Buenos Aires and Related Topics

São Paulo

City in the Southeast Region of Brazil.

Founding of São Paulo, 1913 painting by Antonio Parreiras

Courtyard of the College, Pátio do Colégio, in the Historic Center of São Paulo. At this location, the city was founded in 1554. The current building is a reconstruction made in the late 20th century, based on the Jesuit college and church that were erected at the site in 1653

The Monument to the Bandeiras commemorates the 17th-century bandeiras

Domingos Jorge Velho, a notable bandeirante

Group of aviators from São Paulo at Campo de Marte Airport during the Constitutionalist Revolution

Heavy rain and lightning in São Paulo, which has the largest number of lightning incidents amongst Brazilian state capitals

Italian immigrants in the Immigrant Inn, c. 1890

Italian restaurant at Bela Vista district

Arab immigrants in the city of São Paulo, 1940s

The Liberdade district is a Japantown of São Paulo

Training of soldiers of the Military Police of São Paulo State at the Military Police Academy of Barro Branco

Slum (favela) of Paraisópolis, in the district of Vila Andrade, with residential buildings in the background

The 18th edition of the São Paulo Gay Pride Parade in 2014

Matarazzo Building, the São Paulo city hall

Bandeirantes Palace, the seat of state government

Octávio Frias de Oliveira Bridge aside of Centro Empresarial Nações Unidas

Martinelli Building was the first skyscraper of Latin America and the tallest until 1947

Changes in urban fabrics in the region of Jardins: side by side, vertical areas and low houses

The city view from Altino Arantes Building

Helicopter taking off from the São Paulo City Hall

Sala São Paulo, the home of the São Paulo State Symphony

Immigration Museum of the State of São Paulo

Globo São Paulo headquarters (left) and the Sede do BankBoston building at Marginal Pinheiros highway

Kimi Räikkönen in the 2015 Brazilian Grand Prix

Formula One São Paulo Grand Prix is held at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace in Interlagos

According to a study by MasterCard in 130 cities around the world, São Paulo was the third most visited destination in Latin America (behind Mexico City and Buenos Aires) with 2.4 million foreign travelers, who spent US$2.9 billion in 2013 (the highest among the cities in the region).

The rule of Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain was resisted by Spaniards, and cast doubts on the legitimacy of the Spanish viceroys.

May Revolution

The US Declaration of Independence inspired similar movements in the Spanish colonies in South America.

William Carr Beresford surrenders to Santiago de Liniers during the British invasions of the Río de la Plata.

The coronation of Infanta Carlota Joaquina was considered an alternative to revolution.

Santiago de Liniers ruled as viceroy between 1807 and 1809.

Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros, the last viceroy to rule in Buenos Aires.

Secret meeting of the revolutionaries at the house of Nicolás Rodríguez Peña.

Juan José Castelli asks Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros for an open cabildo.

Invitation to the open cabildo of May 22

An open cabildo discussed the legitimacy of the viceroy and the new local government that replaced him.

The proposal of Cornelio Saavedra got the majority of votes.

The people gathered in front of the Buenos Aires Cabildo

The Primera Junta ruled after the revolution.

Mariano Moreno was an influential member of the Primera Junta.

Bartolomé Mitre wrote one of the first historical interpretations of the May Revolution.

The revolutionaries of the May Revolution declared loyalty to Ferdinand VII of Spain.

The May Pyramid, commemorative monument at Plaza de Mayo

The May Revolution (Revolución de Mayo) was a week-long series of events that took place from May 18 to 25, 1810, in Buenos Aires, capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

Lisbon

Capital and the largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 544,851 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2.

Phoenician archaeological dig in a cloister of the Lisbon Cathedral.

Part of the Cerca Velha (Old Wall), originally built by the Romans.

The 1384 Siege of Lisbon in Froissart's Chronicles.

The oldest known panorama of Lisbon (1500–1510) from the Crónica de Dom Afonso Henriques by Duarte Galvão

King Manuel I ordered Jerónimos Monastery to be built in Belém, to serve Portuguese discoverers.

Ribeira Palace and the Terreiro do Paço depicted in 1662 by Dirk Stoop.

The Proclamation of the Portuguese Republic in 1910.

The Palace of Ajuda was built as a residence for the King of Portugal following the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake.

Queen Maria II National Theatre was built in 1842.

The Treaty of Lisbon, which forms the constitutional basis of the European Union, was signed at the Jerónimos Monastery in 2007.

Map of the 24 freguesias (administrative divisions of the city) of Lisbon grouped by zone:

View of the Lisbon metropolitan area, with the Portuguese Riviera to the west of Lisbon and the Setúbal Peninsula south of the Tagus River.

Alfama, with the churches of S. Vicente de Fora, S. Engrácia, and S. Estêvão, and the Tagus river behind.

View from the São Jorge Castle, including the Praça do Comércio on the waterfront

Duke of Cadaval Square, bordering Bairro Alto and the Baixa Pombalina.

Monument to Luís de Camões, considered the greatest poet of the Portuguese language, in Chiado.

The Parque das Nações district was initially built for the Lisbon World Expo.

Lisbon City Hall, the seat of Lisbon's municipal government.

Current composition of Lisbon city council (2021-2025): PSD / CDS / A / MPT / PPM (7) PS / L (7) CDU (2) BE (1)

The National Coach Museum has the largest collection of royal carriages in the world and is one of Lisbon's most visited institutions

The National Museum of Ancient Art has one of the largest art collections in the world

The Belém Tower, one of the most famous and visited landmarks in Lisbon and throughout Portugal.

Rossio Square, with Queen Maria II National Theatre in the background

Avenida da Liberdade is one of the most expensive shopping streets in Europe and famous as a popular destination for luxury goods shopping.

Lisbon is the home of Web Summit, the largest tech event in the world.

The Port of Lisbon is one of the busiest ports in Europe.

The Lisbon Metro is Portugal's oldest and largest subway system.

A Lisbon tram by Lisbon Cathedral and Santo António Church.

Gare do Oriente train station, designed by Santiago Calatrava.

The 25 de Abril Bridge crosses the Tagus River from Alcântara to Almada.

The rectory and main campus of the New University of Lisbon.

Instituto Superior Técnico, which belongs to the University of Lisbon is based on the Alameda D. Afonso Henriques.

🇦🇷 Buenos Aires, Argentina

Rio de Janeiro

Second-most populous city in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas.

Founding of Rio de Janeiro on 1 March 1565

Rio de Janeiro, then de facto capital of the Portuguese Empire, as seen from the terrace of the Convento de Santo Antônio (Convent of St. Anthony), c. 1816

Map of the city of Rio de Janeiro in 1820, then capital of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, with the transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil

The Sugarloaf cable car between the 1940s and 1950s

A convoy of tanks along the streets of the city in 1968 during the military rule. At the time, Rio de Janeiro was a city-state, capital of Guanabara.

Satellite view of Greater Rio de Janeiro

View of South Zone with Corcovado in the background

Sugarloaf Cable Car approaching the summit

Aerial view of Downtown Rio with the Rio–Niterói Bridge in the background

Aerial view of Fort Copacabana, with Copacabana (right) and Ipanema (left, background)

Aqueduct built in the 18th century, as was the entire historic complex of the Colônia Juliano Moreira inside Pedra Branca State Park in Taquara

Barra da Tijuca with Pedra da Gávea in background

Portuguese immigrant in Rio de Janeiro, considered the largest "Portuguese city" outside Portugal.

Treemap showing the market share of exports, by product, for the city of Rio de Janeiro in 2014 generated by DataViva

Downtown Rio, in the financial district of the city

Center for Human Science of the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro

Superior institute of Education of Rio de Janeiro (ISERJ)

Tim Maia, the greatest representative of soul music in the country's history, from Rio de Janeiro.

New Year's Eve fireworks at Copacabana Beach

The World Stage at the "Rock in Rio" music festival

Banda de Ipanema, one of the largest carnival blocks of the city

Barra Olympic Park, built for 2016 Summer Olympics

Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport

Rio de Janeiro–Santos Dumont National Airport

Rio de Janeiro Light Rail in Downtown Rio

The Santa Teresa Tramway is the oldest operating tram system in South America.

Bike Rio rental station in Mauá Square, Downtown Rio

🇦🇷 Buenos Aires, Argentina

Retiro, Buenos Aires

Aerial view of Plaza San Martín and its surroundings.

The northern end of Avenida Leandro N. Alem.

<center>Avenida Leandro N. Alem</center>

Retiro is a barrio or neighborhood in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Paris

Capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² , making it the 34th most densely populated city in the world in 2020.

The Palais de la Cité and Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)

The Hôtel de Sens, one of many remnants of the Middle Ages in Paris

The storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, by Jean-Pierre Houël

The Panthéon, a major landmark on the Rive Gauche, was completed in 1790.

The Eiffel Tower, under construction in November 1888, startled Parisians — and the world — with its modernity.

General Charles de Gaulle on the Champs-Élysées celebrating the liberation of Paris, 26 August 1944

Western Paris in 2016, as photographed by a SkySat satellite

Anti-terrorism demonstration on the Place de la République after the Charlie Hebdo shooting, 11 January 2015

The Hôtel de Ville, or city hall, has been at the same site since 1357.

A map of the Greater Paris Metropolis (Métropole du Grand Paris) and its governing territories

The Élysée Palace, official residence of the President of the French Republic

The Palais-Royal, residence of the Conseil d'État

Police (Gendarmerie) motorcyclists in Paris

Camille Pissarro, Boulevard Montmartre, 1897, Hermitage Museum

Paris and its suburbs, as seen from the Spot Satellite

West of Paris seen from Tour Montparnasse in 2019

City proper, urban area, and metropolitan area population from 1800 to 2010

The Eiffel Tower and the La Défense district

Employment by economic sector in the Paris area (petite couronne), with population and unemployment figures (2015)

Median income in Paris and its nearest departments in 2018 (high income in red, low income in yellow)

Tourists from around the world make the Louvre the most-visited art museum in the world.

The Passage Jouffroy, one of Paris's covered passages

The Axe historique, pictured here from Concorde to Grande Arche of La Défense

Pierre Mignard, Self-portrait, between 1670 and 1690, oil on canvas, 235 x, The Louvre

Auguste Renoir, Bal du moulin de la Galette, 1876, oil on canvas, 131 x, Musée d'Orsay

Salah Zulfikar and Sabah in Paris and Love (1972)

Le Zimmer, on the Place du Châtelet, where Géo Lefèvre first suggested the idea of a Tour de France to Henri Desgrange in 1902

Les Deux Magots café on Boulevard Saint-Germain

Magdalena Frackowiak at Paris Fashion Week (Fall 2011)

Republican Guards parading on Bastille Day

The main building of the former University of Paris is now used by classes from Sorbonne University, New Sorbonne University and other autonomous campuses.

The École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS), France's most prestigious university in the social sciences, is headquartered in the 6th arrondissement.

The French Open, played on red clay, is one of four Grand Slams in professional tennis.

The Gare du Nord railway station is the busiest in Europe.

The Paris Métro is the busiest subway network in the European Union.

In 2020 Paris–Charles de Gaulle Airport was the busiest airport in Europe and the eighth-busiest airport in the world.

A view of the Seine, the Île de la Cité and a Bateau Mouche

The lawns of the Parc des Buttes-Chaumont on a sunny day

The Passerelle de l'Avre, crossing the Seine and establishing a link between the Bois de Boulogne and Saint-Cloud in Hauts-de-Seine, is the City of Paris's westernmost point.

The Paris Catacombs hold the remains of approximately 6 million people.

The Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, the oldest hospital in the city

Agence France-Presse Headquarters in Paris

Column dedicated to Paris near the Baths of Diocletian in Rome

Sculpture dedicated to Rome in the square Paul Painlevé in Paris

🇦🇷 Buenos Aires, 1999

Lima

Capital and the largest city of Peru.

"The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Peru" created in 1590 by Guamán Poma and Martín de Murúa. (J. Paul Getty Museum).

The colonial Lima's coat of arms official since 7 December 1537.

Pachacámac, built 3,000 years ago, was one of the most important pre-Columbian centres of pilgrimage on the Peruvian Coast.

"The City of the Kings of Lima, royal high court, principal city of the kingdom of the Indies, residence of the viceroy, and archbishopric of the church", painting of 1615 by the Inca painter Guamán Poma. Royal Library, Denmark.

Renaissance Lima Metropolitan Cathedral, built between 1602 and 1797.

Baroque Basilica of San Francisco, built between 1657 and 1672.

José de San Martín during the Declaration of Independence of Peru in the Plaza Mayor de Lima, on July 28, 1821.

Lima as seen from the International Space Station

Market in the Plaza of the Inquisition (Lima) by Johann Moritz Rugendas, ca. 1843.

Pueblos jóvenes on the outskirts of Lima in 2015. Today, many of them are consolidated.

The Catacombs of the Basilica of San Francisco was the Old cemetery of the city during all the colonial times, until 1810. It contain bones of some 70,000 colonial people.

Huaca Pucllana, pre-Columbian archaeological site located in the district of Miraflores.

The Rococo Casa de Osambela completed in 1805.

Balconies were a common colonial architectural feature in the historic center. In the image the Palacio de Torre Tagle completed in 1735.

Rococo Basilica of Santo Domingo, built between 1678 and 1766. It holds the tombs of the saints Rose of Lima, Martín de Porres and John Macias.

Northern Lima
Southern Lima
Eastern Lima

Colonial Casona and Chapel of the National University of San Marcos, it is the second oldest university in the Americas.

Edificio Ministerio de Educación (Ministry of Education), San Borja.

Sistema Integrado de Transporte Bus System in Arequipa Avenue (Route 301)

Francisco Pizarro and Diego Almagro portrayed in 1615 by the Inca painter Guamán Poma. Royal Library, Denmark. <ref>{{cite book|url=http://www5.kb.dk/permalink/2006/poma/44/en/text/?open=idm46287306358272|title=Nueva corónica y buen gobierno|page=17|year=1615|author=Guamán Poma|website=Royal Library, Denmark website}}</ref>

Captain Luis de Ávalos de Ayala kills Manco Inca Yupanqui in the conquest of Lima. Chronicle made in 1615 by the Inca painter Guamán Poma. Royal Library, Denmark. <ref>{{cite book|url=http://www5.kb.dk/permalink/2006/poma/394/en/text/?open=idm46287306144304|title=Nueva corónica y buen gobierno|page=157|author=Guamán Poma|year=1615|website=Royal Library, Denmark website}}</ref>

View of Lima and the Tapada limeña (a colonial women fashion) in a painting of 1842 by d'Orbigny and Benoît. Museum of the Americas, Spain. <ref>{{cite book|url=https://bvpb.mcu.es/es/consulta/registro.do?id=469709|website=Virtual Library of Bibliographic Heritage (Spain) site|title=Viaje pintoresco a las dos Américas, Asia y África : resúmen jeneral de todos los viajes y descubrimientos de... (1842)|series=Viaje pintoresco alrededor del mundo, a las dos Américas, Asia y Africa,4-6|year=1842|publisher=Imprenta y libreria de Juan Oliveres}}</ref>

Lima as seem from the Rímac District, painting of 1850 by Batta Molinelli.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/juanluisorrego/2010/04/09/la-flora-de-lima-introduccion/|title=La flora de Lima: introducción|date=9 April 2010|author=Juan Luis Orrego Penagos|publisher=Pontifical Catholic University of Peru}}</ref>

Colonial Calle de los Judíos (Jewish quarter) (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co. University of Chicago Library.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhpEAQAAMAAJ&dq=Lima+or+Sketches+of+the+Capital+of+Peru%2C+Historical%2C+Statistical%2C+Administrative%2C+Commercial+and+Moral+Paris%3A+Firmin+Didot%2C+Brothers%2C+Son&pg=PP13|title=Lima or Sketches of the Capital of Peru, Historical, Statistical, Administrative, Commercial and Moral|author1=Manuel A. Fuentes|author2=Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co.|year=1866|location=University of Chicago Library}}</ref>

Colonial Calles de la Oca and de Bodegones (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co. University of Chicago Library.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhpEAQAAMAAJ&dq=Lima+or+Sketches+of+the+Capital+of+Peru%2C+Historical%2C+Statistical%2C+Administrative%2C+Commercial+and+Moral+Paris%3A+Firmin+Didot%2C+Brothers%2C+Son&pg=PP13|title=Lima or Sketches of the Capital of Peru, Historical, Statistical, Administrative, Commercial and Moral|author1=Manuel A. Fuentes|author2=Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co.|year=1866|location=University of Chicago Library}}</ref>

Puente de Piedra Bridge, the former Arco del Puente Gate and the Walls of Lima in 1878 by El Viajero Ilustrado. Old Fund of the University of Seville.<ref>{{cite web|title=Puente De Piedra, Lima|website=Old Fund of the University of Seville|url=https://www.flickr.com/people/37667416@N04}}</ref>

The Museo de la Nación houses thousands of artifacts spanning the entire span of human occupation in Peru.

Museum of Italian Art It's the only European arts museum in Peru, under the administration of the National Culture Institute.

Larco Museum is a privately owned museum of pre-Columbian art that is housed in an 18th-century vice-royal building built over a 7th-century pre-Columbian pyramid.

National Museum of the Archaeology, Anthropology, and History of Peru is the largest and oldest museum in Peru.

Plaza de toros de Acho, the plaza is classified as a national historic monument. It is the oldest bullring in the Americas.

Estadio Nacional of Peru Its current capacity is 40,000 seats as stated by the Peruvian Football Federation.

Estadio Monumental "U" It is the highest capacity soccer stadium in South America and one of the largest in the world.

Campo de Marte is one of the largest parks in the metropolitan area of Lima.

The 1687 earthquake marked a turning point in the history of Lima, since it coincided with a recession in trade due to economic competition with other cities such as Buenos Aires.

Recoleta, Buenos Aires

Southwestward view of Recoleta in 2014, overlooking Floralis Genérica and the National Library.

Recoleta Plaza in 1867: the Recoleta Cemetery and the Church of Nuestra Señora del Pilar.

The Recoleta railway station in 1904. The rail line would be later deactivated and the station demolished.

Calle Junín, at the heart of the Recoleta neighborhood

Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital.

View of the northern portion of Plaza Francia

"La Biela" Café-Bar on the corner of Quintana and Ortiz, is a place that represents the area well.

The Pizzurno Palace (Ministry of Education)

Faculty of Engineering (Las Heras Ave. branch)

Recoleta is a barrio or neighborhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina, located in the northern part of the city, by the Río de la Plata.

Oath of the Constitution of Buenos Aires, 1854.

Plaza de Mayo

Celebration of the May Revolution, 1910.

Rare snowfall on Buenos Aires, at the Plaza de Mayo, 1918.

¡El pueblo quiere saber de qué se trata!, the May Revolution of May 25, 1810

Famous Peronist demonstration of October 17, 1945, known as Loyalty Day

The Bombing of Plaza de Mayo, June 16, 1955

The second "March of Resistance" of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, December 9, 1982

The Plaza de Mayo (May Square) is a city square and main foundational site of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Latin America

Cultural region of the Americas comprising multiple nation-states where Romance languages—languages that derived from Latin, i.e., Spanish, Portuguese, and French are predominantly spoken.

Presencia de América Latina (Presence of Latin America, 1964–65) is a 300. sqm mural at the hall of the Arts House of the University of Concepción, Chile. It is also known as Latin America's Integration.

The four common subregions in Latin America

Mayan UNESCO World Heritage Site of Chichén Itzá

A view of UNESCO World Heritage Site of Machu Picchu, a pre-Columbian Inca site in Peru.

Surviving section of the Inca road system in Northwestern Argentina, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The road system linked the Andean empire

Cristóbal de Olid leads Spanish soldiers with Tlaxcalan allies against Indigenous warriors during the European colonization of the Americas.

Map of Brazil showing Indigenous men cutting brazilwood and Portuguese ships

Areas claimed by the Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790.

Potosí, the "cerro rico" that produced massive amounts of silver from a single site. The first image published in Europe. Pedro Cieza de León, 1553.

Sugar processing by skilled black slave laborers. Sugar cane must be processed immediately once cut in order to capture the most sugar juice, so engenhos needed to be constructed near fields.

Monument to Christopher Columbus, Buenos Aires before its 2013 removal and replaced by the statue of Juana Azurduy, a mestiza fighter for independence.

Development of Spanish American Independence

Ferdinand VII of Spain in whose name Spanish American juntas ruled during his exile 1808–1814; when restored to power in 1814, he reinstated autocratic rule, renewing independence movements

Linguistic map of Latin America. Spanish in green, Portuguese in orange, and French in blue.

Mexican strongman Antonio López de Santa Anna

The Execution of Emperor Maximilian, Édouard Manet 1868. The execution ended monarchic rule in Mexico, and Mexican liberals triumphed

A poster used in Japan to attract immigrants to Brazil. It reads: "Let’s go to South America with families."

The Zimmermann Telegram as it was sent from Washington to Ambassador Heinrich von Eckardt (German ambassador to Mexico)

U.S. President Roosevelt and Mexican President Manuel Avila Camacho, Monterrey, Mexico 1943. Roosevelt sought strong ties between the U.S. and Latin America in the World War II era

Fidel Castro and his men in the Sierra Maestra, 2 December 1956

Cuba-Russia friendship poster, with Castro and Nikita Khrushchev

Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet and U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger

The name Augusto Sandino, Nicaraguan nationalist hero for his struggle against the United States, was taken by leftist guerrillas as the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN).

Exhumation of corpses in the aftermath of the Guatemalan genocide

Pope Paul VI and Salvadoran cleric Oscar Romero (now St Oscar Romero)

Calls for justice in the wake of the Guatemalan genocide

Roll-on/roll-off
ships, such as this one pictured here at Miraflores locks, are among the largest ships to pass through the Panama Canal. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a key conduit for international maritime trade.

Comandanta Ramona of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, Mexico

UNASUR summit in the Palacio de la Moneda, Santiago de Chile

Honduran demonstrator holding a banner with a "don't turn left" sign, 2009.

Eighteenth-century Mexican Casta painting showing 16 castas hierarchically arranged. Ignacio Maria Barreda, 1777. Real Academia Española de la Lengua, Madrid.

The Las Lajas Sanctuary in the southern Colombia, Department of Nariño.

World map indicating literacy rate by country in 2015 (2015 CIA World Factbook). Grey = no data.

2012 map of countries by homicide rate. As of 2015, the Latin American countries with the highest rates were El Salvador (108.64 per 100,000 people), Honduras (63.75) and Venezuela (57.15). The countries with the lowest rates were Chile (3.59), Cuba (4.72) and Argentina (6.53).

Sumidero Canyon, located in Chiapas, Mexico.

Glaucous macaw (behind hyacinth macaw) and other macaws. Macaws are long-tailed, often colorful New World parrots.

Sugarcane plantation in São Paulo. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 746 million tons. Latin America produces more than half of the world's sugarcane.

Soybean plantation in Mato Grosso. In 2020, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 130 million tons. Latin America produces half of the world's soybeans.

Coffee in Minas Gerais. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 3.5 million tons. Latin America produces half of the world's coffee.

Oranges in São Paulo. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 17 million tons. Latin America produces 30% of the world's oranges.

Truck of a meat company in Brazil. Latin America produces 25% of the world's beef and chicken meat.

Chile is a first world producer of copper.

Cerro Rico, Potosi, Bolivia, still a major silver mine

Amethyst mine in Ametista do Sul. Latin America is a major producer of gems such as amethyst, topaz, emeralds, aquamarine and tourmaline

Iron mine in Minas Gerais. Brazil is the world's second largest iron ore exporter.

Braskem, the largest Brazilian chemical industry

EMS, the largest Brazilian pharmaceutical industry

Panama Canal expansion project; New Agua Clara locks (Atlantic side)

Angra Nuclear Power Plant in Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro

Pirapora Solar Complex, the largest in Brazil and Latin America with a capacity of 321 MW.

Native New World crops exchanged globally: maize, tomato, potato, vanilla, rubber, cocoa, tobacco

Rafael Correa, Evo Morales, Néstor Kirchner, Cristina Fernández, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Nicanor Duarte, and Hugo Chávez at the signing of the founding charter of the Bank of the South

Aerial view of Cancún. Mexico is the most visited country in Latin America and 6th in the world.

Roman Catholic Easter procession in Comayagua, Honduras

Nicaraguan women wearing the Mestizaje costume, which is a traditional costume worn to dance the Mestizaje dance. The costume demonstrates the Spanish influence upon Nicaraguan clothing.

Diego Rivera's mural depicting Mexico's history at the National Palace in Mexico City

Mural by Santiago Martinez Delgado at the Colombian Congress

The Guadalajara International Film Festival is considered the most prestigious film festival in Latin America.

In 2015, Alejandro González Iñárritu became the second Mexican director in a row to win both the Academy Award for Best Director and the Directors Guild of America Award for Best Director. He won his second Oscar in 2016 for The Revenant.

President Cristina Fernández with the film director Juan José Campanella and the cast of The Secret in Their Eyes (2009) with the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz in 1772 by Andrés de Islas

Argentine Jorge Luis Borges in L'Hôtel, Paris in 1969

Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral, first Latin American to win a Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1945

García Márquez signing a copy of One Hundred Years of Solitude

Traditional Mexican dance Jarabe Tapatío

Brazilian singer Carmen Miranda helped popularize samba internationally.

Simón Bolívar, Liberator of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru and Panama

José de San Martín, Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru.

Bernardo O'Higgins, hero of Chilean independence

Father Miguel Hidalgo, father of Mexican independence, with the banner of Our Lady of Guadalupe

Vicente Guerrero, insurgent hero of Mexican independence, who joined with Iturbide

Agustín de Iturbide, former royal military officer who brought about Mexican independence and was crowned emperor

An example of the new consciousness was the dismantling of the Christopher Columbus monument in Buenos Aires, one of many in the hemisphere, mandated by leftist President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.