Bulgarian language and Related Topics

Classification of Macedonian within the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family

Macedonian language

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Macedonian (македонски јазик, translit.

Krste Petkov Misirkov (pictured) was the first to outline the distinctiveness of the Macedonian language in his book Za makedonckite raboti (On the Macedonian Matters), published in 1903.

Macedonian police car, with the Macedonian word Полиција (Policija), for "police".

As it is part of a dialect continuum with other South Slavic languages, Macedonian has a high degree of mutual intelligibility with Bulgarian and varieties of Serbo-Croatian.

Officers from Bulgarian hussar regiment in Russia (1776–1783)

Bulgarians

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Bulgarians (българи, ) are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group native to Bulgaria and Southeastern Europe.

Cyrillic alphabet of the medieval Old Bulgarian language

Map of the Bulgarian Exarchate (1870–1913). The Ottomans required a threshold of two thirds of positive votes of the Orthodox population to include a region into this jurisdiction.

Bulgarian peach kompot – non alcoholic clear juice obtained by cooking fruit

Girls celebrating Lazaruvane from Gabrа, Sofia Province

Map of A. Scobel, Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas, 1908

Distribution of the Balkan peoples in 1911, Encyclopædia Britannica

Ethnic groups in the Balkans and Asia Minor by William R. Shepherd, 1911

Distribution of European peoples in 1914 according to L. Ravenstein

Swiss ethnographic map of Europe published in 1918 by Juozas Gabrys

Percentage of Pomaks by first language according to the 1965 Census excluding Bulgarian

Distribution of Bulgarians in Odessa Oblast, Ukraine according to the 2001 census

Distribution of Bulgarians by first language in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ukraine according to the 2001 census

Distribution of predominant ethnic groups in Bulgaria according to the 2011 census

Distribution of Bulgarians in Romania according to the 2002 census

Distribution of Bulgarians in Moldova according to the 2004 census

Map of the Bulgarian diaspora in the world (includes people with Bulgarian ancestry or citizenship).
Bulgaria
+ 100,000
+ 10,000
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The establishment of a new state molded the various Slav, Bulgar and earlier or later populations into the "Bulgarian people" of the First Bulgarian Empire speaking a South Slavic language.

The "Yat border" running approximately from Nikopol on the Danube to Thessaloniki on the Aegean Sea. This is the main isogloss separating the Eastern South Slavic dialects into Eastern and Western.

Eastern South Slavic

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Front cover of the first grammar book of the modern Bulgarian language published by Neofit Rilski in 1835. Rilski was born in Bansko, eastern most Ottoman Macedonia, a town lying exactly on the Yat-border. He tried to unify then Western and Eastern Bulgarian dialects.

The first complete edition of the Bible in modern Bulgarian, printed in Istanbul 1871. The decision to publish the Bible in the Eastern dialects was the historical factor based on which the Modern Bulgarian language departed from its Western and the Macedonian dialect to adopt the Eastern dialect. Behind this translation was the intellectual Petko Slaveykov from Tryavna, a town of the central Pre-Balkan.

Front cover of On the Macedonian Matters published in 1903 by Krste Misirkov, in which he laid down the principles of modern Macedonian. Misirkov was from the village of Postol in Ottoman Central Macedonia.

Decision about the proclamation of the Macedonian as an official language on 2 August 1944 by ASNOM.

Bulgarian:

South Slavic languages

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The South Slavic languages are one of three branches of the Slavic languages.

Areas where Eastern South Slavic dialects are spoken:

Bulgarian – (ISO 639-1 code: bg; ISO 639-2 code: bul; SIL code: bul; Linguasphere: 53-AAA-hb)

Old Church Slavonic

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The first Slavic literary language.

Example of the Cyrillic alphabet: excerpt from the manuscript "Bdinski Zbornik" written in Old Slavonic, 1360

A page from the Gospel of Miroslav, Serbian medieval manuscript, a 12th-century Byzantine-Slavonic book, National Library of Serbia.

The Introduction of the Slavonic Liturgy in Great Moravia (1912), by Alphonse Mucha, The Slav Epic

"Simeon I of Bulgaria, the Morning Star of Slavonic Literature". (1923), by Alphonse Mucha, The Slav Epic

The term Old Bulgarian (старобългарски, Altbulgarisch) is the only designation used by Bulgarian-language writers.

Slavic languages

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The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavic peoples and their descendants.

Ethnographic Map of Slavic and Baltic Languages

Baška tablet, 11th century, Krk, Croatia.

14th-century Novgorodian children were literate enough to send each other letters written on birch bark.

10th–11th century Codex Zographensis, canonical monument of Old Church Slavonic

Map and tree of Slavic languages, according to Kassian and A. Dybo

Map of all areas where the Russian language is the language spoken by the majority of the population.

Of these, 10 have at least one million speakers and official status as the national languages of the countries in which they are predominantly spoken: Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian (of the East group), Polish, Czech and Slovak (of the West group) and Bulgarian and Macedonian (eastern dialects of the South group), and Serbo-Croatian and Slovene (western dialects of the South group).

Part of map 72 of the Atlas linguistique de la France, recording local forms meaning "today"

Dialect continuum

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Series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties may not be.

Local dialects of the West Germanic continuum are oriented towards either Standard Dutch or Standard German, depending on which side of the border they are spoken.

Major dialect continua in Europe in the mid-20th century.

During the time of the former Socialist Republic of Macedonia, a standard was developed from local varieties of Eastern South Slavic, within a continuum with Torlakian to the north and Bulgarian to the east.

Franz Bopp was a pioneer in the field of comparative linguistic studies.

Indo-European languages

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The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.

Indo-European family tree in order of first attestation

Indo-European language family tree based on "Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis of Indo-European languages" by Chang et al

Scheme of Indo-European language dispersals from c. 4000 to 1000 BCE according to the widely held Kurgan hypothesis. – Center: Steppe cultures 1 (black): Anatolian languages (archaic PIE) 2 (black): Afanasievo culture (early PIE) 3 (black) Yamnaya culture expansion (Pontic-Caspian steppe, Danube Valley) (late PIE) 4A (black): Western Corded Ware 4B-C (blue & dark blue): Bell Beaker; adopted by Indo-European speakers 5A-B (red): Eastern Corded ware 5C (red): Sintashta (proto-Indo-Iranian) 6 (magenta): Andronovo 7A (purple): Indo-Aryans (Mittani) 7B (purple): Indo-Aryans (India) [NN] (dark yellow): proto-Balto-Slavic 8 (grey): Greek 9 (yellow):Iranians – [not drawn]: Armenian, expanding from western steppe

Some significant isoglosses in Indo-European daughter languages at around 500 BC.
Blue: centum languages
Red: satem languages
Orange: languages with augment
Green: languages with PIE *-tt- > -ss-
Tan: languages with PIE *-tt- > -st-
Pink: languages with instrumental, dative and ablative plural endings (and some others) in *-m- rather than *-bh-

Countries where Indo-European language family is majority native
Countries where Indo-European language family is official but not majority native
Countries where Indo-European language family is not official

Slavic (from Proto-Slavic), attested from the 9th century AD (possibly earlier), earliest texts in Old Church Slavonic. Slavic languages include Bulgarian, Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Silesian, Kashubian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian), Sorbian, Slovenian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn.

Second Bulgarian Empire

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Second Bulgarian Empire under Ivan Asen II

The Church of St Demetrius in Tarnovo, built by Asen and Peter in the beginning of the uprising

A map of the Bulgarian Empire, showing territorial extent and the campaigns between 1185 and 1197

The Church of the Holy Forty Martyrs where Kaloyan was buried.

A map showing the greatest territorial extension of the Second Bulgarian Empire during the reign of Ivan Asen II (1218–1241)

Emperor Constantine Tikh and his first wife Irene, fresco from the Boyana Church

Bulgaria under Theodore Svetoslav (1300-1322)

The defeat of the anti-Ottoman coalition in the battle of Nicopolis in 1396 was the final blow leading to the fall of the Bulgarian Empire.

The Medieval Bulgarian royal charters, such as the Rila Charter of Ivan Shishman issued in 1378, are an important source on medieval Bulgarian society and administrative posts.

Panoramic view of Tarnovo, the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire

Aerial view of the Shumen fortress, an important stronghold in eastern Bulgaria

A silver vessel from the 14th century Nikopol treasure

Coin depicting Ivan Alexander with one of his sons, co-emperor Michael Asen IV (right)

The Patriarchal Cathedral of the Holy Ascension of God in Tarnovo was the seat of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church during the Second Empire. It was part of a larger complex which accommodated the Patriarch.

A depiction of emperor Ivan Alexander, patron of Hesychasm

The Church of the Holy Mother of God in Donja Kamenica

The ruins of a noble family's house in Tarnovo

A depiction of Kaloyan and Desislava, ktitors of the Boyana Church

Frescos in the Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo

A page of the 14th century Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander

A page of the 14th century Bulgarian translation of the Manasses Chronicle

Pontic littoral's city and flags of Second Bulgarian Empire (Bulgarian rulers Shishman) on vexilographic maps by the end of the 13th – 17th centuries

The Second Bulgarian Empire (Middle Bulgarian: Ц(а)рьство бл(ъ)гарское; Modern Bulgarian: Второ българско царство, Vtorо Balgarskо Tsarstvo) was a medieval Bulgarian state that existed between 1185 and 1396.

Balkan sprachbund

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Ensemble of areal features— similarities in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and phonology— among the languages of the Balkans.

Eastern South Slavic, also known as Balkan Slavic continuum (Bulgarian, Macedonian and Torlakian.)

A report on Bulgarian language

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