- Gautama Buddha

During the First Buddhist Council, thirty years after the parinibbana of Gautama Buddha in Rajgir, Ananda recited the Sutta Pitaka, and Upali recited the Vinaya Pitaka.

- Pāli Canon

In the middle of the first millennium BC, Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, was born in Lumbini in southern Nepal.

- Nepal

The Pali Canon also contains numerous other titles and epithets for the Buddha, including: All-seeing, All-transcending sage, Bull among men, The Caravan leader, Dispeller of darkness, The Eye, Foremost of charioteers, Foremost of those who can cross, King of the Dharma (Dharmaraja), Kinsman of the Sun, Helper of the World (Lokanatha), Lion (Siha), Lord of the Dhamma, Of excellent wisdom (Varapañña), Radiant One, Torchbearer of mankind, Unsurpassed doctor and surgeon, Victor in battle, and Wielder of power.

- Gautama Buddha

The evidence of the early texts suggests that Siddhartha Gautama was born in Lumbini, present-day Nepal and grew up in Kapilavastu, a town in the Ganges Plain, near the modern Nepal–India border, and that he spent his life in what is now modern Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

- Buddhism

Apart from brief quotations in inscriptions and a two-page fragment from the eighth or ninth century found in Nepal, the oldest manuscripts known are from late in the fifteenth century, and there is not very much from before the eighteenth.

- Pāli Canon

Among the notable trees, are the astringent Azadirachta indica, or neem, which is widely used in traditional herbal medicine, and the luxuriant Ficus religiosa, or peepal, which is displayed on the ancient seals of Mohenjo-daro, and under which Gautam Buddha is recorded in the Pali canon to have sought enlightenment.

- Nepal

The Pali Canon recommends one to compare oneself with others, and on the basis of that, not to hurt others.

- Buddhism

A report on Gautama Buddha, Buddhism, Pāli Canon and Nepal

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