A report on Lima, Köppen climate classification, Buenos Aires and Madrid

"The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Peru" created in 1590 by Guamán Poma and Martín de Murúa. (J. Paul Getty Museum).

Our Lady of Buen Aire in front of the National Migration Department

A section of the Muslim Walls of Madrid. For a list of all the walls, see: Walls of Madrid.

The colonial Lima's coat of arms official since 7 December 1537.

Juan de Garay founding Buenos Aires in 1580. The initial settlement, founded by Pedro de Mendoza, had been abandoned since 1542.

View of Madrid from the west, facing the Puerta de la Vega. Drawing by Anton van den Wyngaerde, 1562

Pachacámac, built 3,000 years ago, was one of the most important pre-Columbian centres of pilgrimage on the Peruvian Coast.

Aldus verthoont hem de stadt Buenos Ayrros geleegen in Rio de la Plata, painting by a Dutch sailor who anchored at the port around 1628.

Baths in the Manzanares in the place of Molino Quemado (detail), by Félix Castello (c. 1634–1637)

"The City of the Kings of Lima, royal high court, principal city of the kingdom of the Indies, residence of the viceroy, and archbishopric of the church", painting of 1615 by the Inca painter Guamán Poma. Royal Library, Denmark.

Emeric Essex Vidal, General view of Buenos Ayres from the Plaza de Toros, 1820. In this area now lies the Plaza San Martín.

View of Calle de Alcalá in 1750 by Antonio Joli

Renaissance Lima Metropolitan Cathedral, built between 1602 and 1797.

Impression of the Buenos Aires Cathedral by Carlos Pellegrini, 1829.

The Second of May 1808 by Francisco de Goya

Baroque Basilica of San Francisco, built between 1657 and 1672.

José de San Martín during the Declaration of Independence of Peru in the Plaza Mayor de Lima, on July 28, 1821.

Construction of the Obelisk of Buenos Aires on the 9 de Julio Avenue, 1936.

People seeking refuge in the metro during the unsuccessful Francoist bombings (1936–1937) over Madrid during the Spanish Civil War

Lima as seen from the International Space Station

Catalinas Norte is an important business complex composed of nineteen commercial office buildings and occupied by numerous leading Argentine companies, foreign subsidiaries, and diplomatic offices. It is located in the Retiro and San Nicolás neighborhoods.

2011 Anti-austerity protests in the Puerta del Sol

Satellite view of the Greater Buenos Aires area, and the Río de la Plata.

Madrid as seen by the Sentinel-2 satellite in October 2020

Heavy rain and thunderstorm in Plaza San Martin. Thunderstorms are usual during the summer.

Municipal police agents from the 2018 promotion

The Buenos Aires City Hall in the right corner of the entrance to the Avenida de Mayo

Metropolitan Police of Buenos Aires City

Royal Palace of Madrid built in the 18th century.

Market in the Plaza of the Inquisition (Lima) by Johann Moritz Rugendas, ca. 1843.

The Immigrants' Hotel, constructed in 1906, received and assisted the thousands of immigrants arriving to the city. The hotel is now a National Museum.

Pueblos jóvenes on the outskirts of Lima in 2015. Today, many of them are consolidated.

Villa 31, a villa miseria in Buenos Aires

The Metropolitan Cathedral is the main Catholic church in the city.

The Buenos Aires Stock Exchange, the main stock exchange and financial center of Argentina.

The Temple of Debod, an ancient Egyptian temple dismantled and rebuilt in the Parque del Oeste.

The Catacombs of the Basilica of San Francisco was the Old cemetery of the city during all the colonial times, until 1810. It contain bones of some 70,000 colonial people.

Headquarters of the National Bank of Argentina, the national bank and the largest in the country's banking sector.

Huaca Pucllana, pre-Columbian archaeological site located in the district of Miraflores.

Buenos Aires Bus, the city's tourist bus service. The official estimate is that the bus carries between 700 and 800 passengers per day, and has carried half a million passengers since its opening.

The Campo del Moro gardens near the Royal Palace

The Rococo Casa de Osambela completed in 1805.

Monument to the Carta Magna and Four Regions of Argentina in the neighborhood of Palermo

The Manzanares flowing through the Monte de El Pardo.

Balconies were a common colonial architectural feature in the historic center. In the image the Palacio de Torre Tagle completed in 1735.

The Centro Cultural Kirchner (Kirchner Cultural Center), located at the former Central Post Office, is the largest of Latin America.

Mount of El Pardo and Soto de Viñuelas inside the city of Madrid

Homage to Buenos Aires, a mural located at the Carlos Gardel station of the Buenos Aires Underground. It represents a typical scene from the city and several of its icons, such as singer Carlos Gardel, the Obelisco, the port, tango dancing and the Abasto market.

Rococo Basilica of Santo Domingo, built between 1678 and 1766. It holds the tombs of the saints Rose of Lima, Martín de Porres and John Macias.

Northern Lima
Southern Lima
Eastern Lima

Colonial Casona and Chapel of the National University of San Marcos, it is the second oldest university in the Americas.

The interior of El Ateneo Grand Splendid, a celebrated bookstore located in the barrio of Recoleta.

Edificio Ministerio de Educación (Ministry of Education), San Borja.

Tango dancers during the World tango dance tournament.

Mercamadrid facilities in South-Eastern Madrid

Building works of Caleido in August 2018

Sistema Integrado de Transporte Bus System in Arequipa Avenue (Route 301)

A screening at Parque Centenario, as part of the 2011 edition of BAFICI

Madrid de los Austrias. It is the part of Madrid with the most buildings of the Habsburg-period.

A fashion show at the Planetarium in 2013, as part of BAFWEEK.

Set of La 1's newscast services, Telediario.

View of Bolívar Street facing the Cabildo and Diagonal Norte, on Buenos Aires' historical center. The city's characteristic convergence of diverse architectural styles can be seen, including Spanish Colonial, Beaux-Arts and modernist architecture.

Las Meninas, by Diego de Velázquez, 1656 (Prado Museum)

Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires, a public high school in Buenos Aires, and it is one of the most prestigious in Argentina and Latin America.

The Lady of Elche, an iconic item exhibited at the National Archaeological Museum

Francisco Pizarro and Diego Almagro portrayed in 1615 by the Inca painter Guamán Poma. Royal Library, Denmark. <ref>{{cite book|url=http://www5.kb.dk/permalink/2006/poma/44/en/text/?open=idm46287306358272|title=Nueva corónica y buen gobierno|page=17|year=1615|author=Guamán Poma|website=Royal Library, Denmark website}}</ref>

University of Buenos Aires' Law School in Recoleta

Facsimile of the Madrid Codex exhibited at the Museum of the Americas

Captain Luis de Ávalos de Ayala kills Manco Inca Yupanqui in the conquest of Lima. Chronicle made in 1615 by the Inca painter Guamán Poma. Royal Library, Denmark. <ref>{{cite book|url=http://www5.kb.dk/permalink/2006/poma/394/en/text/?open=idm46287306144304|title=Nueva corónica y buen gobierno|page=157|author=Guamán Poma|year=1615|website=Royal Library, Denmark website}}</ref>

Chalcography for an edition of Francisco de Quevedo's El Parnaso Español (1648)

View of Lima and the Tapada limeña (a colonial women fashion) in a painting of 1842 by d'Orbigny and Benoît. Museum of the Americas, Spain. <ref>{{cite book|url=https://bvpb.mcu.es/es/consulta/registro.do?id=469709|website=Virtual Library of Bibliographic Heritage (Spain) site|title=Viaje pintoresco a las dos Américas, Asia y África : resúmen jeneral de todos los viajes y descubrimientos de... (1842)|series=Viaje pintoresco alrededor del mundo, a las dos Américas, Asia y Africa,4-6|year=1842|publisher=Imprenta y libreria de Juan Oliveres}}</ref>

Portrait of Benito Pérez Galdós, by Joaquín Sorolla, 1894

Lima as seem from the Rímac District, painting of 1850 by Batta Molinelli.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/juanluisorrego/2010/04/09/la-flora-de-lima-introduccion/|title=La flora de Lima: introducción|date=9 April 2010|author=Juan Luis Orrego Penagos|publisher=Pontifical Catholic University of Peru}}</ref>

A Mitre Line Trenes Argentinos train in Retiro railway station

Interior of the National Library of Spain

Colonial Calle de los Judíos (Jewish quarter) (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co. University of Chicago Library.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhpEAQAAMAAJ&dq=Lima+or+Sketches+of+the+Capital+of+Peru%2C+Historical%2C+Statistical%2C+Administrative%2C+Commercial+and+Moral+Paris%3A+Firmin+Didot%2C+Brothers%2C+Son&pg=PP13|title=Lima or Sketches of the Capital of Peru, Historical, Statistical, Administrative, Commercial and Moral|author1=Manuel A. Fuentes|author2=Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co.|year=1866|location=University of Chicago Library}}</ref>

Map of the Greater Buenos Aires Commuter Rail Network

Colonial Calles de la Oca and de Bodegones (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co. University of Chicago Library.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhpEAQAAMAAJ&dq=Lima+or+Sketches+of+the+Capital+of+Peru%2C+Historical%2C+Statistical%2C+Administrative%2C+Commercial+and+Moral+Paris%3A+Firmin+Didot%2C+Brothers%2C+Son&pg=PP13|title=Lima or Sketches of the Capital of Peru, Historical, Statistical, Administrative, Commercial and Moral|author1=Manuel A. Fuentes|author2=Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co.|year=1866|location=University of Chicago Library}}</ref>

Puente de Piedra Bridge, the former Arco del Puente Gate and the Walls of Lima in 1878 by El Viajero Ilustrado. Old Fund of the University of Seville.<ref>{{cite web|title=Puente De Piedra, Lima|website=Old Fund of the University of Seville|url=https://www.flickr.com/people/37667416@N04}}</ref>

200 Series rolling stock at San José de Flores station, Buenos Aires Underground.

Festivities of San Isidro Labrador in the pradera, 2007.

The Museo de la Nación houses thousands of artifacts spanning the entire span of human occupation in Peru.

High heels race in WorldPride Madrid 2017

Museum of Italian Art It's the only European arts museum in Peru, under the administration of the National Culture Institute.

People in costumes during the proclamation (pregón) of the 2013 Carnival

Larco Museum is a privately owned museum of pre-Columbian art that is housed in an 18th-century vice-royal building built over a 7th-century pre-Columbian pyramid.

Buquebus high-speed ferries connect Buenos Aires to Uruguay

National Museum of the Archaeology, Anthropology, and History of Peru is the largest and oldest museum in Peru.

Campo Argentino de Polo, home of the Argentine Open Polo Championship, the most important global event of this discipline

The Madrid Derby at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium

Plaza de toros de Acho, the plaza is classified as a national historic monument. It is the oldest bullring in the Americas.

La Bombonera during a night game of Copa Libertadores between Boca Juniors v. Colo Colo.

2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup Final at the Palacio de Deportes

Estadio Nacional of Peru Its current capacity is 40,000 seats as stated by the Peruvian Football Federation.

2009 Madrid Open Women's Final at the Caja Mágica

Estadio Monumental "U" It is the highest capacity soccer stadium in South America and one of the largest in the world.

The rectorate of the Complutense University of Madrid

School of Mines, Technical University of Madrid

Campo de Marte is one of the largest parks in the metropolitan area of Lima.

The M-607 meets the M-30 north of the municipality.

The network of high capacity roads in Spain features its most important node in Madrid.

AVE rolling stock at the Madrid Atocha station

Interior of the terminal 4 (T4) of the Madrid–Barajas Airport.

During most of the 17th century, Spanish ships were menaced by pirates, so they developed a complex system where ships with military protection were dispatched to Central America in a convoy from Seville (the only port allowed to trade with the colonies) to Lima, Peru, and from it to the inner cities of the viceroyalty.

- Buenos Aires

The 1687 earthquake marked a turning point in the history of Lima, since it coincided with a recession in trade due to economic competition with other cities such as Buenos Aires.

- Lima

Lima's proximity to the waters of the Pacific Ocean leads to intense maritime moderation of the temperatures, thereby making the climate much milder than those to be expected for a tropical desert, and thus Lima can be classified as a desert climate (Köppen: BWh) with subtropical temperature ranges.

- Lima

Madrid has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa) with continental influences in the western half of the city transitioning to a semi-arid climate (BSk) in the eastern half.

- Madrid

Under the Köppen climate classification, Buenos Aires has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with four distinct seasons.

- Buenos Aires

Lima, Peru (BWh)

- Köppen climate classification

Madrid, Spain (Csa, bordering on BSk)

- Köppen climate classification

Buenos Aires architecture is characterized by its eclectic nature, with elements resembling Paris and Madrid.

- Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires, Argentina (Cfa)

- Köppen climate classification

Madrid, Spain

- Lima

Buenos Aires, Argentina

- Madrid

Lima, Peru

- Madrid

4 related topics with Alpha

Asunción

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Capital and the largest city of Paraguay in South America.

View of the city of Asunción during the Paraguayan War.

The National Pantheon of Heroes is one of the most significant buildings in Asunción

The Estadio Defensores del Chaco is the largest stadium in Paraguay

A tram in the city centre in 1986. The tram system closed in the late 1990s.

$Downtown Asunción. Being one of the oldest national capitals in the Americas, the Loma San Jerónimo neighborhood is the city's most traditional one.<ref>{{cite web|title=Barrio Loma San Jerónimo, Asunción|url=https://www.bienvenidoaparaguay.com/showdata.php?xmlcity=9&xmldestino=108|website=bienvenidoaparaguay.com.py|publisher=Bienvenido a Paraguay|language=es|date=2022-03-22|access-date=2022-03-22|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217052915/https://www.bienvenidoaparaguay.com/showdata.php?xmlcity=9&xmldestino=108|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Biografías de Asunción - Loma San Jerónimo|url=https://www.asuncion.gov.py/campanas/biografias-de-asuncion/biografias-de-asuncion-loma-san-jeronimo|website=asuncion.gov.py|publisher=Municipalidad de Asunción|language=es|date=2020-08-13|access-date=2022-03-22|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217052915/https://www.asuncion.gov.py/campanas/biografias-de-asuncion/biografias-de-asuncion-loma-san-jeronimo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Loma San Jeronimo|url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g294080-d4454310-Reviews-Loma_San_Jeronimo-Asuncion.html|website=tripadvisor.com|publisher=Tripadvisor|language=en|date=2022-03-22|access-date=2022-03-22|archive-date=22 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217052915/https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g294080-d4454310-Reviews-Loma_San_Jeronimo-Asuncion.html|url-status=live}}</ref>$

A picture of Microcentro de Asunción (Old town Asunción), featuring the port of the city, one of the most important in Paraguay.<ref>{{cite web|title=Puerto ASU|url=https://www.mopc.gov.py/index.php/noticias/tag/puerto%20de%20asunci%C3%B3n|website=mopc.gov.py|publisher=Gobierno Nacional (Paraguay)|language=es|date=2022-03-22|access-date=2022-03-22|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217052915/https://www.mopc.gov.py/index.php/noticias/tag/puerto%20de%20asunci%C3%B3n|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Puerto de Asunción, una conexión con nuestra historia|url=https://www.mopc.gov.py/index.php/noticias/el-puerto-de-asuncion-una-conexion-con-nuestra-historia|website=mopc.gov.py|publisher=Gobierno Nacional (Paraguay)|language=es|date=2021-12-07|access-date=2022-03-22|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217052915/https://www.mopc.gov.py/index.php/noticias/el-puerto-de-asuncion-una-conexion-con-nuestra-historia|url-status=live}}</ref>

Asunción, seen from the International Space Station

From Asunción, Spanish colonial expeditions departed to found other cities, including the second foundation of Buenos Aires, that of other important cities such as Villarrica, Corrientes, Santa Fe, Córdoba, Santa Cruz de la Sierra and 65 more.

Asunción has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa) that closely borders on a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw), characterized by hot, humid summers (average of 27.5 °C in January), and mild winters (average of 17.6 °C in July).

Being the third-oldest capital city of South America, after Quito and Lima, Asunción has plenty to offer, culturally-wise speaking, from Spanish colonial-era buildings (Baroque to neo-Gothic), museums or urban parks, this classic city also hosts several symphony orchestras, ballet, opera and theater companies.

🇪🇸 Madrid, Spain

Havana

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Capital and largest city of Cuba.

A panoramic view of Havana, Cuba from atop the Fortaleza de San Carlos de la Cabaña.

French pirate Jacques de Sores looting and burning Havana in 1555

Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, governor of Cuba who moved Havana's location in 1514

Detail of the plan of the city, port and castles of San Christobal de La Habana-1776

Raising the Cuban flag on the Governor General's Palace at noon on May 20, 1902.

Fidel Castro and his men in the Sierra Maestra, ca. 1957

Comite Central del Partido Comunista de Cuba (Central Committee of the Cuban Communist Party).

Havana Cathedral view from side street. ca. 1880s

Royal Shipyard of Havana, crop from B. May Y Ca. map, 1853

Plan and explanation of the Royal Shipyard of Havana on the island of Cuba and its surroundings (Library of Congress, date and author unknown)

Frédéric Mialhe_Álbum pintoresco de la Isla de Cuba. Showing Alameda de Paula [1] with the Hospital and Iglesia de San Francisco de Paula. 1840. It was given the name Alameda de Paula because of its proximity to the old Hospital and Iglesia of San Francisco de Paula.

Alameda de Paula during 1940s renovation

Paseo de Tacón_Avenida Carlos III, La Habana, 1952

View of the entrance to the Tacon promenade (Havana)

Residence of the Captains General in Quinta de los Molinos in the decades of 1850–1870, Havana, Cuba.

The Colón Cemetery concept-design diagram.

The Colón Cemetery, Havana NE Corner (Calle 18 and Calle N Calzada Zapata and San Antonio Chiquito and Calle 29. May 7, 1949

The Colón cemetery's main gate before 1901

Forestier's master plan for Havana of 1924

Iglesia del Espíritu Santo, Havana, Cuba

Plan of Iglesia del Espíritu Santo, Havana, Cuba

Iglesia del Espíritu Santo_roof construction looking towards the front.

Iglesia y hospital San Francisco de Paula

Church San Francisco de Paula, Havana, Cuba

Palacio de la Marquesa de Villalba, floor plan

1853 Map of Havana shows urban condition of the wall before demolition

Palacio de Aldama, south east corner. Havana, Cuba.

Royal Palm Hotel (Havana), entrance. ca. 1930

Hotel Habana Libre situado en la esquina más céntrica del Vedado

Fulgencio Batista with an architectural model of the Habana Hilton, c. 1956

Building characteristics advertisement. ca 1948

Edificio Radiocentro CMQ. Television studios entrance on Calle M.

Radiocentro CMQ Building floor plan showing Cinerama
[[:File:How Cinerama is projected.gif]] theater, domino frame structure office building and radio and television studios.

Cinerama using three projectors and curved screen.

Aerial view he FOCSA Building seen from the west showing the floating corridors, circa 1958.

Antonio Quintana Simonetti Edificio del Seguro Médico, Havana, 1958

Painting done in 1929 for the artist's London exhibition, oil on canvas

Victor-manuel-garcia rio-san-juan-matanzas, ca. 1940

Ballet Nacional de Cuba performing at the Great Theatre

Alicia Alonso and Reyes Fernández in Giselle

La-tremenda-corte-programa-radio. Radiocentro CMQ. Live radio tramsmission of La Tremenda Corte in one of the Radio CMQ Studio. From left to right: Erdwin Fernández, Mimí Cal, Adolfo Otero, Miguel Ángel Herrera, Aníbal de Mar y Leopoldo Fernández.

Sight-seeing busses at the Parque Central

Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Havana

Capitolio floor plan. Havana, Cuba. 2-Entrance Portico, 3-Rotunda, 4-Apse, 5-Salon de Marti, 6-Library, 7-Committee room, 8-Stair of Honor, 9-Patio-garden, 10-Salon (pasos perdidos), 12-Secretary, 14-Senate, 15-Cámara, 16-Gallery.

Palacio de la Marquesa de Villalba, Havana

Satellite view of Havana in October 2005

By the middle of the 18th century Havana had more than seventy thousand inhabitants, and was the third-largest city in the Americas, ranking behind Lima and Mexico City but ahead of Boston and New York.

Under the Köppen climate classification, Havana has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) that closely borders on a tropical rainforest climate (Af) and a tropical monsoon climate (Am).

The Colón Cemetery is one of the most important cemeteries in the world and is generally held to be one of the most important in Latin America in historical and architectural terms, second only to La Recoleta in Buenos Aires.

Lining the boulevard are important buildings such as the Gran Teatro de La Habana, hotels (including the Hotel Sevilla), cinemas such as the Fausto, theaters, and mansions imitating styles from Madrid, París and Vienna.